,

 

 

---

Notes

 

 

 

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References starting BT, CAB, ED, LAB, RG and T relate to files in the Public Records Office, London. References starting MRC relate to files in the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick.

1 BRITISH INDUSTRY, STATE INTERVENTION AND
LABOUR POLITICS, 1900–39

1 Important recent contributions include those in B. Elbaum and W. Lazonick (eds) The Decline of the British Economy (Oxford, 1987) and the Oxford Review of Economic Policy 4(1) (1988).

2 M. Shanks, The Stagnant Society: A Warning (London, 1961); S. Strange, Sterling and British Policy (London, 1971); N. Kaldor, Causes of the Slow Rate of Growth of the UK (Cambridge, 1966).

3 M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Harmondsworth, 1985) and C. Barnett, The Audit of War (London, 1986). For good critiques of this approach see B. Collins and K. Robbins (eds) British Culture and Economic Decline (London, 1990), or, from a quite distinct perspective, D. Edgerton, England and the Aeroplane (London, 1991).

4 D. Marquand, The Unprincipled Society (London, 1988), p. 210. See also his The Progressive Dilemma (London, 1991) for a development of some of the same themes.

5 P. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (Cambridge, 1986); S. Newton and D. Porter, Modernisation Frustrated (London, 1988); P. Hall, ‘The State and Economic Decline’, in Elbaum and Lazonick (eds), op. cit., pp. 266–302.

6 M. Barratt-Brown, ‘Away With All Great Arches’, New Left Review 167 (1988), pp. 22–51.

7 A.L. Friedberg, The Weary Titan (Princeton, 1988).

8 G.R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency (Oxford, 1971).

9 Ibid.; Newton and Porter, op. cit., Ch. 1; Marquand, Unprincipled Society, op. cit., Ch. 5.

10 S. Pollard, Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline 1870–1914 (London, 1988).

11 E.H. Phelps-Brown, The Origins of British Industrial Relations (London, 1986), Ch. 7; A. Morrison, ‘Businesses, Industries and Tariff Reform in Great Britain’, Business History 28(1) (1983), pp. 148–78.

12 M. Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, 1978).

13 Newton and Porter, op. cit., pp. 25–7.

14 The Board of Trade produced a series of reports on British industry, which were summarised in the Final Report of the Committee on Commercial and Industrial Policy After the War (Cd. 9035) (London, 1918).

15 Newton and Porter, op. cit., Ch. 2; K. Burk (ed.) War and the State (London, 1982); S. Armitage, The Politics of Decontrol of Industry (London, 1969).

16 R.D. Boyce, British Capitalism at the Crossroads (Cambridge, 1987), Chs 1–4.

17 Ibid., Ch. 3; A. Booth and M. Pack, Employment, Capital and Economic Policy (Oxford, 1985), Ch. 1.

18 J.M. Keynes, ‘The End of Laissez-Faire in his Collected Writings 9 (1971). Note that Keynes did take a keen interest in the rationalisation of the cotton industry: J.M. Keynes, Collected Writings 19 (1981), Ch. 7.

19 R. Lowe, Adjusting to Democracy: The Role of the Ministry of Labour in British Politics 1916–1939 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 207–9.

20 M. Kirby, ‘Industrial Policy’, in S. Glynn and A. Booth (eds) The Road to Full Employment (London, 1987), pp. 131–5.

21 (Balfour) Committee on Industry and Trade, Factors in Industrial and Commercial Efficiency (London, 1927); and Final Report (Cmd 3282) (London, 1929).

22 L. Hannah, Electricity Before Nationalisation (London, 1979), Ch. 4; M. Bonavia, British Rail (London, 1971).

23 R.S. Sayers, The Bank of England 1891–1944 1 (Cambridge, 1976), Ch. 14.

24 M.W. Kirby, The British Coal Mining Industry 1870–1946 (London, 1977), Ch. 6; L. Hannah, The Rise of the Corporate Economy (2nd edn, London, 1983), Ch. 4.

25 Kirby, op. cit, Chs 7–9. For a different view, see B. Fine, ‘Economies of Scale and a Featherbedding Cartel: A Reconsideration of the Interwar British Coal Industry’, Economic History Review 48(3) (1990), pp. 438–49.

26 J. Tomlinson, Public Policy and the Economy Since 1900 (Oxford, 1990), Ch.2.

27 F. Capie, Depression and Protectionism (London, 1983), Chs 8, 9.

28 Fine, op. cit.; A.F. Lucas, Industrial Reconstruction and the Control of Competition (London, 1939).

29 S. Tolliday, Business, Banking and Politics: The Case of British Steel 1918–1939 (Harvard, 1987).

30 A. Booth, ‘Britain in the 1930s: A Managed Economy?’, Economic History Review 40(3) (1987), pp. 499–522.

31 W. Reader, ‘I.C.I, and the State’, in B. Supple (ed.) Essays in Business History (Oxford, 1977), pp. 227^3.

32 K.D. Brown (ed.) The First Labour Party 1906–14 (London, 1985); D. Ho well, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party 1885–1906 (Manchester, 1983); K.D. Morgan, ‘Edwardian Socialism’ in D. Read (ed.) Edwardian England (London, 1986), Ch. 6.

33 On the components of Labour at this time see J. Callaghan, Socialism in Britain Since 1884 (Oxford, 1990), Chs 4, 5; D. Howell, Social Democracy in Britain (London, 1976), Ch. 1; R.E. Dowse, Left in the Centre: The I.L.P. 1893–1940 (London, 1966), Ch. 1; A.M. MacBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics 1884–1918 (Cambridge, 1962), especially Chs 10–12.

34 W. Clarke, ‘The Basis of Socialism: Industrial’, in B. Shaw et al., Fabian Essays in Socialism 1889 (London, 1948 edn), pp. 92, 95.

35 A. Besant, ‘Industry Under Socialism’, ibid., pp. 141, 146, 148.

36 For example, H.W. Macrosty, Trusts and the State (London, 1901); S. and B. Webb, Problems of Modern Industry (London, 1902).

37 V.I. Lenin, ‘Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism’, Collected Works 22 (London, 1964); J.A. Hobson, The Evolution of Modern Capitalism (London, 1894).

38 E.E. Barry, Nationalisation in British Politics (London, 1965), Chs 2–6. Much of the early discussion of coal mining nationalisation focused on mining royalties, seen as generating an unearned ‘surplus’ for landowners and an incubus on the development of industry (ibid., Ch. 4).

39 On the convergence of Labour and New Liberal thinking, see Freeden, op. cit., pp. 196–200; and on the Co-Efficients, the standard work is Searle, op. cit.

40 S. and B. Webb, The Decay of Capitalist Civilisation (London, 1923), p. 51.

41 S. and B. Webb, A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain (London, 1920), pp. 324, 328–30.

42 R. McKibbin, The Evolution of the Labour Party (Oxford, 1974), pp. 91–106; J.M. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War (London, 1974).

43 Labour Party, Labour and the New Social Order (London, 1918), pp. 19, 11–12.

44 Ibid., p. 17.

45 A. Oldfield, ‘The Labour Party and Planning — 1934 or 1918?’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History 25 (1972), pp. 41–55; Labour Party, Annual Conference Report (London, June 1918), pp. 44–6. For a summary of the changes in Labour's constitution and programme see G.D.H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party from 1914 (London, 1948), Ch.2.

46 R. Skidelsky, Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–31 (Harmondsworth, 1970); D. Winch, Economics and Policy (London, 1972).

47 A. Booth and M. Pack, Employment, Capital and Economic Policy, Great Britain 1918–1939 (Oxford, 1985), Chs 1, 5, 6.

48 R. McKibbin, ‘The Economic Policy of the Second Labour Government 1929–1931’, Past and Present 68 (1975), pp. 95–123.

49 Booth and Pack, op. cit., Ch. 1.

50 J. Strachey, Revolution by Reason (London, 1925) (these proposals were largely the work of Oswald Mosley); H.N. Brailsford et al., The Living Wage (London, 1926); on Mosley's memorandum, see Skidelsky, op. cit, Ch. 8, and R. Skidelsky, Oswald Mosley (London, 1975), Chs 9, 10.

51 Boyce, op. cit.

52 Hannah Electricity op. cit., pp. 88–9.

53 Labour Party, Labour and the Nation (London, 1928), pp. 23–4, 16.

54 Labour Party, Labour's Reply to Lloyd George: How to Conquer Unemployment (London, 1929), pp. 13, 14.

55 G.W. Macdonald and H. Gospel, "The Mond-Turner Talks, 1927–33: A Study of Industrial Co-operation’, Historical Journal 16(4) (1973), pp. 807–29; H. Gospel, ‘Employers’ Labour Policy: A Study of the Mond-Turner Talks 1927–33% Business History 21(2) (1979), pp. 180–97.

56 Macdonald and Gospel, op. cit., pp. 820–1, 823–4.

57 Skidelsky, Politicians, op. cit.; McKibbin, ‘Economic Policy’, op. cit.; D. Marquand, Ramsay Macdonald (London, 1977).

58 The LPTB was actually created under the Conservative Government of 1931, but largely on the model designed under Labour.

59 On the Morrisonian corporation see H. Morrison, Socialisation and Transport (London, 1930); Barry, op. cit., Chs 10–13; R. Dahl, ‘Workers’ Control of Industry and the British Labour Party’, American Political Science Review 41(5) (1947), pp. 875–900; G.N. Ostergaard, ‘Labour and the Development of the Public Corporation’, Manchester School 22(2) (1954), pp. 192–226; J. Tomlinson, The Unequal Struggle: British Socialism and the Capitalist Enterprise (London, 1982), Ch. 4.

60 Skidelsky, Politicians, op. cit., pp. 129–32.

61 S. Tolliday, ‘Steel and Rationalisation Politics 1918–50’, in Elbaum and Lazonick (eds), op. cit., pp. 82–108; R.S. Sayers, The Bank of England 1890–1944 (Cambridge, 1976); C. Heim, ‘Limits to Intervention: The Bank of England and Industrial Diversification in the Depressed Areas’, Economic History Review 37(4) (1984), pp. 533–50.

62 B. Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s (Cambridge, 1977), Ch. 1.

63 Tomlinson, Unequal Struggle, op. cit, Ch. 4; Dahl, op. cit.

64 Labour Party, For Socialism and Peace (London, 1934); Booth and Pack, op. cit., pp. 125–33.

65 For Socialism and Peace, op. cit., p. 15.

66 Booth and Pack, op. cit., p. 127.

67 For Socialism and Peace, op. cit., p. 16.

68 E. Durbin, New Jerusalems: The Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism (London, 1985), pp. 194–8, 276–7. Douglas Jay can also be said to have come into this camp; see his The Socialist Case (London, 1937).

69 Durbin, op. cit., Chs 6–8 and p. 277.

70 Ibid., pp. 175–9, 277–9.

71 Ibid., pp. 236–42.

72 On this theme see S. Brooke, ‘Revisionists and Fundamentalists: The Labour Party and Economic Policy During the Second World War’, Historical Journal 32(1) (1989), pp. 157–75.

73 Durbin, op. cit., pp. 274–6.

74 For example, Marquand, Progressive Dilemma, op. cit., pp. 65–6.

75 K.O. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945–51 (Oxford, 1984), p. 135.

76 Marquand, Progressive Dilemma, op. cit, p. 106; R. Miliband, Parliamentary Socialism (2nd edn, London, 1973), p. 290; K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940–1961, (London, 1986), p. 120; C. Barnett, op. cit., p. 275.

