Index
Accommodation of other
cultural norms, 139
Acculturation, 24
Adaptability, cultural, 55, 56
Adaptive behavior, 107, 139, 140
Adaptive skills, 96
Affective autonomy, 32
African culture, as example of cultural context, 25
Allocation decisions, 67–69
Amae in Japanese relationships, 104
American culture. See also United States
intrusion of, 27
vs. Mexican culture, 29–30, 36–38
Americans. See also United States
cross-cultural interactions involving, 76–77
intrusion of, 27
nonverbal behavior of, 89–90
overoptimism of, 66
stereotypic behavior of, 47
workplace scripts of, 41–42
Anglo-Saxon peoples, 47
Arab countries, leadership in, 103
Asian countries
implicit communication in, 84
Assimilation of diverse cultural norms, 139
Attention, 140
mindful, 50, 52. See also Mindfulness
Attribution, 47–48
errors in, 48
Automatic pilot, as metaphor for mindlessness, 49. See also Cruise control; Mindfulness
Availability heuristic, 64. See also Heuristics
Behavioral cues, 55
Bicultural individuals, 170n6
Body language. See Nonverbal
communication Body position, 89–90
Brazil, as example of collectivist
behavior, 66
Bribery, 70
Bumbacea, Dinu, 155
Canada cultural
characteristics of, 26, 145–146
as culturally similar to New Zealand, 32
as culturally similar to United States, 73
Celtic peoples, 47
Charismatic leadership, 113
China
high expatriate failure rate, 148
Chinese language, 148
Chinese people, 147–148, 150–151
business practices, 3–4
customs, 18–19
leadership behavior, 104
respect for authority, 27
scripts, 42
values, 25
Christian culture, 24
Churchill, Winston, 113
Collectivism, 30–31. See also Individualism
as basis for communication conventions, 84–85
as basis for generalizations
about cultures, 115
as influential in teams, 123
as limitation in rational decision making, 65
Collectivist(ic) cultures. See also High- and low-context
cultures characteristics, 30, 109
leader behavior in, 109
members in groups, 118–119
rewards in, 128
selective perception in, 46
Communication. See also Language
defined, 77–78
explicit vs. implicit, 84–85
Communication codes, 77–78, 96
Communication conventions, 78–80, 84–86, 96
Communication skills, 20
Context in which words are spoken. See High- and low-context cultures
Convergence, cultural, 12, 27–28
CQ. See Cultural intelligence
Crew, as type of work group, 121, 122, 134
Cross-cultural adjustment, U-curve of, 148–149, 149f
Cross-cultural communication, principles for, 95–96
Cross-cultural communication process, 79, 80f
Cross-cultural differences. See Cultural difference
Cross-cultural engagement, rules of, 157–158
Cross-cultural skills, 41, 51–55. See also Skilled performance
developing, 96
Cruise control, cultural, 16, 41–43, 48, 49. See also Mindlessness
Cultural difference
gaining the knowledge to anticipate, 95–96
understanding, 12–14
ways of overcoming, 11–16
expecting others to adapt, 12–14
Cultural field, in
Cultural grounding, 44
Cultural intelligence (CQ), ix–xi, 3, 113
characteristics supportive of, 138
components of, 14–15, 15f, 19–21, 159–160
development of, 14–16, 137–138, 140–142, 141f, 163
activities that support, 143–158
developmental stages of, 138–140
general, 15
paradox of, 137–138
Cultural Intelligence Assessment, 160, 165–168
Cultural metacognition, 169n8, 171n2. See also Mindfulness
Cultural relativity, in decision making, 73–74
Cultural scripts. See Scripts, cultural
Culture. See also specific topics characteristics, 23–26
invisible aspects, 25–26
as learned and enduring, 23
national and global, 26–28
nature of, 21–22
as powerful influence on behavior, 24
as shared, 23
as systematic and organized, 24–25
“tight” vs. “loose,” 26
Decision making
motivation, goals, and, 65–67
rational logic in, 66
strategies of, 63–64
techniques of, 60–61
Decision-making models, 60–61, 65–66
motivational model, 65–67
limitations of, 64–65
problems with, 62–65
Distance, interpersonal, 88–89
Education, formal, 142–143
Egalitarianism, 32
Embeddedness, 32
Emotional intelligence quotient (EQ), x, 15
English as an additional language (EAL), 83
English language, 12, 18, 81–83, 98
English people, expressions by, 45
Equal status of group members, 130
Ethics and decision making, 69–75, 161
Europe, cultural differences of selection practices in, 69
Europeans
as broad social category, 47
contrasted with Japanese, 46–47
Expatriates. See Foreign experience and expatriate assignments
Experiential learning, 143t, 148
Experiential training, 143t
