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SECTION VIII. Simulation and Packaging
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SECTION VIII. Simulation and Packaging
by Muhammad Rashid
POWER ELECTRONICS HANDBOOK, 3rd Edition
Cover Image
Content
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Power Electronics Defined1
1.2 Key Characteristics
1.3 Trends in Power Supplies
1.4 Conversion Examples
1.5 Tools for Analysis and Design
1.6 Sample Applications
1.7 Summary
SECTION I. Power Electronics Devices
2. The Power Diode
2.1 Diode as a Switch
2.2 Properties of PN Junction
2.3 Common Diode Types
2.4 Typical Diode Ratings
2.5 Snubber Circuits for Diode
2.6 Series and Parallel Connection of Power Diodes
2.7 Typical Applications of Diodes
2.8 Standard Datasheet for Diode Selection
3. Power Bipolar Transistors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Structure and Operation
3.3 Static Characteristics
3.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics
3.5 Transistor Base Drive Applications
3.6 SPICE Simulation of Bipolar Junction Transistors
3.7 BJT Applications
Further Reading
4. The Power MOSFET
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Switching in Power Electronic Circuits
4.3 General Switching Characteristics
4.4 The Power MOSFET
4.5 Future Trends in Power Devices
5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic Structure and Operation
5.3 Static Characteristics
5.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics
5.5 IGBT Performance Parameters
5.6 Gate Drive Requirements
5.7 Circuit Models
5.8 Applications
Further Reading
6. Thyristors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Structure and Operation
6.3 Static Characteristics
6.4 Dynamic Switching Characteristics
6.5 Thyristor Parameters
6.6 Types of Thyristors
6.7 Gate Drive Requirements
6.8 PSpice Model
6.9 Applications
Further Reading
7. Gate Turn-off Thyristors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Structure and Operation
7.3 GTO Thyristor Models
7.4 Static Characteristics
7.5 Switching Phases
7.6 SPICE GTO Model
7.7 Applications
8. MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCTs)
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Switching Characteristics
8.3 Comparison of MCT and Other Power Devices
8.4 Gate Drive for MCTs
8.5 Protection of MCTs
8.6 Simulation Model of an MCT
8.7 Generation-1 and Generation-2 MCTs
8.8 N-channel MCT
8.9 Base Resistance-controlled Thyristor [14]
8.10 MOS Turn-off Thyristor [15]
8.11 Applications of PMCT
8.12 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
8.13 Appendix
9. Static Induction Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Theory of Static Induction Devices
9.3 Characteristics of Static Induction Transistor
9.4 Bipolar Mode Operation of SI devices (BSIT)
9.5 CMT Conductivity Modulation Transistor
9.6 Static Induction Diode
9.7 Lateral Punch-Through Transistor
9.8 Static Induction Transistor Logic
9.9 BJT Saturation Protected by SIT
9.10 Static Induction MOS Transistor
9.11 Space Charge Limiting Load (SCLL)
9.12 Power MOS Transistors
9.13 Static Induction Thyristor
9.14 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor
9.15 Summary
SECTION II. Power Conversion
10. Diode Rectifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Single-phase Diode Rectifiers
10.3 Three-phase Diode Rectifiers
10.4 Poly-phase Diode Rectifiers
10.5 Filtering Systems in Rectifier Circuits
10.6 High-frequency Diode Rectifier Circuits
Further Reading
11. Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Line-commutated Single-phase Controlled Rectifiers
11.3 Unity Power Factor Single-phase Rectifiers
Acknowledgment
12. Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Line-commutated Controlled Rectifiers
12.3 Force-commutated Three-phase Controlled Rectifiers
Further Reading
13. DC–DC Converters
13.1 Introduction
13.2 DC Choppers
13.3 Step-down (Buck) Converter
13.4 Step-up (Boost) Converter
13.5 Buck–Boost Converter
13.6 uk Converter
13.7 Effects of Parasitics
13.8 Synchronous and Bidirectional Converters
13.9 Control Principles
13.10 Applications of DC–DC Converters
Further Reading
14. DC/DC Conversion Technique and Twelve Series Luo-converters
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fundamental, Developed, Transformer-type, and Self-lift Converters
14.3 Voltage-lift Luo-converters
14.4 Double Output Luo-converters
14.5 Super-lift Luo-converters
14.6 Ultra-lift Luo-converters
14.7 Multiple-quadrant Operating Luo-converters
14.8 Switched-capacitor Multi-quadrant Luo-converters
14.9 Multiple-lift Push–Pull Switched-capacitor Luo-converters
14.10 Switched-inductor Multi-quadrant Operation Luo-converters
14.11 Multi-quadrant ZCS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters
14.12 Multi-quadrant ZVS Quasi-resonant Luo-converters
14.13 Synchronous-rectifier DC/DC Luo-converters
14.14 Multiple-element Resonant Power Converters
14.15 Gate Control Luo-resonator
14.16 Applications
14.17 Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters
Further Reading
15. Inverters
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Single-phase Voltage Source Inverters
15.3 Three-phase Voltage Source Inverters
15.4 Current Source Inverters
15.5 Closed-loop Operation of Inverters
15.6 Regeneration in Inverters
15.7 Multistage Inverters
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
16. Resonant and Soft-switching Converters
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification
16.3 Resonant Switch
16.4 Quasi-resonant Converters
16.5 ZVS in High Frequency Applications
16.6 Multi-resonant Converters (MRC)
16.7 Zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) Converters
16.8 Non-dissipative Active Clamp Network
16.9 Load Resonant Converters
16.10 Control Circuits for Resonant Converters
16.11 Extended-period Quasi-resonant (EP-QR) Converters
16.12 Soft-switching and EMI Suppression
16.13 Snubbers and Soft-switching for High Power Devices
16.14 Soft-switching DC-AC Power Inverters
17. Multilevel Power Converters
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Multilevel Power Converter Structures
17.3 Multilevel Converter PWM Modulation Strategies
17.4 Multilevel Converter Design Example
17.5 Fault Diagnosis in Multilevel Converters
17.6 Renewable Energy Interface
17.7 Conclusion
18. AC–AC Converters
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Single-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controller
18.3 Three-Phase AC–AC Voltage Controllers
18.4 Cycloconverters
18.5 Matrix Converter
18.6 High Frequency Linked Single-Phase to Three-Phase Matrix Converters
18.7 Applications of AC–AC Converters
19. Power Factor Correction Circuits
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Definition of PF and THD
19.3 Power Factor Correction
19.4 CCM Shaping Technique
19.5 DCM Input Technique
19.6 Summary
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
20. Gate Drive Circuitry for Power Converters
20.1 Introduction to Gate Drive Circuitry
Consumer electronics
Automobile industries
Commercial sectors
Domestic electronics
Utility applications
20.2 Semiconductor Drive Requirements
20.3 Gate Drivers for Power Converters
20.4 Gate Driver Circuit Implementation
20.5 Current Technologies
20.6 Current and Future Trends
20.7 Summary
SECTION III. General Applications
21. Power Electronics in Capacitor Charging Applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 High-Voltage DC Power Supply with Charging Resistor
21.3 Resonance Charging
21.4 Switching Converters
22. Electronic Ballasts
22.1 Introduction
22.2 High Frequency Supply of Discharge Lamps
22.5 High-Power Factor Electronic Ballasts
22.6 Applications
23. Power Supplies
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Linear Series Voltage Regulator
23.3 Linear Shunt Voltage Regulator
23.4 Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators
23.5 Switching Regulators
Further Reading
24. Uninterruptible Power Supplies
24.5 Control Techniques
24.6 Energy Storage Devices
Further Reading
25. Automotive Applications of Power Electronics
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Present Automotive Electrical Power System
25.3 System Environment
25.4 Functions Enabled by Power Electronics
25.5 Multiplexed Load Control
25.6 Electromechanical Power Conversion
25.7 Dual/High Voltage Automotive Electrical Systems
25.8 Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
25.9 Summary
26. Solid State Pulsed Power Electronics
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Power Semiconductors for Pulsed Power
26.3. Load Types and Requirements
26.4 Solid-State Pulsed Power Topologies
SECTION IV. Power Generation and Distribution
27. Photovoltaic System Conversion
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Solar Cell Characteristics
27.3 Photovoltaic Technology Operation
27.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Components
27.5 MPPT Controlling Algorithms
27.6 Photovoltaic Systems’ Components
27.7 Factors Affecting PV Output
27.8 PV System Design
27.9 Summary
28. Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems
28.3 Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems
29. High-Frequency Inverters: From Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel-Cell-Based Renewable- and Alternative-Energy DER/DG Systems to Energy-Storage Applications
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Low-Cost Single-Stage Inverter [2]
29.3 Ripple-Mitigating Inverter [3, 4]
29.4 Universal Power Conditioner [1]
29.5 Hybrid-Modulation-Based Multiphase HFL High-Power Inverter [5–85–8]
Acknowledgement
Copyright Disclosure
30. Wind Turbine Applications
30.1 Wind Energy Conversion Systems
30.2 Power Electronic Converters for Variable Speed Wind Turbines
30.3 Multilevel Converter for Very High Power Wind Turbines
30.4 Electrical System of a Wind Farm
30.5 Future Trends
31. HVDC Transmission
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Main Components of HVDC Converter Station
31.3 Analysis of Converter Bridge
31.4 Controls and Protection
31.5 MTDC Operation
31.6 Application
31.7 Modern Trends
31.8 HVDC System Simulation Techniques
31.9 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
32. Flexible AC Transmission Systems
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Ideal Shunt Compensator
32.3 Ideal Series Compensator
32.4 Synthesis of FACTS Devices
32.5 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)-Based HVDC Transmission
SECTION V. Motor Drives
33. Drives Types and Specifications
33.1 An Overview
33.2 Drives Requirements & Specifications
33.3 Drive Classifications and Characteristics
33.4 Load Profiles and Characteristics
33.5 Variable Speed Drive Topologies
33.6 PWM-VSI DRIVE
33.7 Applications
33.8 Summary
Further Reading
34. Motor Drives
34.1 Introduction
34.2 DC Motor Drives
34.3 Induction Motor Drives
34.4 Synchronous Motor Drives
34.5 Permanent-magnet AC Synchronous Motor Drives