77 An obvious exception is A. A. Rogow and P. Shore, The Labour Government and British Industry 1945–51 (Oxford, 1955).

78 Barnett, Marquand, Miliband and Morgan, in the works cited above, make no mention of the British Institute of Management. Middlemas (also already cited) refers in passing to the institution but does not discuss its creation or its relation to the government.

79 See Middlemas, op. cit., p. 118.

2 THE PRODUCTION CRISIS, PRODUCTIVITY AND THE
RISE OF THE MANAGEMENT QUESTION, 1941–4

1 Listener, 15/5/1941.

2 G.H. Gallup, The Gallup International Opinion Polls. Great Britain 1937–1975. Volume One (New York, 1976), p. 41.

3 Economist, 12/1/1941 and 9/8/1941.

4 The Times, 2/1/1942.

5 Mass Observation, People in Production (Harmondsworth, 1942), p. 63.

6 Quoted in M. Edelman, Production For Victory Not Profits (London, 1941), p. 55.

7 ‘Argonaut’, Give Us The Tools (London, 1942), pp. 1–2.

8 Economist, 5/10/1940.

9 Twenty-First Report from the Select Committee on National Expenditure, 6/8/1941 (P.P. 1940–1 III), p. 8; Economist, 1/11/1941.

10 These innovations, and the debates surrounding them, are reported on in most of the standard histories; see, for example, J.M. Lee, The Churchill Coalition 1940–1945 (London, 1980), pp. 82–111.

11 See, for example, Oliver Lyttelton, Minister of Production, in Hansard 381, 14/7/1942, col. 1117; Economist, 18/7/1942.

12 Listener, 24/12/1942.

13 Economist, 20/6/1942.

14 G.R. Moxon, The Growth of Personnel Management in Great Britain during the War 1939–1944 (London, 1945), esp. pp. 28–9.

15 H.M.D. Parker, Manpower: A Study of War-time Policy and Administration (London, 1957), pp. 411–19.

16 The following account is based on P. Inman, Labour in the Munitions Industries (London, 1957), pp. 376–83.

17 Listener, 15/7/1943.

18 BT 64/3537: Board of Trade Internal Reconstruction Department Report, ‘War-time Measures To Raise The Standard Of Management In Industry’, 19/7/1944, p. 1.

19 Ibid.; and BT 64/3324: H.A. Marquand, ‘Ministry of Production. Note on Measures Designed to Improve Efficiency of Production in British Industry’ [hereafter Marquand], 1772/1944, pp. 9–10.

20 Inman, op. cit, p. 231.

21 Marquand, op. cit., p. 8.

22 For the PEB see Inman, op. cit., pp. 229–30; and A.G. Shaw, ‘Motion Study in Wartime’, Occupational Psychology 21(4) (1947), pp. 188–91.

23 Inman, op. cit., p. 229.

24 For the TCB see Inman, op. cit., p. 431; Marquand, op. cit., p. 6; and BT 64/3115: ‘Discussion with Mr. James, Principal Technical Cost Officer of MAF, 21/7/1943.

25 Marquand, op. cit., p. 6.

26 BT 64/3115: ‘Discussion …’, op. cit., p. 1.

27 Inman, op. cit., p. 433.

28 Marquand, op. cit., p. 6.

29 BT 64/3604: R.S. Edwards to Prof. G.C. Allen, 12/7/1944, p. 3.

30 Ibid., p. 1.

31 Inman, op. cit, p. 230.

32 BT 64/3324: Note by J. Maton, 15/7/1943.

33 Reported in The Economist, 17/4/1943.

34 Business 73(2) (1943), pp. 15–17, and 73(6) (1943), pp. 23–7.

35 Shaw, op. cit., p. 191.

36 BT 64/3115: ‘Discussion …’, op. cit., p. 2.

37 Moxon, op. cit., pp. 28, 30.

38 BT 64/3537: ‘Discussion of wartime experience in regard to industrial management — 21.6.44’.

39 BT 64/3537: Principal Director of Costing, ‘Report by M/S Costings Department…’ [n.d.], enclosed with J. Zinkin to J. Maton, 6/6/1944.

40 BT 64/3604: Edwards to Allen, op. cit., p. 2.

41 Ibid., p. 4; and BT 64/3537: ‘Discussion … 21.6.44’ op. cit.

42 On this theme, see, for example, BT 64/3604: Edwards to Allen, op. cit., pp. 4–5.

43 L. Johnman, ‘The Labour Party and Industrial Policy, 1940–1945’, in N. Tiratsoo (ed.) The Attlee Years (London, 1991), summarises this kind of Board thinking.

44 For early Board discussion of the productivity issue etc., see material in BT 64/3115 and BT 64/3210.

45 BT 64/3210: Minute by J. Maton, 3/5/1943.

46 CAB 87/63: E.C. (43)4, War Cabinet Committee on Post-War Employment, ‘General Support of Trade: Memo by Board of Trade’, 15/10/1943, paras 39, 40.

47 The Steering Committee's terms of reference are in its final report: CAB 87/63: R.(44)6, 11/1/1944, p. 3.

48 CAB 87/63: E.C.(43) 10, Committee on Post-War Employment, 10th Meeting, 30/10/1943, p. 2.

49 See, for example, BT 64/3361: J. Maton, ‘Industrial Management’, 21/9/1943.

50 See letters in BT 64/3359; for example, G.L. Watkinson to B.S. Rowntree, 24/9/1943, and enclosure.

51 BT 64/3359: P. Lindsay to G.L. Watkinson, 10/12/1943.

52 BT 64/3359: ‘Discussion with Mr Seebohm Rowntree, 30 September 1943’.

53 BT 64/3359: L.J. Cadbury to G.L. Watkinson, 8/10/1943; and J. Maton, ‘Industrial Management — Progress Report’, 11/11/1943.

54 BT 64/3455: ‘Talk with Mr Lloyd Roberts … 29 September 1943’.

55 BT 64/3359: H.I. Bostock to G.L. Watkinson, 29/9/1943.

56 BT 64/3359: L. Urwick to G.L. Watkinson, 28/9/1943.

57 BT 64/3390: Paper 2, J. Maton. ‘Industrial Management…’, 30/12/1943.

58 BT 64/3359: ‘Discussion … with Mr John Ryan, Director of the Metal Box Co. Ltd, 5 October 1943’.

59 Information on the IIA comes from BT 64/3361: Memo by J. Maton, 11/10/1943; J. Maton, ‘Conference on "Management in Action" … 22–24 October 1943'; and Letter from G. Marchand, 29/11/1943.

60 For the MRG, see material in BT 64/3361, esp. J. Maton, ‘Discussion with … Ward … 28 September 1943'; and BT 64/3390, Paper 2, op. cit., p. 3.

61 Members included Babcock and Wilcox, Boots, Bristol Aeroplane, Courtaulds, Dunlop, Imperial Tobacco, Lever Bros, Pilkington Bros, Rowntree, Standard Telephone, Tootal Broadhurst Lee and United Steel: see the membership list in BT 64/3361.

62 BT 64/3361: ‘Management Research Group No. 1’ [n.d.].

63 BT 64/3361: Minute by G.C. Allen, 17/11/1943.

64 BT 64/3390: Paper 13 ‘Events leading up to the establishment of the British Management Council’, 13/1/1944.

65 BT 64/3390: Paper 2, op. cit, p. 4; and BT 64/3210: J. Maton, ‘Discussion with Mr Prescott — 2 November 1943’, 6/11/1943.

66 BT 64/3361: Note by J. Maton, 27/10/1943.

67 BT 64/3390: Paper 2, op. cit., p. 4.

68 BT 64/3210: G.L. Watkinson, ‘Industrial Management. Progress Report, November 1943’, 25/11/1943, p. 1.

69 Ibid., p. 2.

70 BT 64/3210: Note by J. Maton 24/11/1943. For Weir's background, see his Civilian Assignment (London, 1953), and The Times, 31/10/1960. The Business Members were part-time advisers to the Board, who were drawn from industry and commerce.

71 ;BT 64/3210: Watkinson, ‘Industrial Management’, op. cit., p. 2. Loughlin was an ex-Chairwoman of the General Council and General Organiser of the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers.

72 BT 64/3210: Note by J. Maton, 24/11/1943.

73 BT 64/3428: Minutes of 16 and 31/12/1943.

74 BT 64/3537: ‘Report on Industrial Management’ [hereafter Weir], 23/2/1944, p. 1.

75 Ibid.

76 BT 64/3390: Paper 14, ‘Note of a meeting with Col. Urwick, 13 January 1944’.

77 BT 64/3390: Paper 23, ‘Note of a meeting with Mr I.J. Pitman … 24 January 1944’.

78 BT 64/3390: Paper 21, Minutes of Meeting with MRG 2–8, 4/1/1944, p. 5.

79 BT 64/3390: Paper 27, ‘Meeting with ABCC and NUM on 25 January 1944’.

80 BT 64/3390: Paper 36 ‘Note of a meeting with FBI, 1 February 1944’. Forbes Watson, of the British Employers’ Confederation, was equally noncommittal, stating at a later meeting that: ‘He was in full sympathy with efforts to provide better opportunities for advancement for those qualified to make use of them’ (BT 64/3390: Paper 41, ‘Note of a meeting with … Forbes Watson … on 4 February 1944').

81 BT 64/3210: E.M. Pollock, ‘Industrial Management’, 8/1/1944.

82 BT 64/3390: Paper 14, op. cit; and BT 64/3445: J. Maton to C. Weir, 27/1/1944.

83 BT 64/3390: Papers 27, 36, op. cit.

84 BT 64/3390: Paper 43, ‘Minute of Meeting on Industrial Management… on 9 February 1944’, esp. p. 9.

85 BT 64/3445: P. Lindsay to C. Weir, 16/2/1944.

86 Management Research Group Papers, LSE, Box 10, File headed ‘Proposed British Management Institute … ‘: Note [unsigned] ‘British Institute of Management’, 10/2/1944.

87 BT 64/3445: C. Weir to P. Lindsay, 21/2/1944; and BT 64/3428: A. Kilroy to C. Weir, 5/2/1944.

88 Weir, op. cit., p. 3.

89 Ibid.

90 Ibid.

91 Weir, op. cit, p. 5.

92 Ibid.

93 Weir, op. cit., p. 6.

94 BT 64/3428: C. Weir to H. Dalton, 22/2/1944.

95 BT 64/3390: Paper 44, ‘Note of a meeting … with representatives of interested Government departments, 21/2/1944’.

96 BT 64/3210: J. Maton, ‘Note on Report’, 26/2/1944.

97 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S2/38/1: Corr., Locock — Beharrell, 29/2/1944 and 8/3/1944.

98 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S2/38/1: ‘Note from Sec., MRG No. 1 to J. Gough, FBI, 2/3/1944’.

99 BT 64/3428: Minutes by GEP [?], 10/5/1944.

3 DEBATES AND INITIATIVES, 1944–5

1 A useful compendium of what discussion there was is contained in C. Madge, Industry After The War (London, 1943).

2 Quoted in Economist, 23/6/1945.

3 S. Cripps, ‘Management's Contribution to Post-War Prosperity’, Industrial Administration 6(13) (1945), p. 3.

4 Ibid., p. 2.

5 Daily Herald, 23/5/1945.

6 Daily Herald, 20/8/1945.

7 See, on these macro policies, L. Johnman, ‘The Labour Party and Industrial Policy, 1940–5’ in N. Tiratsoo (ed.) The Attlee Years (London, 1991), pp. 29–53.

