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by Robert A. Papper
Broadcast News and Writing Stylebook, 5th Edition
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
New to This Edition
Acknowledgments
1 The Business of News
Ratings
The Scope of Media Use
Media Use Is More Complex Than It Used to Be
It's Hard to Measure Media Use
What We Think We Know About Media Use
What We Don't Know About Media Use
So Where Are We Going?
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
2 News
What Is News?
Balancing News Values
Types of Stories
Breaking News
Planned Event Reporting
Enterprise Reporting
Investigative Reporting
Special Segment Reporting
Features
Where Story Ideas Come From
The Assignment Desk
The Morning and Afternoon Meetings
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
3 Readability
Broadcast News Writing
Writing for the Ear v. Writing for the Eye
Rules of Readability
Newsroom Computer System
The Slug
The Printed Word
Hyphenation
Abbreviation
Symbols
Initials and Acronyms
Names
Numbers
Ages
Emphasis
Pronouncers
Spelling
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
4 Words
Keep It Simple
Keep It Conversational
Informal Words
Contractions
Formal Terminology
People … Not Persons
Keep It Clear
Common Usage
Technical Terms
Definite and Indefinite Articles
Keep It Tight
Make It Powerful
Use Strong Nouns and Verbs
Avoid Weak Qualifiers
Get It Right
Says
Saying Too Much
Think
Common Problems
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
5 Phrases and Phrasing
How to Say It
Voice
Tense
Clarity
Conciseness
Clauses and Phrases
Positive Phrasing
Pronouns
That
Time and Space Problems
What to Say
Titles and Identifiers
Attribution
Quotations
Numbers
Race
What You Didn't Mean to Say
Dates
Unintended Meanings
Editorials
Clichés
Sexism
Personalization
Last Note
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
6 Sentences
Keep It Short
One Important Idea
Put People First
Keep It Simple: Subject-Verb-Object
Use Some Variety for Interest
Split Up Complex Sentences
Make It Clean, Clear and Concise
Make Every Sentence Count
Avoid Repetition
Stay Positive
Make Sense
End Strong
Last Note
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
7 Leads and Endings
Types of Leads
Hard Main Point Lead
Soft Main Point Lead
Throwaway Lead
Umbrella Lead
Delayed or Suspense Lead
Question Lead
Figuring Out the Lead
What's the Story About?
Say Something Meaningful
Keep It Simple
Start with New News
Focus on People
Focus on Local
Put Location in the Lead
Be Direct and to the Point
Save the Name for Later
Save the Day and Date for Later
Update Leads
Responsibility
Types of Endings
Future Ramification Close
Summary Point Close
Information Close
Opposition Point of View Close
Punch Line
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
8 Stories
Plan and Focus
Why Run the Story?
Do You Understand?
What's the Story About?
What's the Lead?
In What Order Do You Tell the Story?
Story Logic
Handling the Basics
Will It Stand on Its Own?
Answer the Logical Questions
Story Structure
Make the Writing Structure Interesting
Transitions
Within Stories
Between Stories
Before You're Done
Does the Story Support the Lead?
Will the Audience Understand?