Eye contact, 91
Facial expression, 90–91
Followers. See under Leadership
Foreign experience and
expatriate assignments, 13, 147–154. See also International travel
France
leadership in, 104–105
French behavior, understanding, 141–142
Gandhi, Mahatma, 113
Gender, as indicator of group membership, 46
Gender egalitarianism, 34, 37t
Germany, bureaucratic negotiation in, 94
Gestures, 90
Ghosn, Carlos, 88
Global and national culture, 26–28
Global Financial Crisis in October 2008 (GFC), 5–6
Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness (GLOBE) study, 33–38
country clusters according to, 34–35, 35f
Global village, 5–7
Globalization, ix, 5–7, 16–17, 75, 131, 159
forces of, 7–8
of people, 8–10
Goal-oriented effort, active
engagement of group
members in, 130
Great Man theory, 101
Greece, nonverbal communication in, 86–88
Group management
culturally intelligent, 128–131
management support, 128
managing the group
environment, 128–129
rewards, 128–129
Group process and performance, 122–125, 124f
Group status, 129
Groups. See also Organizations; Work groups
multicultural social and interest, 143–144
Groupthink, 123, 124 Guanxi, 68, 173n12
Harmony, 32
Hierarchy, 32
High- and low-context cultures, 2
Hofstede, Geert, 21
Home, cross-cultural
interactions at, 144–147
Hong Kong and cultural convergence, 27
Human nature, 21
Human rights, fundamental, 75.
See also Ethics and decision making Humane orientation, 34, 37t
Implicit communication, 84–85
In-group collectivism, 34, 36t In-groups, 36, 46, 48. See also Out-groups
India, nonverbal behavior in, 88
Individualism, 30–31. See also Collectivism
as basis for cultural generalizations, 115
as characteristic of Westerners, 118
in communication conventions, 84
as influential in teams, 123
Individualist(ic) cultures. See also High- and low-context cultures
characteristics of, 30
decision making in, 65, 66–67, 69
direct communication convention in, 84
group members in, 118–119
groupthink in, 124
leadership behavior in, 109
rewards in, 128–129
selective perception in, 46
Institutional collectivism, 34, 36t
Intellectual autonomy, 32
Intelligence quotient (IQ), x, 15
Intercultural families, 10–11
Interdependent effort of group members, 130
International business environment, 16–17
characteristics, 7
International travel. See also Foreign experience and expatriate assignments
acquiring cultural intelligence through, 154–157
Irish people, stereotypes of, 47
Islam, leadership and, 103
Japan
arbitration model of decision making in, 94
English language use in, 82–83
nonverbal behavior in, 90
as similar to United States on mastery, 32
as a tight culture, 26
Japanese people
in-group behavior, 48
judgment in decision making, 66
selective perception, 48
silence as negotiation tactic, 85–86
Kennedy, John F., 113
Kurdi, Alan “Aylan,” 6
Language, 28. See also English language
as characteristic of culture, 25
a common organizational, 82–84
as means of social categorization, 46
in negotiation, 162
Language codes, finding common, 81
Language skills, 96–97
Language standardization. See Language: a common organizational
Laundry list, as approach to cross-cultural understanding, 13–15, 28
Leadership, 98–100
charismatic/transformational, 113
Leadership (continued)
culture and expectations of followers, 108–110
defined, 99
and followership, 112
in multinational organizations, 110–112
popular ideas of, 101–102
Leadership skills, 47
Leadership styles, 102–103, 115–116, 162
concern for tasks vs. concern for relationships, 102–103, 115
Malaysian conventions about dress, 40–43, 52
Management by Objectives (MBO), 106, 174n9
Management science, 61
Managerial style, 4
“Managing diversity,” 111–112
Mandela, Nelson, 113
Marketing myopia. See
Mindlessness Mastery, 32
McCann, Brian, 155
McDonaldization, 12
McDonald’s, 27–28
Mediterranean peoples, 47
Mental maps, 161
Mental programming, 21, 23–25, 45, 75
Mexican cultural norms, 29–30, 37–38
Mexico, cultural profile of, 37 Mianzi, 137
Mikitani, Hiroshi, 82
Mindful attention, 50, 52. See also Attention
Mindful monitoring, 50
Mindful regulation, 50–51
Mindfulness, 14, 16, 19–20, 41, 49–51, 145–147, 169n8, 171n2
as component of cultural intelligence, 138, 140
in decision making, 74
defined, 160–161
as leadership characteristic, 107, 115
in multicultural teams, 119
in negotiation, 161
practicing, 96
as principle in cross-cultural communication, 96
Mindlessness, 43
benefits of, 43
in communication, 81