8 Daily Herald, 23/5/1945.

9 See, for example, speeches by Morrison and Attlee reported in Daily Herald, 20/3/1945 and 26/3/1945.

10 Cripps, op. cit., p. 4.

11 Ibid., p. 2; and A. Albu ‘The Growing Demand for Security’, Industry Illustrated 11(8) (1943), p. 21.

12 C.V. Plaistowe, ‘Herbert Morrison on Industry’, Persuasion 2(1) (1944), p. 7.

13 Labour Party, Let Us Face The Future (London, 1945), p. 7.

14 See, for example, S. Cripps, quoted in The Times, 19/8/1944.

15 For two very clear statements of this package, see ibid., and Economist 5/5/1945.

16 Quoted in The Times Trade and Engineering, 52(949) (1943), p. 1.

17 Cripps, op. cit., p. 5.

18 Ibid., pp. 4–6.

19 For example, A. Flanders, ‘The Production Committee Experiment’, Socialist Commentary (Aug. 1943), pp. 45–51.

20 Quoted in Anon., ‘Discipline in Industry’, Labour 7(10) (1945), p. 293.

21 Cripps quoted in Economist, 11/3/1944.

22 See, for example, E. Bevin, ‘Works Managers and the War’, Industry Illustrated 9(7) (1941), pp. 12–13; Economist, 22/5/1943.

23 Cripps, in The Times, 19/8/1944.

24 Cripps, in Manchester Guardian, 6/11/1944.

25 Cripps, in The Times, 19/8/1944.

26 A. Oldfield, ‘The Labour Party and planning — 1934, or 1918?’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History 25 (1972), esp. pp. 53–4.

27 J. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (Harmondsworth, 1942).

28 New Statesman, 13/11/1943.

29 Albu was a works manager by profession, while Cripps had been a factory manager in the First World War. See Industry Illustrated 16(3) (1948), pp. 14–15; E. Estorick, Stafford Cripps (London, 1949), pp. 46–7.

30 Albu presented this case on a number of occasions, but perhaps most fully in Tribune, 14/8/1942; and his Management in Transition (Fabian Soc. Research Series 68, London, 1942).

31 See, for example, A. Albu, ‘How Soviet Factories Are Managed’, The Plebs 36(12) (1944), pp. 151–3.

32 ‘Licinius’, Vote Labour? Why? (London, 1945), p. 32; see also G.D.H. Cole, A Letter To An Industrial Manager (Fabian Society, London [n.d., but 1944?]).

33 Conservative Party Central Committee on Post-War Problems Work: The Future of British Industry [hereafter C.P. Work] (London, 1944). For the background to this report, see J.D. Hoffman, The Conservative Party in Opposition 1945–51 (London, 1964), pp. 38–40.

34 C.P. Work, op. cit., p. 10.

35 Ibid., p. 42.

36 Ibid., p. 47.

37 Ibid., p. 43.

38 Ibid., p. 43.

39 Ibid., p. 15.

40 For example, Daily Telegraph, 3/1/1944; and Onlooker (Jan. 1944), pp. 4–5.

41 Quoted in Industrial Administration 5(10) (1944), p. 26.

42 Tory Reform Committee, Tools For The Next Job [hereafter TRC Tools] (London, 1945). Background on the TRC and this report can be found in Q. Hogg, ‘British Industry After The War’, New English Review 11(1) (1945), pp. 50–4; and Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 40–2.

43 TRC Tools, op. cit., pp. 22–3.

44 Ibid., p. 60.

45 Ibid., p. 59.

46 Hoffman, op. cit., p. 43.

47 O. Lyttelton, Onlooker (July 1945), p. 3.

48 Industry Illustrated 13(1) (1945), p. 11.

49 Daily Telegraph, 27/9/1944.

50 Daily Telegraph, 10/11/1944.

51 Daily Telegraph, 3/1/1944.

52 News Chronicle, 26/10/1944.

53 Economist, 19/8/1944.

54 Economist, 23/6/1945.

55 Scope, (Aug. 1944), p. 21.

56 E. Hulton, The New Age (London, 1943), pp. 174–85.

57 T. Fraser, Business 75(5) (1945), p. 35.

58 G.D.H. Cole, The Impact of Current Economic Changes on Industrial Relations and on the Demand for Labour’, British Management Review 5(2) (1944), p. 42.

59 Ibid., p. 41.

60 For an assessment of the state of trade union thinking at this time, which emphasises its uneven character, see N. Barou, British Trade Unions (London, 1947).

61 TUC, Interim Report on Post-War Reconstruction (London, 1944).

62 Ibid., pp. 46–9.

63 Ibid., p. 8.

64 Barou, op. cit., pp. 190–205 summarises these plans.

65 National Society of Pottery Workers, Reconstruction in the Pottery Industry (Manchester, 1945).

66 A. Loughlin, The Responsibility of Management’, British Management Review 4(4) (1943), pp. 50, 52.

67 Asset 2(9) (1945), p. 1.

68 MRC MSS 200 B/3/2/C698 Part 4: ‘Walpole Lunch — 23 April 1942’, p. 1.

69 Ibid, p. 3.

70 E.F.L. Brech, ‘Management Lessons of the War’, British Management Review 5(3) (1945), p. 49.

71 G. Chelioti, ‘Management Lessons of the War’, Industry Illustrated 12(6) (1944), p. 16.

72 See, for example, MRC MSS 200 B/3/2/C698 Part 4: ‘Note. Institute of Industrial Administration. Conference at Waldorf Hotel — 23 October 1943’.

73 Scope (Sept. 1942), p. 26.

74 For background on the NUM, see BT/64/3072: Memo by C.K.H., 26/10/1945.

75 National Union of Manufacturers’ Journal (June 1943), p. 193.

76 See above, pp. 31–43.

77 Johnman, op. cit.; N. Tiratsoo, Reconstruction, Affluence and Labour Politics: Coventry 1945–60 (London, 1990), p. 17.

78 BT 168/169: Note by R.B., 13/3/1945, p. 1.

79 The Times, 26/10/1944.

80 BT 64/3465: G.L. Watkinson ‘Reconstruction Committee’, 18/2/1944, p. 1.

81 Ibid., p. 2.

82 BT 64/3597: G.L. Watkinson, ‘Industrial Organisation and Efficiency. Stocktaking on Board of Trade proposals’, 2/1/1945, pp. 1–3.

83 Ibid., p. 1.

84 Ibid. p. 1.

85 See above, pp. 38, 43.

86 BT 64/3537: BOT IRD Memo, ‘War Time Measures To Raise The Standard of Management… 19/7/1944, p. 2.

87 CAB 87/14: R(l)(44)5, War Cabinet Reconstruction Committee, Ministerial Sub-Committee on Industrial Problems [hereafter Sub-Corn.], Memo by President, ‘Post War Exports*, 23/6/1944, including Memo by BOT, ‘Long Term prospects of British Industry’, June 1944, pp. 1,4.

88 Ibid.

89 CAB 87/14: R.(l)(44), Minutes of 2nd Meeting of Sub-Corn., 29/6/1944, p.l.

90 CAB 87/14: R.(l)(44)8, Memo by President, ‘Measures to Promote Exports and Industrial Efficiency’, 8/7/1944; and R(l)(44), Minutes of 4th Meeting of Sub-Corn., 31/7/1944, Minute 3.

91 BT 64/3428: ‘Industrial Management’, 29/9/1944.

92 BT 64/3604: S. Cripps to H. Dalton, 9/10/1944.

93 BT 64/3604: G.S. Owen to A. Kilroy, 9/10/1944.

94 T 228/624: A. Kilroy to P.D. Proctor, 24/8/1944 and A. Fforde to G.L. Watkinson, 5/10/1944.

95 Bruce-Gardner, a former iron and steel employer and Chairman of the Society of British Aircraft Constructors, was the Chief Executive for Industrial Reconversion at the Board.

96 BT 64/3428: Report by C. Bruce-Gardner, 15/1/1945.

97 B. Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (pbk edn., London, 1986), pp. 401–7 provides the background.

98 BT 64/3428: Minute by H. Dalton 16/1/1945; and Minute by [?], 22/1/1945.

99 CAB 87/15: R.(l)(45)9, Memo by President, ‘Industrial Management’, 6/2/1945.

100 CAB 87/15: R.(l)(45), Minutes of 5th Meeting of Sub-Corn., 7/3/1945, p. 2.

101 T 228/624: Note by A.F., 13/4/1945.

4 EARLY POST-WAR EFFORTS, 1945–7

1 See R.B. McCallum and A. Readman, The British General Election of 1945 (London, 1947), esp. pp. 51–61. It is important to note, in the light of recent criticism which portrays Labour as obsessed with New Jerusalemism at this time, that two out of the twelve pages in the party's manifesto, Let Us Face The Future, were concerned with ‘Industry in the Service of the Nation’ while less than one was devoted to ‘Houses and the Building Programme’.

2 Labour Party, Let Us Face The Future (London, 1945), p. 6.

3 Quoted in F.W.S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos 1900–74 (London, 1975), p. 119.

4 C. Chisholm, ‘How Will Labour Deal With Business?’, Business 75(9) (1945), p. 40.

5 Financial Times, 14/8/1945. See also N. Kipping, Summing Up (London, 1972), p. 16.

6 Anon., ‘P.M.H …. Four Leading Industrialists Talk to The Editor’, Business 16(1) (1946), p. 38.

7 C. Chisholm, ‘Elbow Room for Free Enterprise…’, Business (10) (1945), p. 43.

8 BT 13/220A: 52277, G.L.Watkinson, ‘Working Party Programme’, 22/10/1945.

9 BT 13/220A 52277: S. Cripps, ‘The Work of the Board of the Trade’, 7/8/1945.

10 BT 13/220A 52277/2: Minutes of President's Morning Meeting, 20/8/1945, 23/8/1945 and 27/8/1945.

11 ;BT 64/2180: Note by A. Kilroy, 21/8/1945; and material in BT 64/3607 and BT 64/3608.

12 BT 64/2180: Note by S. Cripps, 23/8/1945; M. Dupree (ed.) Lancashire and Whitehall. The Diary ofSir Raymond Streat 2 (Manchester, 1987), pp. 279–80.

13 CAB 71/21: LP (45) 152, President, Board of Trade, ‘The Government Plan For Encouraging Industrial Organisation and Efficiency’, 25/8/1945.

14 CAB 71/19: LP (45), Minutes of 30th Meeting Cabinet Lord President's Committee, 31/8/1945, Item 5, pp. 5–8.

15 Board of Trade Journal 18/8/1945; Financial Times, 14/8/1945.

16 MRC MSS 200 F/l/1/215: Meeting of President's Advisory Committee, 21/8/1945; andF/1/1/188: Grand Council Minutes, 22/8/1945, 1529.