Use Humor Sparingly
Read the Story Aloud
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
9 Working with and Gathering Bites, Actualities and Natural Sound
The Feel of Natural Sound
Natural Sound as Pacing and Punctuation
Collecting Sound
Good Bites and Bad Bites: Technical
Good Bites and Bad Bites: Content
An Alternative to Traditional Bites
Working with Bites, Actualities and Natural Sound
Don't Stop the Story
Don't Repeat
Watch Out for Partial Lead-Ins
Making the Story Flow
Finding the Lead-In
Television Lead-Ins
Writing Out of Bites
Packages
Writing into Packages
Introducing a Package That Starts with a Bite
Understand Where the Story Begins
Package Tags
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
10 Interviewing
Conducting Successful Interviews
Plan
Listen
Technical Concerns
Make the Interviewee Comfortable
Ask Questions That Deliver What You're After
Use Silence
Maintain Strong Eye Contact
Learn to Respond Inaudibly
Follow Up and Clarify
Maintain Control
Ask for More … Twice
Make Notes Afterward
Beyond the Interview
Being Human
A Closing Thought
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
11 Radio/Audio: Story Forms and Working with Sound
Radio Story Forms
Drawing Radio Pictures
The Words
Using Nat Sound
Listen to the Sound Quality
Putting It All Together
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
12 TV: Story Forms
Story Forms
Readers
Voiceovers
VO/SOT
Packages
Live
Putting Packages Together
Pacing
Don't Outdate Packages
Live Reporting
Planning
Crosstalk
Live Look
Golden Rules
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
13 TV: Working with Pictures
The Power of the Visual Image
Working with Strong Pictures
Working Without Strong Pictures
The TV Balancing Act
Use Pictures and Words for What They Do Best
Use Natural Sound and SOT
Write TV Loosely
Coordinate Words and Pictures
Visualizing the Story
Picture Cautions
Use Meaningful Pictures
Today's Pictures
Watch Your Supers
Care About the Story
Strong Stories Have Central Characters and a Plot
Prove Your Story
The Element of Surprise
Connecting with Truths
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
14 Online News
Some Basic Terms and Concerns
Research and the Web
The Information Website
Web Design
News on the Web
Constructing Web News
Online Writing Rules
Other Issues
Hyperlocal News
Multimedia
Three-Screen Approach to News
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
15 Social Media and News
Social Networking
Facebook
Twitter
The Bottom Line
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
The Radio-Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) Social Media and Blogging Guidelines
16 Convergence, Cooperation and the New TV Newsroom
The New TV Newsroom
Convergence
Cooperation
Mobile
MMJ, Backpack Journalists and One-Man-Bands
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
17 Producing News on TV
Overview
Audience
Audience Flow
Newscast Structure
News, Weather and Sports
Special Segments, Franchises and Features
Building a Local Newscast
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
Exercises
18 News, Weather and Sports
Why News, Weather and Sports?
Reporting Weather
Severe Weather
Defining Terms
Reporting Sports
Reporting Scores
Common Mistakes
Sports and Teams
Auto Racing
Baseball—Major Leagues
Basketball-National Basketball Association
Basketball—Women's National Basketball Association
Boxing
Football—National Football League
Football—Arena Football League
Football—Canadian Football League
Golf
Hockey—National Hockey League
Soccer—Major League Soccer
19 Reporting: Seasonal Coverage and the Calendar
Seasonal Reporting
Solar and Lunar and the World's Major Religions
Calendar Holidays
Buddhist Holidays
Hindu Holidays
Muslim Holidays
State Holidays
20 Reporting: Specialized Coverage
The General Assignment Reporter
Business, Economy and Taxes
Top Money Terms
Crime and Legal
Attribution
Alleged
Misplaced Attribution
Cautions
Get the Terms Right
Top Crime and Legal Terms
Education
Top Education Terms
The Environment
Top Environment Terms
Geography
Major U.S. Geographic Terms
Voice of America Pronunciation Guide
Major World Geographic Terms
Government
Top Government Terms
Health and Medicine
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
HIPAA
Hospital Conditions
Top Health and Medical Terms
21 Teases and Promos
Promotion
Tease … Don't Tell
Make Them Care
Going Too Far
Summary
Key Words & Phrases
22 Ethics and the RTDNA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Ethics
The Radio Television Digital News Association (RTDNA) Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
Summary
23 TV Script Form, Supers and Glossary
Abbreviations
Script Form
Standard Anchor Read
Standard 2-Shot
Standard Anchor Read with Gfx
Anchor with Voiceover
Anchor with VO/SOT
Anchor VO/SOT with Package Intro
Supers
Names
Location, Date and Miscellaneous
Glossary of Broadcast and Online Terms
Index
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Broadcast News and Writing Stylebook
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Copyright Page
FIFTH EDITION
Broadcast
News and
Writing
Stylebook
Robert A. Papper
Hofstra University
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