as cultural cruise control, 50–51. See also Cruise control
dangers of, 43–44
example of, 43
Moral rules, 73
Motivation. See also under Decision making across cultures, 100–101
Multinational corporations (MNC), 7, 111
Negotiating across cultures, 91–93
Negotiating styles, 94–95
Negotiation, principles for cross-cultural, 95–96
New-Product Development Team (NPD), 131–132
New Zealand, 76
as culturally similar to Canada, 32
leadership in, 111–112
9/11 terrorist attacks, 5
Nonverbal communication, 86–91, 162
Norms, 36
of acceptance of group activities, 130
cultural, 41, 56, 71, 74, 125, 138–139. See also Mexican cultural norms
of employing children, 75
of hierarchy, 65
organizational, 114
in teams, 119
“One Best Way” theory of leadership, 101, 103
Openness to new experience, 138
Organization cultures, 22
Organizational norms, 114
Organizations. See also Groups leadership in multinational, 110–112
Out-groups, 36, 46, 48. See also In-groups
Overseas experience. See Foreign experience and expatriate assignments
Paternalism, 109–110
Perception
differences in, 1–3
selective, 45–46
Perceptual acuity, 55
Performance, skilled, 55–56
Performance orientation, 34, 37t
Personality, 21–22
Persuasion. See Negotiation Power distance, 34, 37t, 118
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), 154–155
Proactivity in cultural behavior, 139
Process activities, 119–121
Product development teams, 131–133
Project Ulysses, 154–155
Race
as basis for categorization, 47
as indicator of group membership, 46
Racism, 47
Rakuten, 82–83
Reactivity to external stimuli, 138
Recognition of other cultural norms, 138–139
Refugees in Europe, 6
Reinforcement of adapted behavior, 140
Relational skills, 55
Relationship-oriented leadership, 102, 115
Reproduction of behavioral skills observed, 140
Retention, 140
Rituals, 145
Role modeling, 23
Romantic interest, cultural norms and, 48
Rules
of cross-cultural engagement, 157–158
moral, 73
Russia, leadership in, 105–106
Russians
leadership expectations, 106
negotiating behavior, 95
selection decisions, 67–68
Samoa, social norms in, 89
Samoans, respect for authority by, 9
Satisficing in decision making, 64
Scandinavian peoples, 47
Schneider, Ralf, 155
Schwartz, Shalom, 31–32
Scripts
cultural, 44–45, 48, 62, 125, 134
in decision making, 60
Second-language strategies, 84
Second-language use, 82–84
Selection decisions, 67–69
Selective perception, 45–46
Self-management, in teams, 129
September 11, 2001
terrorist attacks, 5
Serbian people, 48
Sheikhocracy, 103
Short Form Cultural Intelligence
Assessment (SFCQ), 165–167
important findings regarding, 167–168
using, 167
Sikhism, 145–147
Skilled performance, 55–56. See also Cross-cultural skills
Slavs, 47
Social categorization, 46–47. See also Stereotypes and stereotyping
Social distance, in communication, 88–89
Social learning, 140
Social loafing, 123
Socialization, 44
Starbucks, 27
Stereotypes and stereotyping, 19, 23, 47, 140. See also Social categorization
Sun Tzu, 115
Syrian Civil War, refugees of the, 6
Task activities, 119–121
Task force, as type of work group, 121, 122, 134
Task-oriented leadership, 102–103, 115
Teamwork, 52. See also Work groups and teams
Thai people, 76–78
Touching, 86–89
Trade, international, 7
Training
cross-cultural, 147–148
formal, 142–143
Transformational leadership, 113
Uncertainty
tolerance for, 55
United States. See also American culture; Americans
characteristics of leaders in, 100
cultural profile, 37
as culturally similar to
Canada, 73
as example of individualism, 66
example of social behavior in, 4
as loose culture, 26
as similar to Japan on mastery, 32
touching behavior, 89
Value dimensions across nations, 31–32, 33f
Values, 25
cultural, 21–22, 27–31, 113, 115
culture as an organized system of, 24–25
dimensions of variation in, 29–32, 33f
historical basis of, 140
as part of the cultural field, 79, 80f
as relative to society, 73–74
as underlying decision-making behavior, 75
as way to anticipate differences, 95–96
criteria for selection, 68
model of management, 60
Work groups and teams, multicultural, 52, 117–119, 134–135, 143–144, 162–163. See also Group management
the challenge of, 119–121
cultural distance in, 125, 127
cultural diversity in, 125–127
developing, 129–130
cultural intelligence in, 120–121
developing, 130–131
group process and performance, 122–125, 124f
making them more effective, 134–135
task vs. process activities, 119–121
types of, 121–122
virtual multicultural, 131–133