17 BT 64/2622: L. Foyster to Ord Johnstone, 15/9/1945.

18 The Times Trade and Engineering 58(981) (1945), p. 43.

19 Evening Sentinel, 19/9/1945.

20 BT 64/1837: Sir Cecil Weir, ‘Pottery. Visit to Stoke on 21 September’, 24/9/1945, p. 1.

21 Ibid.

22 Schuster was Chairman of Allied Suppliers Ltd and a Director of the Westminster Bank and the Commercial Union Assurance Co. He had been a Director of the Southern Railway and a National Liberal MP. See Industry Illustrated 16(2) (1948), p. 23; M. Stenton and S. Lees, Who's Who of British Members of Parliament 3 (Hassocks, Sussex, 1979), pp. 318–19.

23 The Times Trade and Engineering 58 (981) (1945), p. 43.

24 BT 13/220A 52277/2: Minutes of President's Morning Meeting, 24/9/1945.

25 Financial Times, 5/10/1945.

26 BT 64/991: G.L.Watkinson, ‘Working Parties. Progress Report, 9 October 1945’, p. 1.

27 Wool was dropped from the first package of industries to be examined because consultation with the employers here took much longer than in other sectors (the trade was geographically spread and had several distinct manufacturers’ associations).

28 Hansard 414, 15/10/1945, col. 693.

29 BT 64/2622: ‘Report of a Meeting of all Hosiery Manufacturers … on … 8 October, 1945’.

30 T 228/624: S. Cripps to H. Dalton, 8/8/1945.

31 T 228/624: H. Dalton to S. Cripps, 14/8/1945; and Sir Alan Barlow to Sir E. Bridges, 4/9/1945.

32 T 228/624: A. Barlow to C. Weir, 11/9/1945.

33 BT 64/2192: LP (1) (45) 2, Lord President's Industry Sub-Committee, 24/10/1945, Memo by President, Board of Trade, ‘Advisory Service on Production Efficiency’, p. 1.

34 MRC MSS 292 557/1: TUC Circular 65 (1945–6).

35 MRC MSS F/l/1/215: Meeting of President's Advisory Committee, 4/10/1945.

36 BT 64/2192: LP (1) 45, Minutes of 2nd Meeting of Lord President's Industry Sub-Committee, 29/10/1945.

37 Manchester Guardian, 10/9/1945; The Times, 10/9/1945.

38 See, for example, a speech by H. Morrison, reported extensively in Labour Woman 33(10) (1945), pp. 220–2.

39 Daily Herald, 12/9/1945 and 2/10/1945.

40 Industry Illustrated 13(12) (1945), p. 11.

41 Daily Herald, 16/10/1945.

42 Economist, 20/10/1945; Financial Times, 16/10/1945; Industry Illustrated 14(1) (1945), p. 11.

43 Daily Telegraph, 13/9/1945; Statist, 15/9/1945.

44 National Union of Manufacturers’ Journal (October 1945), p. 534.

45 BT 13/220A 52277/2: Papers for President's Morning Meeting, M/M/62 III: J.H.W., ‘Working Parties’, 22/10/1945.

46 BT 13/220A 52277/2: Minutes of President's Morning Meeting, 24/10/1945.

47 Board of Trade Journal, 8/12/1945, 16/3/1945, etc.

48 BT 13/220A 52277/2: Papers for President's Morning Meeting, M/M/62 II: G.L. Watkinson, ‘Working Party Programme’, 22/10/1945; S.E. Davson, The State of British Industry (National News-Letter Report 16, Autumn 1948), p. 4.

49 Board of Trade Journal, 16/3/1945.

50 Hansard 416, 5/12/1946, cols 2377–9; Daily Herald, 6/12/1945.

51 Sunday Times, 2/12/1945.

52 Working Party Reports: Pottery (London, HMSO, 1946).

53 Ibid., p. 10.

54 Ibid., p. 51.

55 Ibid., p. 51.

56 Working Party Reports: Cotton (London, HMSO, 1946).

57 On the cotton report in context, see J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap (Oxford, 1991), pp. 30–3.

58 Cotton, op. cit., pp. 168–213.

59 Ibid., pp. 168–213, 218–38; Singleton, op. cit.; New Statesman, 1/6/1946.

60 Cotton, op. cit., p. 239.

61 The Times, 24/5/1946; Economist, 1/6/1946.

62 National Union of Manufacturers’ Journal (Aug. 1946), p. 736.

63 Financial Times, 24/5/1946.

64 A. Roberts, ‘The Cotton Industry Working Party’, Industry Illustrated 14(10) (1946), p. 16.

65 Economist, 1/6/1946.

66 New Statesman 1/6/1946; J. Jewkes, Ordeal By Planning (London, 1948), p. 31.

67 BT 64/2205: Cable from Sir J. Woods to S. Cripps, 2/5/1946.

68 BT 64/2205: Cable from Woods to Cripps, 17/5/1946.

69 Board of Trade Journal, 8/6/1946.

70 Ibid. For the details of S treat's appointment and views about him, see Dupree, op. cit., passim.

71 See material in BT 64/2225, esp. ‘Extract from Secretary's Office Meeting 21, 19/7/1946

72 BT 64/2225: Memo [unsigned], ‘Consumer Goods Industries …’, 6/7/1946.

73 MRC MSS 200 F/3/D3/10/14: ‘Meeting of Employer Members of Working Parties held … 14 June 1946

74 MRC MSS 200 F/l/1/188: Grand Council Minutes, 10/7/1946, 1581.

75 MRC MSS 200 F/3/D3/10/14: ‘Meeting of Employer Members … held … on 24 September 1946’ p. 10.

76 MRC MSS 200 F/3/S2/14/34: Report of the FBI Trade Organisation Committee, ‘Trade Organisation* (adopted by Grand Council, 9/10/1946), p. 2.

77 BT 64/2227: Personal note by [?] 2/10/1946.

78 See A.A. Rogow and P. Shore, The Labour Government and British Industry 1945–51 (Oxford, 1955), pp. 80–1.

79 See Economist, 31/8/1946, 21/9/1946, 16/11/1946; and Davson, op. cit., pp. 47–8.

80 See, for example, material in MRC MSS 292 556/1: esp. A. Hollins to V. Tewson, 7/1/1947.

81 MRC MSS 292 556/1: Corr., G.H. Bagnall-G. Woodcock, 4/11/1946 and 5/11/1946.

82 MRC MSS 292 556/1: TUC Economic Committee 2/4, ‘Report of Meeting with President of Board of Trade’, 7/1/1947.

83 BT 64/2235: C.B. Reynolds, ‘Industrial Organisation Bill…’, 10/1/1947, p. 2.

84 BT 64/2227: W. Hughes, ‘I.O.B. Memo by B.E.C, 11/2/1947, p. 2.

85 BT 13/220A: M.M. (47) 18, P.M.M., ‘Working Parties. Progress Report’, 26/2/1947, p. 2.

86 See, for example, BT 64/2414: Memo [unsigned], ‘Hosiery Working Party’, [nd].

87 Hansard433, 13/2/1947, col. 551.

88 Ibid., col. 547.

89 Ibid., cols 555–60.

90 Ibid., col. 565.

91 Ibid., col. 607.

92 Hansard 438, 3/6/1947, cols 53–64.

93 On the Bill, and Development Councils in general, see also Economist, 1/2/1947; Planning 17(326) (26/3/1951); and R. Brady, Crisis in Britain (Cambridge, 1950), pp. 547–68.

94 MRC MSS 292 556/1: Sec., Research and Economic Dept to G. Chester, 25/8/1947.

95 BT 64/220A: Minutes of President's Morning Meeting, 16/7/1947.

96 BT 64/2235: Memo [unsigned], ‘Proposals for Future Action …’, 2/1/1948.

97 Ibid., and MRC MSS 292 556/1: G. Chester to V. Tewson, 27/9/1947.

98 MRC MSS 292 556/1: TUC Economic Committee 1/7, ‘Report of a meeting with the President…’, 8/10/1947.

99 BT 64/2226: W.P.S. 21, W.P.S., Minutes of the 21st Meeting, 9/12/1947; BT 64/2226: M.M.(H) 47, 8th Meeting, President's Morning Meeting, 16/12/1947.

100 BT 64/2226: M.M.(H) 47, 8th Meeting, op. cit.

101 BT 64/2232: C. Weir to S. Cripps, 17/10/45. Baillieu had worked on various official supply and raw material bodies during the war and was on the boards of Dunlop, Zinc Corporation Ltd and the Midland Bank. He became Deputy President of the FBI in 1944–5 and was President 1945–7 (Who Was Who 6,1961–70).

102 BT 64/2232: Note by Permanent Sec, 3/10/1945, and N. Kipping to Sir R. Wood, 5/11/1945.

103 Board of Trade, A Central Institute of Management (London, HMSO, 1946), p. 4.

104 Ibid., p. 6.

105 Ibid., p. 7.

106 Ibid., p. 5.

107 Ibid., pp. 8, 9,12.

108 Ibid., p. 5.

109 T228/624: ‘L.P.I. 46, 4th Meeting … 12 March 1946, Item 3’.

110 Industrial Welfare 28(305) (1946), pp. 41–2; Engineer, 22/3/1946; Industry Illustrated 14(4) (1946), p. 11.

111 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S2/38/1: N. Kipping to S. Cripps, 25/2/1946.

112 Management Research Group Papers, LSE, Box 24: ‘Note by the Secretary on Proposed British Institute of Management’, 24/7/1946; MRC MSS 292 570. 9/2: H. Ward to E.P. Harries 1/11/1946; Piercy Papers, LSE, File 15/13: Part 1, Copy Letter to L. Russell, 1/6/1949.

113 MRC MSS 200 F/3/S2/38/1: R.A.B. to Sir John Woods, 3/5/1946.

114 MRG Papers, LSE, Box 10: Confidential Memo ‘BIM’, 1/9/1948.

115 T 228/624: S.J. Campling to P.D. Proctor, 30/10/1946.

116 Industry Illustrated 16(2) (1948), pp. 21–3.

117 Industry Illustrated 15(6) (1947), p. 12.

118 Industry Illustrated 15(8) (1947), pp. 15, 20; Sunday Express, 26/10/1952.

119 See material in BT 64/2192; and BT 64/2324: NPAC1 (47) 55, BOT PES, ‘Report on First Year's Working’, 3/4/1947, p. 2.

120 Anon., ‘The Production Efficiency Service’, Industry Illustrated 14(8) (1946), p. 19.

121 BT 64/2324: ‘Report on First Year's Working’, op. cit., p. 1.

122 MRC MSS 200 F/3/T3/25/9: White to Hunnisette, 3/2/1948.

123 Anon., ‘Training Within Industry’, Industry Illustrated 13(12) (1945), pp. 14–15; MRG Papers, LSE, Box 17, 625: ‘Report of Meeting … on … Training Within Industry’, 12/7/1948

5 HUMAN RELATIONS AND PRODUCTIVITY, 1947–51

1 On the ‘human relations approach’ generally, see J. Child, British Management Thought (London, 1969) and M. Rose, Industrial Behaviour: Theoretical Development Since Taylor (London, 1975).

2 J. Tomlinson, ‘The Politics of Economic Measurement: The Rise of the Productivity Problem in the 1940s’, in A. Hopwood and P. Miller (eds) Accounting in its Social Context (forthcoming). Rostas was the leading contemporary expert on productivity measurement, and was hired as an adviser by the Board of Trade in 1946.

3 The Times Review of Industry 1(3)(1947), p. 10; Nature, 24/1/1948; W. Crofts, Coercion or Persuasion?: Propaganda in Britain after 1945 (London, 1989), pp. 47, 57.

