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II. Media Transport Using RTP
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II. Media Transport Using RTP
by Colin Perkins
RTP: Audio and Video for the Internet
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
Organization of the Book
Intended Audience
Acknowledgments
I. Introduction to Networked Multimedia
1. An Introduction to RTP
A Brief History of Audio/Video Networking
Early Packet Voice and Video Experiments
Audio and Video on the Internet
ITU Standards
Audio/Video Streaming
A Snapshot of RTP
Related Standards
Overview of an RTP Implementation
Behavior of an RTP Sender
Behavior of an RTP Receiver
Summary
2. Voice and Video Communication Over Packet Networks
TCP/IP and the OSI Reference Model
Performance Characteristics of an IP Network
Measuring IP Network Performance
Average Packet Loss
Packet Loss Patterns
Packet Duplication
Packet Corruption
Network Transit Time
Acceptable Packet Sizes
Effects of Multicast
Effects of Network Technologies
Conclusions about Measured Characteristics
Effects of Transport Protocols
UDP/IP
TCP/IP
Requirements for Audio/Video Transport in Packet Networks
Benefits of Packet-Based Audio/Video
Summary
II. Media Transport Using RTP
3. The Real-Time Transport Protocol
Fundamental Design Philosophies of RTP
Application-Level Framing
The End-to-End Principle
Achieving Flexibility
Standard Elements of RTP
The RTP Specification
RTP Profiles
RTP Payload Formats
Optional Elements
Related Standards
Call Setup and Control
Session Description
Quality of Service
Future Standards Development
Summary
4. RTP Data Transfer Protocol
RTP Sessions
The RTP Data Transfer Packet
Header Elements
PAYLOAD TYPE
SEQUENCE NUMBER
TIMESTAMP
SYNCHRONIZATION SOURCE
CONTRIBUTING SOURCES
MARKER
PADDING
VERSION NUMBER
Header Extensions
Payload Headers
Payload Data
Packet Validation
Translators and Mixers
Translators
Mixers
Summary
5. RTP Control Protocol
Components of RTCP
Transport of RTCP Packets
RTCP Packet Formats
RTCP RR: Receiver Reports
THE RTCP RR PACKET FORMAT
INTERPRETING RR DATA
RTCP SR: Sender Reports
THE RTCP SR PACKET FORMAT
INTERPRETING SR DATA
RTCP SDES: Source Description
THE RTCP SDES PACKET FORMAT
STANDARD SDES ITEMS
PARSER ISSUES
RTCP BYE: Membership Control
RTCP APP: Application-Defined RTCP Packets
Packing Issues
Security and Privacy
Packet Validation
Participant Database
Timing Rules
Reporting Interval
Basic Transmission Rules
Forward Reconsideration
Reverse Reconsideration
BYE Reconsideration
Comments on Reconsideration
Common Implementation Problems
Summary
6. Media Capture, Playout, and Timing
Behavior of a Sender
Media Capture and Compression
Audio Capture and Compression
Video Capture and Compression
Use of Prerecorded Content
Generating RTP Packets
Timestamps and the RTP Timing Model
Fragmentation
Payload Format–Specific Headers
Behavior of a Receiver
Packet Reception
Receiving Data Packets
Receiving Control Packets
The Playout Buffer
Basic Operation
Playout Time Calculation
MAPPING TO THE LOCAL TIMELINE
COMPENSATION FOR CLOCK SKEW
COMPENSATION FOR SENDER BEHAVIOR
COMPENSATION FOR JITTER
COMPENSATION FOR ROUTE CHANGES
COMPENSATION FOR PACKET REORDERING
Adapting the Playout Point
Playout Adaptation for Audio with Silence Suppression
Playout Adaptation for Audio without Silence Suppression
Playout Adaptation for Video
Decoding, Mixing, and Playout
Decoding
Audio Mixing
Audio Playout
Video Playout
Summary
7. Lip Synchronization
Sender Behavior
Receiver Behavior
Synchronization Accuracy
Summary
III. Robustness
8. Error Concealment
Techniques for Audio Loss Concealment
Measuring Audio Quality
Silence Substitution
Noise Substitution
Repetition
Other Techniques for Repairing Speech Signals
Techniques for Video Loss Concealment
Motion-Compensated Repetition
Other Techniques for Repairing Video Packet Loss
Dependency Reduction
Interleaving
Summary
9. Error Correction
Forward Error Correction
Parity FEC
FORMAT OF PARITY FEC PACKETS
USE OF PARITY FEC
RECOVERING FROM LOSS
Unequal Error Protection
Reed–Solomon Codes
Audio Redundancy Coding
FORMAT OF REDUNDANT AUDIO PACKETS
LIMITATIONS OF REDUNDANT AUDIO
USE OF REDUNDANT AUDIO
Channel Coding
Partial Checksum
Reference Picture Selection
Retransmission
RTCP as a Framework for Retransmission
PACKET FORMATS
TIMING RULES
MODES OF OPERATION
Applicability
Implementation Considerations
At a Receiver
At the Sender
Summary
10. Congestion Control
The Need for Congestion Control
Congestion Control on the Internet
Implications for Multimedia
Congestion Control for Multimedia
TCP-Like Rate Control
TCP-Friendly Rate Control
Layered Coding
Summary
IV. Advanced Topics
11. Header Compression
Introductory Concepts
Patterns, Robustness, and Local Implementation
Standards
Compressed RTP
Operation of CRTP: Initialization and Context
Operation of CRTP: Compression and Decompression
Effects of Packet Loss
Robust Header Compression
Operation of ROHC: States and Modes
Operation of ROHC: Robustness and Compression Efficiency
Considerations for RTP Applications
Summary
12. Multiplexing and Tunneling
The Motivation for Multiplexing
Tunneling Multiplexed Compressed RTP
Basic Concepts of TCRTP
Implementing TCRTP
Performance
Other Approaches to Multiplexing
GeRM
CONCEPTS AND PACKET FORMAT
APPLICATION SCENARIOS
THE FUTURE OF GERM
Application-Specific Multiplexing
Summary
13. Security Considerations
Privacy
Confidentiality
Confidentiality Features in the RTP Specification
Confidentiality Using the Secure RTP Profile
Confidentiality Using IP Security
Other Considerations
Authentication
Authentication Using Standard RTP
Authentication Using the Secure RTP Profile
Authentication Using IP Security
Replay Protection
Denial of Service
Mixers and Translators
Active Content
Other Considerations
Summary
References
IETF RFC Standards
IETF Internet-Drafts
Other Standards
Conference and Journal Papers
Books
Web Sites
Other References
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2. Voice and Video Communication Over Packet Networks
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3. The Real-Time Transport Protocol
Part II. Media Transport Using RTP
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