34.6 Permanent-magnet Brushless DC Motor Drives
34.7 Servo Drives
34.8 Stepper Motor Drives
34.9 Switched-reluctance Motor Drives
34.10 Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives
Further Reading
35. Novel AI-Based Soft Computing Applications in Motor Drives
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Differences Between GA and PSO and Other Evolutionary Computation (EC) Techniques
35.3 Single Objective Genetic Optimization Search Algorithm (SOGA)
35.4 Single Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (SOPSO)
35.5 Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO)
35.6 Multi-Objective Genetic Optimization Search Algorithm (MOGA)
35.7 Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization Search Algorithm (MOPSO)
35.8 GA and PSO Applications in Speed Control of Motor Drives
35.9 Conclusion
SECTION VI. Control
36. Advanced Control of Switching Power Converters
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Switching Power Converter Control Using State-Space Averaged Models
37. Fuzzy Logic Applications in Electrical Drives and Power Electronics
37.1 Introduction
37.2 PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Structure
37.3 FNN PI/PD-Like Fuzzy Control Architecture
37.4 Learning Algorithm-Based EKF
37.5 Fuzzy PID Control Design-Based Genetic Optimization
37.6 Classical PID Versus Fuzzy-PID Controller
37.7 Genetic-Based Autotuning of Fuzzy-PID Controller
37.8 Fuzzy and H-∞ Control Design
37.9 Fuzzy Control for DC–DC Converters
37.10 Fuzzy Control Design for Switch-Mode Power Converters
37.11 Optimum Topology of the Fuzzy Controller
37.12 Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Control System for DC–DC Converters
Further Reading
38. Artificial Neural Network Applications in Power Electronics and Electrical Drives
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Conventional and Neural Function Approximators
38.3 ANN-based Estimation in Induction Motor Drives
38.4 ANN-based Controls in Motor Drives
38.5 ANN-based Controls in Power Converters
Further Reading
39. DSP-based Control of Variable Speed Drives
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Variable Speed Control of AC Machines
39.3 General Structure of a Three-phase AC Motor Controller
39.4 DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Machines
39.5 DSP-based Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines
39.6 DSP-based Vector Control of Induction Motors
SECTION VII. Power Quality and EMI Issues
40. Power Quality
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Power Quality
40.3 Reactive Power and Harmonic Compensation
40.4 IEEE Standards
40.5 Conclusions
Further Reading
41. Active Filters
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Types of Active Power Filters
41.3 Shunt Active Power Filters
41.4 Series Active Power Filters
41.5 Hybrid Active Power Filters
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
42. EMI Effects of Power Converters
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Power Converters as Sources of EMI
42.3 Measurements of Conducted EMI
42.4 EMI Filters
42.5 Random Pulse Width Modulation
42.6 Other Means of Noise Suppression
42.7 EMC Standards
SECTION VIII. Simulation and Packaging
43. Computer Simulation of Power Electronics and Motor Drives
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Use of Simulation Tools for Design and Analysis
43.3 Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits with PSpice®
43.4 Simulations of Power Electronic Circuits and Electric Machines
43.5 Simulations of AC Induction Machines Using Field Oriented (Vector) Control
43.6 Simulation of Sensorless Vector Control Using PSpice®
43.7 Simulations Using Simplorer®
43.8 Conclusions
44. Packaging and Smart Power Systems
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Background
44.3 Functional Integration
44.3.1 Steps to Partitioning
44.4 Assessing Partitioning Technologies
44.5 Cost-driven Partitioning [5]
44.6 Technology-driven Partitioning
44.7 Example 2.2 kW Motor Drive Design
44.8 High Temperature (HT) Packaging [6]
Acknowledgment
About the Author
Further Reading
SECTION IX. Energy Sources, Storage and Transmission
45. Energy Sources
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Available Energy Sources
45.3 Electric Energy Generation Technologies
45.4 Conclusions
46. Energy Storage
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Energy Storage Elements
46.3 Modeling of Energy Storage Devices
46.4 Hybridization of Energy Storage Systems
46.5 Energy Management and Control Strategies
46.6 Power Electronics for Energy Storage Systems
46.7 Practical Case Studies
46.8 Conclusions
47. Electric Power Transmission
47.1 Elements of Power System
47.2 Generators and Transformers
47.3 Transmission Line
47.4 Factors That Limit Power Transfer in Transmission Line
47.4.6 Ohmic Losses (I2R(TC)) Heat Gain
47.5 Effect of Temperature on Conductor Sag or Tension
47.6 Standard and Guidelines on Thermal Rating Calculation
47.7 Optimizing Power Transmission Capacity
47.8 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements of Transmission Lines
47.9 Methods of Controlling Overvoltages
47.10 Insulation Coordination
Index
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43. Computer Simulation of Power Electronics and Motor Drives
SECTION VIII
Simulation and Packaging
43 Computer Simulation of Power Electronics and Motor Drives
44 Packaging and Smart Power Systems
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