4 New Statesman, 15/2/1947; G.D.H. Cole, Trade Unions, Workers and Production’, Political Quarterly 18(3) (1947), pp. 250–60.

5 The Times Review of Industry 2(20) (1948), p. 3.

6 CAB 124/1093: S.P.(47)53, Advisory Council on Scientific Policy, ‘First Interim Report of the Committee on Research and Productivity’, 17/9/1947, p.l.

7 CAB 124/1093: A.R.M.M., ‘Committee on Research and Productivity’, 30/10/1947, and ‘Note for Record …’, 3/11/1947.

8 CAB 124/109: E.M.N., ‘Note for Record’, 9/12/1947, and E.M. Nicholson to H.P. Boon, 19/12/1947.

9 CAB 124/109: E.M.N., op. cit. and MRC MSS 200/F/3/T3/27/1: D.G. to President, 16/12/1947, and President to Sir William Griffith, 23/12/1947.

10 Daily Mail, 10/2/1948; News Chronicle, 29/5/1948.

11 Industry 16(9) (1948), p. 14.

12 Ibid.

13 For a full list of the projects of the ‘human factor’ panel, see the Ministry of Labour's Human Relations in Industry (London, 1952), Appendix 2.

14 Ibid.

15 Manchester Guardian, 2/4/1949.

16 Industry 17(4) (1949), p. 167.

17 Manchester Guardian, 25/7/1950; Economist, 29/7/1950.

18 LAB 10/655: JCC 183, ‘Production Under Full Employment’, 5/11/1946; MRC MSS 292/557/1/ NPACI: TUC General Council Side, 1/11/1947.

19 LAB 10/652: Minutes of NJAC, 5/6/1947.

20 Ibid.

21 TUC, Report of Special Conference of Trade Union Executives, March 1946 (London, 1946); V.L. Allen, Trade Unions and the Government (London, 1960), Ch. 15.

22 TUC worries here seem to have derived from fear that such compulsion would lead to JPCs in non-union factories and thus to their use in an anti-union fashion: Report of the Proceedings of the 1947 TUC (London, 1947), pp. 433–5.

23 LAB 10/652: Minutes of NJAC, 5/6/1947.

24 For example, MRC MSS 200/F/1/1/189: FBI Grand Council, Discussion of ‘Industry and the Way to Recovery’, 27/8/1947.

25 See material in LAB 10/722.

26 Ministry of Labour and National Service Handbook on Industrial Relations, Supplement 3, Joint Consultation in Industry (London, 1949).

27 See material in MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961; LAB 10/652: Minutes of NJAC, 26/1/1949; and LAB 10/655: Meeting between PM and TUC, 7/5/1949.

28 L. Panitch, Social Democracy and Industrial Militancy, (Cambridge, 1976) Ch. 1; J. Tomlinson, The Labour Government and the trade unions, 1945–51’, in N. Tiratsoo (ed.) TheAttlee Years (London, 1991), pp. 90–105. On the employers’ side, see, for example, MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C443 Part 1: BEC, ‘Industrial Organisation Act 1947’.

29 Allen, op. cit., pp. 281–2.

30 MRC MSS 200/F/3/D3/10/13A: FBI, 1st Meeting of Production Committee, 7/10/1948; and 200/F/3/E3/15/1, 2 and 3: FBI Home Economic Policy Study Group.

31 LAB 10/652: Minutes of NJAC, 5/6/1947.

32 See material in LAB 10/722 and LAB 10/724; and BT 190/2: Minutes of NPACI, 8/8/1947.

33 LAB 10/658: Minutes of JCC, 23/11/1949; and material in LAB 10/720.

34 LAB 10/721: Ministry of Labour, ‘Machinery for Joint Consultation’, 26/1/1949.

35 LAB 10/722: H. Stevens to G. Myrddin-Evans, 6/3/1948, and Lloyd Roberts to Secretary, 17/9/1948. Lloyd Roberts also wanted to play down JPCs and to focus on joint consultation more generally; see LAB 10/725: Lloyd Roberts to conference of officials, 19/8/1948.

36 Ministry of Labour, Handbook on Industrial Relations (London, 1953).

37 LAB 10/811: S. Cripps to V. Tewson, 3/8/1948. Cripps's threat in 1946 to impose JPCs was presumably intended to frighten employers into acting (and to a degree succeeded); see LAB 10/213: Speech, 12/9/1946.

38 F.W.S. Craig, British General Election Manifestos 1900–74 (London, 1975), pp. 123–31; Labour Party, Labour and the New Society (London, 1950).

39 R.A. Dahl, ‘Workers’ Control of Industry and the British Labour Party’, American Political Science Review 41(4) (1947), pp. 875–900; J. Tomlinson, The Unequal Struggle?: British Socialism and the Capitalist Enterprise (London, 1982), Ch. 3. Note that the TUC's Interim Report on Post War Reconstruction (London, 1944) endorsed the Morrisonian position. Workers’ control was a very live issue in industries such as the railways: see P. Bagwell, The Railwaymen (London, 1975), p. 643.

40 H.A. Clegg, ‘Nationalised Industry’, in G.D.N. Worswick and P.H. Ady (eds) The British Economy 1945–1950 (Oxford, 1952), pp. 424–51; R.O.V. Roberts and H. Sallis, ‘Joint Consultation in the Electricity Supply Industry 1949–59’, Public Administration 37(2) (1959), pp. 115–33.

41 Labour Party, Labour Believes in Britain (London, 1949), p. 7.

42 Labour Party Archive, Manchester [hereafter LPA]: Labour Party Policy Committee, Minutes of NEC, 25/10/1946; and Labour Party Research Dept. RD65, ‘Industrial Democracy’ (London, 1947).

43 J.M. Chalmers, J. Mikardo and G.D.H. Cole, Consultation or Joint Management? (Fabian Tract 277, London, 1949).

44 G.D.H. Cole, ‘The Spirit of Democracy’, in Industrial Welfare Society, Joint Consultation (London, 1948), pp. 8–12; A.W. Wright, G.D.H. Cole and Socialist Democracy (Oxford, 1979), pp. 135–7.

45 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: BEC, ‘Joint Production Committees’, 29/9/1950; and LAB 10/722: ‘Joint Consultation in Industry’, 25/1/1950.

46 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 3: BEC, ‘Reply to Questionnaire from Engineering Employers’ Federation’, 21/4/1950; F. Zweig, Productivity and Trade Unions (Oxford, 1951), pp. 148–9. A questionnaire to the Federation of Master Cotton Spinners’ Associates in 1950 suggested joint consultation in this sector covered only 10 per cent of employees (MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: Letter from FMCSA to BEC, 5/5/1950). On the general problem of the reliability of surveys about the extent of joint consultation, see J. Maclnnes, ‘Conjuring Up Consultation: The Role and Extent of Joint Consultation in Post-War Private Manufacturing Industry’, British Journal of Industrial Relations 22(1) (1985), pp. 93–114.

47 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 3: Association of Chemical and Allied Employers to BEC, May 1950.

48 LAB 10/722: Minutes of NJAC, 26/10/1959; Report of the Proceedings of the 1949 TUC (London, 1949) pp. 201–3; and material in MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Parts 2, 3.

49 LAB 10/722: Lloyd Roberts to Secretary, 17/9/1948; LAB 10/725: J. Johnstone to Lloyd Roberts, 31/10/1949.

50 National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Joint Consultation in British Industry (London, 1952), pp. 63, 161.

51 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: BEC, ‘Joint Production Committees’, 29/9/1950; Zweig, op. cit, pp. 108–11.

52 NIIP, op. cit., pp. 196–9, 211; W.H. Scott, Industrial Leadership and Joint Consultation (Liverpool, 1952), Chs 2, 3.

53 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: BEC, ‘Joint Production Committees’, 29/9/1950; and LAB 10/655: PM's meeting with TUC, 7/5/1947. Morrison said that JPCs ‘did a good job during the war, but have deteriorated somewhat…. some of them tend to get outside the sphere they were meant to cover and pass resolutions on high policy in foreign affairs which are not their business’.

54 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: BEC, ‘Joint Production Committees’, 29/9/1950; and NIIP, op. cit., p. 85.

55 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C961 Part 4: BEC, ‘Joint Production Committees’, 29/9/1950.

56 Ibid.

57 On guild socialism see Wright, op. cit., Part 1; on Bullock, Committee of Enquiry into Industrial Democracy, Report, Cmnd 6706 (London, 1977); on France, A. Shennan, Rethinking France: Plans for Renewal (Oxford, 1989), Ch. 8; and on Germany, V.R. Berghahn, The Americanization of West German Industry 1945–1973 (Leamington Spa, 1986), pp. 203–30.

58 LAB 10/723: Ministry of Labour Report to ILO on ‘Co-operation at the level of the Undertaking’, 7/7/1958.

59 Sir G. Schuster, ‘Self-Government in Industry’, in Ministry of Labour, Centenary Lectures (London, 1951), p. 68; TUC, Public Ownership — An Interim Report (London, 1953).

60 A. Flanders ‘Industrial Relations’, in Worswick and Ady (eds), op. cit., pp. 101–24; Tomlinson, Unequal Struggle?, op. cit, Ch. 3.

61 H. Clegg and D.N. Chester (eds) The System of Industrial Relations in Great Britain (Oxford, 1964).

62 Flanders, op. cit., p. 123; in support of the last point he cites C. Renold, Joint Consultation Over Thirty Years (London, 1950).

63 LAB 10/723: Ministry of Labour to Miss D. de Schwenitz, November 1957; W.E.J. McCarthy, The Role of Shop Stewards in British Industrial Relations, Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers’ Associations, Research Paper 1 (London, 1967).

64 M. Terry, ‘The Development of Shop Stewards’ Organisation: Coventry Precision Tools, 1945–1972’, in M. Terry and P.K. Edwards (eds) Shopßoor Politics and Job Controls (Oxford, 1988), p. 48.

65 I. Mikardo, ‘Incentives in Industry’, in D. Jay (ed.) The Road to Recovery (London, 1948), pp. 66–8.

66 Ibid, pp. 81–3.

67 For example, C.A.R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London, 1956), pp. 107–10; C.A. Mace ‘Satisfactions in Work’, Occupational Psychology 22(1) (1948), pp. 5–19.

68 LAB 10/652: Minutes of NJAC, 23/7/1947; LAB 10/723: Minutes of NJAC, 23/11/1949; MRC MSS 200/B/3//2/C1045: BEC, Minutes of Sub-Committee on Wage Incentives.

69 A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945–51 (London, 1985), Ch. 14.

70 R. Whiting, ‘Taxation’, in H. Mercer, N. Rollings and J. Tomlinson (eds) Labour Governments and Private Industry: The Experience of 1945–51 (Edinburgh, 1992).

71 Cairncross, op. cit., Ch. 2.

72 Ministry of Labour, Handbook on Industrial Relations (London, 1953 edn), Appendix 6; V.L. Allen, ‘Incentives in the Building Industry’, Economic Journal 62(4) (1952), pp. 595–608; Ministry of Labour, Wage Incentive Schemes (London, 1951); and material in LAB 10/844 and 845.

73 MRC MSS/200/B/3/2/821 Parts 1, 2.

74 LPA: Labour Party Research Dept RD65, op. cit., p. 1; G.S. Walpole, Management and Men (London, 1944).

75 Child, op. cit.; I. Menzies, ‘Psychological Aspects of Joint Consultation’, in Industrial Welfare Society, Joint Consultation (London, 1948), pp. 13–19.

6 THE MANAGEMENT QUESTION AGAIN, 1947–51

1 Industry 16(4) (194S), p. 11.

2 The BIM's progress can be followed in its Management Bulletin, published every second or third month from December 1948.

3 L. Russell, ‘The British Institute of Management’, Industry 16(11) (1948), p. 16.

4 Industry 16(4) (1948), p. 18.

5 Russell, op. cit, pp. 15–17.

6 Information in this paragraph comes from various editions of the Management Bulletin. See also T228/626: S. Campling to F. Figgures, 11/1/1952, enclosing ‘British Institute of Managers. Report on Organisation and Activities’ [n.d. but 1951].

7 T.G. Rose, A History of the Institute of Industrial Administration 1919–1951 (London, 1954), pp. 142–79; MRC MSS 292/570. 915/1: Meeting with Trade Union Subscribers, 11/10/1950; BIM, Annual Reports and Accounts 1951 (London, 1951), p. 12.

8 Report of Committee on Education for Management (London, HMSO, 1047).

9 See, for example, reviews of Urwick in The Times and Manchester Guardian, 13/5/1947.

10 See material in ED 46/959.

11 Report of Committee …, op. cit., para. 1; L.F. Urwick, A Short History of Industrial Management (London, 1949), p. 23; F.W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management (New York, 1911).

12 Urwick, op. cit., p. 15; also L.F. Urwick, Problems of Growth in Industrial Undertakings (London, 1949).

13 P. Armstrong, ‘The Abandonment of Productive Intervention in Management Teaching Syllabi: An Historical Analysis*, University of Warwick Industrial Relations Unit Working Paper 15, (Coventry, 1987), pp. 3–20.

14 ED 46/959: L.F. Urwick to IEE, January 1947; Armstrong, op. cit., p. 13.

15 Armstrong, op. cit., p. 13.

16 LAB 10/966: ‘Note of meeting, 5 January 1949, to discuss productivity publicity’.

17 Ministry of Labour, Another True Story, Works Information Series (London, 1951).

18 See material in LAB 10/601.

19 LAB 10/954: ‘Work of the PMAS 10/12/1952. Note that the PMAS was also involved in conferences organised by the Cotton Board to speed up redeployment in cotton; see material in LAB 10/953.

20 K.O. Morgan, The Rise and Fall of Public Ownership in Britain’, in J.M.W. Bean (ed.) The Political Culture of Modern Britain (London, 1987), pp. 277–98. Compare E. Durbin, New Jerusalems: The Labour Party and the Economics of Democratic Socialism (London, 1985).

21 A. Albu, "The Organisation of Nationalised Industries and Services’, in W.A. Robson (ed.) Problems of Nationalisation (London, 1952), p. 76.

22 For references see Chapter 5, note 39. Ministerial sensitivity on this issue is shown by their hostility to the showing of the film, Chance of a Lifetime, because of its alleged advocacy of workers’ control. See M. Dickinson and S. Street, Cinema and the State: The Film Industry and the British Government 1927–84 (London, 1985), p. 202.

23 Some of this material is discussed in D.N. Chester, The Nationalisation of British Industry 1945–51 (London, 1975), Ch. 9. See also BT 64/2416 and the records of the Ministerial Committee on the Socialisation of Industries, which are at CAB 134/687–691.

24 CAB 134/687: S.I.(M)(46)10, H. Morrison, ‘Workers’ Assistance in the Management of Socialised Industries’ 26/3/1946.

25 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48), 8th Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 3/6/1948.

26 CAB 134/687: S.I.(M)(46)10, H. Morrison, ‘Workers’ Assistance’, op. cit., and S.I.(M)(46)19: Report by Official Committee on ‘Workers’ Assistance’, 4/4/1946.

27 CAB 134/687: S.I.(M)(46)16, Ministry of Labour, ‘Workers’ Assistance’, 28/3/1946.

28 CAB 134/687: S.I.(M)(46)19, Report, op. cit.

29 CAB 134/687: S.I.(M)(46)10, Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 8A7/1946.

30 BT 64/2416: ‘Note of Meeting with Wing-Commander Cooper’, June 1946.

31 CAB 134/688: S.I.(M)47, 3rd Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 27/3/1947, and S.I.(M)(47)15, ‘Proposed Staff Advisory Council in the Post Office’, 25/3/1947: CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48)65, ‘Management and Men in the Socialised Industries’, 13/12/1948.

32 CAB 134/691: S.I.(M)(50)39, H. Morrison, ‘Workers’ Attitudes in the Socialised Industries’, 6/12/1950. This disillusion of workers with nationalised industries is strongly reflected in TUC discussion: see, for example, MRC MSS 292/560.1/65: TUC Economic Committee, ‘The Public Control of Industry’, 21/6/1950.

33 CAB 134/691: S.I.(M)(50), 9th Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 11/12/1950; CAB 134/592: S.I.(M)(51)25, ‘Report of Sub-Committee on Relations with Workers in Socialised Industries’, 10/5/1951.

34 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48)62, Note by Morrison covering Attlee, ‘Management and Men in the Socialised Industries’, 4/11/1948.

35 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48)65, Ministry of Labour, ‘Management and Men in the Socialised Industries’, 13/12/1948; CAB 134/690: S.I.(M)(49), 6th Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 26/4/1949, and S.I.(M)(49)21, ‘Management-Worker Relationships in the Socialised Industries’, 7/4/1949.

36 CAB 134/692: S.I.(M)(51)7, ‘Training for Leadership in the Socialised Industries’, 30/1/1951.

37 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(47)43, Ministry of Fuel and Power, ‘Taking Stock’, 13/11/1947.

38 CAB 134/688: S.I.(M)(47), 11th Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 19/11/1947, and S.I.(M)(47)50, ‘Decentralised Administration in an American Business’, 15/12/1947. This evidence indicates that Morrison was not such an unmoving centraliser as suggested by M. Chick, ‘Competition, Competitiveness and Nationalisation 1945–51’, in G. Jones and M. Kirby (eds) Competitiveness and the State (Manchester, 1991), pp. 66–7.

39 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48)19, ‘Progress Report on Socialised Industries’, 17/3/1948.

40 CAB 134/688: S.I.(M)(47)32, H. Morrison ‘Taking Stock’, 18/7/1947; CAB 134/690: S.I.(M)(49), 2nd Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 25/1/1949; CAB 134/691: S.I.(M)(50)26, Minutes of Meeting with Chairmen of Boards, 27/6/1950. Similar lines of argument were pursued by Morrison in Labour Party discussions of nationalisation. See, for example, Labour Party Archive, Manchester: Labour Party Research Department RD253, ‘Administration of Nationalised Industries’, January 1949, and Minutes of Sub-Committee on Nationalised Industries, Sept.-Nov. 1948.

41 CAB 134/689: S.I.(M)(48), 14th Minutes of Socialisation of Industries Committee, 14/12/1948; CAB 134/691: S.I.(M)(50)21, ‘Efficiency and Public Accountability of Nationalised Industries’, 5/5/1950.

42 However, the long-standing debate on appropriate pricing policies for nationalised industries continued with new relevance, now that the scope of nationalisation had so immensely expanded. See Chick, op. cit., pp. 68–71; and M. Chick, ‘Marginal Cost Pricing and the Peak-Hour Demand for Electricity 1945–51’, in M. Chick (ed.) Governments, Industries and Markets (Aldershot, 1990), pp. 110–26.

43 Albu, op. cit., pp. 77–81.

44 Productivity: Report of the General Council of the TUC (London, 1948), para. 37.

45 MRC MSS 292/S57.1/2: Meetings of General Council side of NPACI, 20/3/1950; E.P. Harries, Training of T.U. Officials’, BIM Conference Series 8 (London, 1949), p. 10. The TUC was keen on encouraging trade unions to affiliate to and participate in the Local Management Associations of the BIM.

46 For example, CAB 134/691: Speech by Ernest Davies, MP; and MRC MSS 292/S57.1/2: General Council side of NPACI, 9/6/1950.

47 MRC MSS 292/S57.1/2: General Council, op. cit.

48 See editorials in ASSET 4(2) (1947) and 4(6) (1947); and Ian Mikardo, ‘Blue Print for British Industry’, ASSET3(1) (1946), p. 34.

49 R. Crossman, M. Foot and I. Mikardo, Keep Left (London, 1947), p. 23; R. Acland et ah, Keeping Left (London, 1949), p. 37.

50 J. Schneer, Labour's Conscience: The Labour Left 1945–51 (London, 1988), esp. Ch. 4; J. Eaton, The Economics of Peace and War (London, 1952), Ch. 6.

51 ASSET 4(4)(1947), p. 1.

52 A. Albu, Management in Transition (Fabian Research Series 68, London, 1942); Sidney Webb, The Works Manager Today (London, 1917). This latter analysis combined a discussion of ‘human relations’, which says most of what is worth saying on that topic, with a sophisticated attack on British managements’ obsession with wages as the key variable to be controlled.

53 J. Burnham, The Managerial Revolution (Harmondsworth, 1942), esp. Chs 6,11.

54 R.H. Crossman (ed.) New Fabian Essays (London, 1952), esp. essays by Albu, Crossman and Crosland (Crosland is most explicit in his discussion of Burnham on pp. 37–8, 47–9); C.A.R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London, 1956), Chs 3, 16, 17.

55 For example, Albu in Crossman (ed.) Essays, op. cit.; A. Albu and N. Jowett, The Anatomy of Private Industry (Fabian Research Series 145, 1953); Crosland, Future, op. cit., Ch. 3.

56 Albu in Crossman (ed.), Essays, op. cit., pp. 132–3; and Crosland, Future, op. cit., p. 339.

57 R. Brady, Crisis in Britain (London, 1951), pp. 563, 33. For a recent discussion of some of the managerial revolution literature, see S. Brooke, ‘Atlantic Crossing? American Views of Capitalism and British Socialist Thought, 1932–1962’, Twentieth Century British History 2(2) (1991), pp. 107–36.

58 Industry Illustrated 13(10) (1945), p. 11, and 13(12) (1945), p. 11.

59 BT 64/2360: R.M. Nowell, ‘Minute of Meeting with BIM Representatives’, 6/5/1948, and S.A. Dakin to G.B. Blaker, 29/7/1948.

60 H. Mercer, ‘The Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Commission 1949–56: A Study in Regulatory Failure’, in G. Jones and M.W. Kirby (eds) Competitiveness and the State: Government and Business in Twentieth Century Britain (Manchester, 1991), pp. 89–90.

7 THE ‘AMERICANISATION’ OF PRODUCTIVITY, 1948–51

1 S. Pollard, Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline (London, 1990), Ch. 4.

2 P.A. Clark, Anglo-American Innovation (Berlin, 1987), p. 326; see also W. Lewchuk, American Technology and the British Vehicle Industry (Cambridge, 1987).

3 CAB 134/222: EPC(49)92, ‘US Private Direct Investment’, 27/7/1949; G. Jones, The British Government and Foreign Multinationals before 1970’, in M. Chick (ed.) Governments, Industries and Markets (Aldershot, 1990), pp. 199–202.

4 V. Berghahn, The Americanisation of West German Industry 1945–1973 (Leamington Spa, 1986); J.B. Cohen, Japan's Economy in War and Reconstruction (Minneapolis, 1949); H. Mercer, Constructing a Competitive Order: The Failure of British Anti-Trust(Cambridge, forthcoming).

5 On Marshall Aid, see M. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe 1947–52 (Cambridge, 1987); A. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–51 (London, 1984).

6 C.A. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Cambridge, 1987), Ch. 3.

7 T236/823: ‘Note of Hoffman/Cripps meeting, 26 July 1948’.

8 The explicit economic conditions for receipt of Marshall Aid were limited to British commitments over balanced budgets and anti-inflationary policy. See CAB 134/215: EPC(47)34, ‘Marshall Aid: Undertakings on UK Internal Finance’, 29/12/1947.

9 MRC MSS/200/F/3/D3/10/11: Max Nicholson to Herbert Morrison, 25/6/1948, and F/3/51/1/11: ‘Brief for the President on the AACP’, 29/7/1048; BT 195/19: S. Leslie to E. Plowden, 19/8/1948.

10 MRC MSS 292/20/20: TUC General Council’, 28/7/1948; BT 195/19: S. Leslie to S. Cripps, 27/8/1948, and ‘Discussions with FBI and TUC on publicity about productivity’, 24/11/1948.

11 MRC MSS 292/552. 3/5: Hornsey TC to TUC, [n.d.]; also BT195/61: AACP correspondence.

12 Hansard 454, 29/7/1948, cols 1566–1602. On anti-Americanisation more generally at this time see, for example, M. Dickinson and S. Street, Cinema and the State: The Film Industry and the British Government 1927–84(London, 1985), pp. 155–6.

13 Hansard 454, 28/7/1948, col. 1332.

14 AACP Final Report (London, 1952). Papers from the productivity measurement panel are in MRC MSS 200/F/3/D3/7/4.

15 MRC MSS 292/552. 31/1: ‘TUC side of AACP’, 26/10/1948; MSS 200/F/3/D3/7/1: ‘FBI [input into] ACCP meetings’, 25/10/1948, 29/10/1948; A. Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan (Manchester, 1987), pp. 135–6.

16 MRC MSS 292/552. 31/1: ‘TUC side of AACF, 25/8/1948.

17 MRC MSS 200/F/3/D3/7/2: FBI to Trade Associations, 16/8/1948.

18 MRC MSS 200/F/3/E3/15/1, 2 and 3: FBI Home Economic Policy Study Group, ‘Report on Economic Policy'; MRC MSS 200/F/1/1/189: FBI Grand Council Minutes, 8/9/1948 and 13/10/1948.

19 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S1/36/6: ‘2nd Draft Report on 3rd session of AACP 3/10/1950.

20 MRC MSS 292/552. 312/1: TUC Verbatim accounts of AACP meetings, 28 and 29/10/1948’. This was a very different emphasis to that given at the TUC, where the General Council presented the AACP as a means of getting dollars for new machines: Report of the Proceedings of the 1948 TUC Congress (London, 1948), pp. 79–80.

21 BT 195/66: ‘Productivity Teams’, 19/1/1949, and E.P. Harries to L. Rowan, 24/2/1949.

22 BT 195/66: ‘Fifth meeting of UK section of AACP, 1 February 1949'; Carew, op. cit., 138–9.

23 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S1/36/41: P.H. Cook, ‘The Productivity Team Technique’ (1951).

24 Ibid.

25 Carew, op. cit, pp. 138, 145; MRC MSS 292/577. 1/2 ‘Report of meeting between G.C. members of NPACI and Executive of Amalgamated Union of Foundry Workers, 13 January 1950’.

26 S. Broadberry and N. Crafts, ‘Explaining Anglo-American Productivity Differences in the Mid-Twentieth Century’, Bulletin of the Oxford Institute of Economics and Statistics 52(4) (1990), p. 387; N. Crafts, ‘The Assessment: British Economic Growth Over the Long Run’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 4(1) (1988), pp. i-xxi.

27 Carew, op. cit., Ch. 9; A. Carew, ‘The Anglo-American Council on Productivity (1948–52): The Ideological Roots of the Post-War Debate on Productivity in Britain’, Journal of Contemporary History 26(1) (1991), p. 53.

28 New Statesman, 29/12/1951; AACP Grey-Iron Founding (London, 1950), p. 12. This kind of rhetoric was endorsed by commentators such as Graham Hutton; see his ‘British and American Ways of Life — Diverging or Converging?’, Futures 6(4) (1948), pp. 65–72.

29 AACP, Building (London, 1950), p. 54.

30 W. Campbell Balfour, ‘Productivity and the Worker’, British Journal of Sociology 4(3) (1953), pp. 257–65.

31 T, Nichols, The British Worker Question (1987).

32 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S1/36/28: ‘TUC Note on Fleming-Waddell Report’, 10/10/1950; Carew, Labour op. cit., p. 145.

33 Carew, Labour, op. cit., p. 155; Broadberry and Crafts, ‘Anglo-American’, op. cit., p. 386.

34 MRC MSS 200/F/3/T3/28/1: ‘Analysis of 58 Team Reports’, 22/1/1953. This was material prepared for the Crowther-Hutton report on the AACP, eventually published in much altered form as G. Hutton, We Too Can Prosper: The Promise of Productivity(London, 1953).

35 K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940–1961 (London, 1986), p. 163.

36 Carew, Labour, op. cit., p. 147; Hutton, Prosper, op. cit., Ch. 2; AACP, Education for Management (London, 1951), pp. 21–24.

37 BT 195/66: ‘Note on Conversation with American Representative on AACP, 25 November 1949’.

38 CAB 134/592: 10th Meeting of Productivity (Official) Committee, 30/9/1949; BT 195/53: S. Leslie to Hitchman, 26/9/1949.

39 BT 195/66: Meeting of AACP, November 1948; BT 64/2313: Special Research Unit, ‘Meeting of 5 November 1947'; MRC MSS 200/F/3/D2/1/31: FBI Committee on Productivity Statistics, meetings 22/10/1948 and 22/11/1948.

40 TUC, Trade Unions and Productivity (London, 1950), pp. 5, 10.

41 Carew, Labour, op. cit., pp. 149–54; Report of the Proceedings of the 1950 TUC Congress (London, 1950), pp. 216–23; MRC MSS 292/557. 1/2: Meetings of General Council side of NPACI, 30/3/1950 and 18/5/1950.

42 MRC MSS 200/F/3/S1/1/11: ‘Director General's Report’, 8/9/1948.

43 J. Tomlinson, ‘The Failure of the Anglo-American Council on Productivity’, Business History 33(1) (1991), pp. 82–92.

44 For an interesting approach to this issue, see C. Littler, The Development of the Labour Process in Capitalist Societies (London, 1982).

45 Carew, Labour, op. cit, pp. 148, 155–7. This concept was popularised, to some extent, because of H. Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital (New York, 1974). For a telling critique, see T. Cutler, ‘The Romance of Labour’, Economy and Society 7(1) (1978), pp. 74–9.

46 On the general background, see J.A. Merkle, Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (Berkeley, 1980); and L. Urwick and E.F.L. Brech, The Making of Scientific Management, 2: Management in British Industry (London, 1946), Ch. 12.

47 H. de Haan, ‘Scientific Management to Productivity’, Manager 20(9) (1952), p. 533.

48 For example, L. Urwick, The Meaning of Rationalisation (London, 1929); D.H. Macgregor, ‘Problems of Rationalisation’, Economic Journal 40(4) (1930), pp. 351–68.

49 M. Kirby, ‘Industrial Policy’, in S. Glynn and A. Booth (eds) The Road to Full Employment (London, 1987); W.K. Hancock and M. Gowing, Civil Industry and Trade (London, 1952), Ch. 10.

50 For surveys of the Working Party reports in these terms, see R. Brady, Britain in Crisis (London, 1952), Ch. 13; R. Edwards and H. Townsend, Business Enterprise (London, 1958), pp. 386–91; BT 64/2313: ‘The Working Party Reports and Productivity’ [n.d.].

51 See Working Party Reports: Cotton (London, HMSO, 1946), Note by Professor Jewkes, pp. 242–9. This analysis gains support from the failure of the US cotton industry to compete successfully after the Second World War, in comparison especially with other ‘high wage’ countries such as West Germany, Holland and Italy. See J. Tomlinson, ‘Planning for Cotton, 1945–51: A Comment’, Economic History Review 44(3) (1991), pp. 523–6; M. Dupree, ‘The Cotton Industry’, in H. Mercer, N. Rollings and J. Tomlinson (eds) The 1945 Labour Government and Private Industry (Edinburgh, 1992).

52 H. Mercer, ‘The Labour Governments of 1945–51 and private industry’, in N. Tiratsoo (ed.) TheAttlee Years (London, 1991), pp. 71–84; and pp. 83–4 above.

53 SUPP 14/138: Engineering Advisory Council Minutes 1947–52; and material in SUPP 14/141.

54 Report of the Committee on Standardisation in the Engineering Industry (London, 1949); SUPP 14/141: ‘Employers’ Comments on Lemon Report’ [n.d.]; Engineer, 26/11/1948, 1/7/1949 and 4/11/1949.

55 SUPP 14/333: Cunliffe Committee Report on BSI and ‘Reviews of action on Lemon Report’, June and December 1950; Engineer, 28/1/1949 and 31/3/1950.

56 T. Gourvish, British Railways 1948–73: A Business History (London, 1986), pp. 85–90; Engineer, 31/3/1950.

57 CAB 134/640: Production Committee Minutes, 11/3/1949, 30/9/1949 and 4/10/ 1949; L. Hannah, Engineers, Managers and Politicians (London, 1982), Chs. 3, 4, 8.

58 Simplification was defined in this report as reducing the number of types and varieties of products, standardisation as standardising how those fewer products were made. Specialisation is concerned with producers that specialise in one or a few of these smaller number of products. Hence all three fit together ('the 3Ss') as embodying the idea of economies of scale from longer runs of a smaller range of products. See AACP, Simplification in Industry (London, 1949), pp. 1–2.

59 Ibid., p. 13.

60 See material in BT 64/2314–2322; J. Rosenhead, ‘Operational Research at the Crossroads: Cecil Gordon and the Development of Postwar OR’, Journal of Operational Research Society 40(1) (1989), pp. 3–28; SUPP 14/151: National Advisory Council for the Motor Manufacturing Industry, Minutes 1946–54; and material in BT 195/1.

61 Hutton, Prosper, op. cit., pp. 49, 96; Cotton, op. cit., p. 231; BT 64/2313: ‘The Working Party Reports and Productivity’ [n.d.], para. 22.

62 For example, AACP, Cotton Spinning (London, 1950), p. 26; AACP, Management Accounting (London, 1950), pp. 14–16.

63 AACP, Management Accounting, op. cit., p. 6; more generally, J. Tomlinson, ‘The Politics of Economic Measurement: The Rise of the Productivity Problem in the 1940s’, in A. Hopwood and P. Miller (eds) Accounting in its Social Context (forthcoming).

64 MRC MSS 200/F/3/D3/7/63: FBI, ‘AACP Management Accounting'; N. Stacey, English Accountancy: A Study in Society and Economic History (London, 1954), p. 202; P. Armstrong, ‘The Rise of Accounting Controls in British Capitalist Enterprises’, Accounting, Organisations and Society 12(4) (1987), pp. 415–36.

65 D. Granick, The European Executive (New York, 1962), pp. 253^4.

66 See material in BT 64/2192 and BT 64/2324.

67 Ibid.; BIM, Wage Incentive Schemes (London, 1950).

68 BT 64/2419: ‘The Use of Time and Motion Study in Industry’, 27/1/1949.

69 Carew, Labour, op. cit, pp. 168–9, 207–8.

70 Engineer, 4/6/1948 and 6/5/1949.

71 J. Jewkes, ‘Is British Industry Inefficient?’, Manchester School 14(1) (1946), pp. 1–16; G.C. Allen, ‘The Efficiency of British Industry’, in his British Industry and Economic Policy (first pub. 1948; London, 1979), p. 107. For a broad survey of the arguments about the relevance of US models to British industry, see G. Hutton, American and British Industry: A Comparison’, Futures 2(1) (1947), pp. 2–11.

72 J. Singleton, ‘Planning for Cotton 1945–51’, Economic History Review 48(1) (1990), pp. 62–78; Engineer, 5/8/1949.

73 AACP, Diesel Locomotives (London, 1950), pp. 7–9; AACP, Valves (London, 1951) pp. 48–51.

74 Lewchuk, op. cit.; B. Elbaum and W. Lazonick (eds) The Decline of the British Economy (Oxford, 1986).

8 EVALUATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

1 A. Cairncross, Years of Recovery: British Economic Policy 1945–51 (London, 1985), pp. 18–19, citing C.H. Feinstein, National Income, Expenditure and Output of the U.K. 1855–1965(Cambridge, 1972).

2 L. Rostas, ‘Changes in the Productivity of British Industry, 1945–50’ Economic Journal 62(1) (1952), pp. 15–24.

3 R.J. Nicholson and S. Gupta, ‘Output and Productivity Changes in British Manufacturing Industry 1948–54’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society (A)23(4) (1960), pp. 427–59.

4 W.B. Reddaway and A.B. Smith, ‘Progress in British Manufacturing Industries 1948–54’, Economic Journal 70(1) (1960), pp. 17–31.

5 Rostas, op. cit., p. 20; Reddaway and Smith, op. cit., pp. 29–30.

6 Reddaway and Smith, op. cit., pp. 29–30.

7 Rostas, op. cit., pp. 24–5.

8 See pp. 93–4.

9 MRC MSS 200/F/3/T3/25/9: White to Hunnisette, 3/2/1948.

10 Anon., ‘Management looks at Labour’, Future 6(3) (1951), p. 56.

11 National Institute of Industrial Psychology, Joint Consultation in British Industry (London, 1952), pp. 182–3, 198–9.

12 Manager 18(7) (1950), p. 311; Business (July 1950), p. 33; Economist, 18/10/1952.

13 News Chronicle, 19/1/1953

14 I. McGivering, D.G.J. Matthews and W.H. Scott, Management in Britain (Liverpool, 1960), p. 79.

15 BT 64/2738: ‘Working Parties Progress Report No. 18’, 17/7/1946.

16 Hansard 46S, 25/10/1949, cols 123–5.

17 Ibid.; Anon., ‘Progress report on Pottery’, Business (Oct. 1948), pp. 37–43.

18 See, for example, British Productivity Council, A Review of Productivity in the Footwear Industry(London, 1953) and A Review of Productivity in the Furniture Industry (London, 1954).

19 Anon., ‘The Productivity Reports’, Future 6(3) (1951), p. 59.

20 British Productivity Council, A Review of Productivity in the Printing Industry (London, [n.d. but 1953]), pp. 4–5.

21 See, for example, New Statesman, 29/12/1951; I. Mikardo, ‘Platitudes on Productivity’, Fabian Journal 10 (1953), pp. 35–7.

22 Quoted in ‘Productivity Reports’, Future, op. cit., p. 60.

23 Manager 20(5) (1952), p. 271.

24 Business (Nov. 1951), pp. 41–6; ‘Productivity Reports’, Future, op. cit., p. 59; The Times Review of Industry 4(46) (1950), p. 33, and 6(64) (1952), p. 39.

25 The most famous associated publication was, of course, G. Hutton, We Too Can Prosper: The Promise of Productivity (London, 1953).

26 AACP, ‘Summary of Follow Up Statement No. 3’ (London, [n.d. but Aug. 1952]), pp. 1,3,5.

27 AACP, ‘Summary of Follow Up Statement No. 6’ (London, [n.d. but Sept. 1952]), p. 5.

28 Economist, 25/5/1946.

29 Economist, 20/10/1945.

30 F. Zweig, Productivity and Trade Unions (Oxford, 1951), p. 46.

31 See N. Tiratsoo, ‘The Government and Motor Cars’, in H. Mercer, N. Rollings and J. Tomlinson (eds) Labour Governments and Private Industry: The Experience of 1945–51 (Edinburgh, 1992).

32 Economist, 1/6/1946.

33 See, for example, Cairncross, op. cit., pp. 499–500.

34 This literature is reviewed in T. Nichols, The British Worker Question: A New Look at Workers and Productivity in Manufacturing (London, 1986).

35 C. Barnett, The Audit of War (London, 1986), p. 274 ('the trade unions … [were] possibly the strongest single factor militating against technical innovation and high productivity’ in 1940s Britain); N. Crafts, ‘The Assessment: British Economic Growth Over The Long Run’ Oxford Review of Economic Policy 4(1) (1988), p. x; S. Broadberry and N. Crafts, ‘Explaining Anglo-American Productivity Differences in the Mid-Twentieth Century’, Bulletin of the Oxford University Institute of Economics and Statistics 52(4) (1990), pp. 375–402; S. Broadberry and N. Crafts, ‘Britain's Productivity Gap in the 1930s: Some Neglected Factors’ (Unpublished paper, University of Warwick, 1991), pp. 12, 36; N. Crafts ‘Economic Growth’, in N. Crafts and N. Woodward (eds) The British Economy Since 1945 (Oxford, 1991), p. 283; S. Broadberry, ‘Employment and Unemployment’, in R. Floud and D. McCloskey (eds) The Economic History of Britain Since 1700, 3: Britain Since 1945 (Cambridge, forthcoming), pp. 31–7; K. Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, 1: Britain in Search of Balance, 1940–1961 (London, 1986), pp. 94–5, 129–30.

36 M. Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven, Conn., 1982).

37 Zweig, op. cit., p. 21.

38 W.H. Scott et al., Technical Change and Industrial Relations (Liverpool, 1956), passim.

39 See, for example, J.H. Richardson, ‘Labour's Part in Britain's Economic Recovery’, Westminster Bank Review (May 1949), pp. 1–8.

40 ‘Management’, Future, op. cit., pp. 56–7.

41 P.W.S. Andrews and E. Brunner, ‘Productivity and the Business Man’, Oxford Economic Papers 2(2) (1950), pp. 197–225.

42 Ibid., pp. 216–18.

43 Ibid., p. 209.

44 Management Research Group Archive, Corby: File headed ‘Enquiry Reports 1945–7’, Report 7/1947, p. 2.

45 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C 821 Part 1: BEC N.C. 10487, Trade Union Restrictions’ [n.d. but 1947], p. 1.

46 MRC MSS 200/B/3/2/C 821 Part 2: BEC, ‘Restrictive Practices … Summary of replies received …’ [n.d. but 1950], pp. 1–3.

47 Hansard 454, 29/7/1948, col. 1581.

48 H. Mercer, ‘The Labour Governments of 1945–51 and private industry’, in N. Tiratsoo (ed.) The Attlee Years (London, 1991), p. 84.

49 LAB 10/655: JCC Papers No. 183, 5/11/1946; LAB 19/652: Minutes of NJAC, 23/4/1947; TUC, Report of the Proceedings of the 1947 TUC Congress (London, 1947), pp. 299, 325–8.

50 See J. Tomlinson, ‘The Labour government and the trade unions, 1945–51’, in Tiratsoo (ed.), op. cit., pp. 90–105.

51 Ibid.; TUC, ‘Productivity Report of the G.C…. to the Special Conference of T.U. Executives’, 18/11/1948; MRC MSS 292/557.1/3–4: TUC Production Committee Minutes 1950–2; A. Carew, Labour Under The Marshall Plan (Manchester, 1987), pp. 147–57.

52 Productivity Reports’, Future, op. cit, p. 67; Financial Times, 13/8/1948.

53 See, for example, G.F. Green, ‘The Productivity Virus’, Socialist Commentary 14(12) (1950), p. 269.

54 G.H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls. Great Britain 1937–1975 Volume One (New York, 1976), p. 175.

55 RG 23/115: The Social Survey, ‘Survey of Knowledge and Opinion about the Economic Situation’, Feb. 1951, p. 1.

56 RG 23/103: The Social Survey, ‘Survey of Knowledge and Opinion about the Economic Situation’, Nov. 1948, p. 13.

57 Gallup op. cit, p. 203.

58 Ibid., pp. 189,204,211.

59 Anon., ‘Does Britain believe in Business?, Future 5(2) (1950), pp. 13–17; Anon., ‘What Do Workers Think?’, Future 5(3) (1950), pp. 15–19.

60 For the historiography, see Mercer, op. cit.

61 Quoted in (anon.) ‘The March of Business’, Business (Jan. 1951), p. 33.

62 Management Research Group Papers, LSE, Box 6, Item 348: ‘Report of Directors’ Dinner … 19 April 1950’. The phrases quoted were used by Directors of British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd and Imperial Tobacco Co. Ltd, respectively.

63 See, for example, comments by a Dunlop Director reported in Industry 15(7) (1947), p. 13; editorial in Financial Times, 24/5/1948.

64 Quoted in ‘March’, Business, op. cit., p. 35.

65 Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library, Oxford, CRD 2/7/46: R.W. Guild to H. Macmillan, 20/3/1947.

66 Conservative Party Archive, Bodleian Library, Oxford, CRD 2/7/48(1): D.F.O. Russell to R.A.B. 4/3/1947.

67 BT 64/2414: ‘Hosiery Working Party’ [n.d.]. For the Development Council situation in general, see G.D.N. Worswick, ‘Development Councils’, Socialist Commentary 15(7) (1951), pp. 166–8; Anon., ‘Development Councils’, Planning 17(326) (1951), pp. 209–32.

68 See N. Tiratsoo, ‘Labour and Management at Mid-Century’ (Unpublished Paper, Business History Unit, LSE, 1992).

69 MRC MSS 200/F/3/T3/25/4: N. Kipping to L. Russell, 20/10/1948.

70 MRC MSS 292/57.912(1): Minutes of First (1949) Meeting of the BIM Council, 2/2/1949, Minute 8.

71 MRG Papers, LSE, Box 15 Item 9: ‘Notes by the Secretary for the E.C. on 24/11/1948’ (20/10/1948), p. 8; Tiratsoo, ‘Labour and Management’, op. cit., pp. 25–6.

72 W. Crofts, Coercion or Persuasion?: Propaganda in Britain after 1945 (London, 1989).

73 Anon., ‘Development Councils’, Planning, op. cit., p. 226.

74 See, for example, J. Tomlinson, Government and Enterprise: The Changing Problem of Efficiency (Oxford, forthcoming), passim; M. Sawyer, ‘Industrial Policy’, in M. Artis and D. Cobham (eds) Labour's Economic Policies 1974–79 (Manchester, 1991), pp. 158–75.

75 For a recent discussion of this concept, see R. Lowe, The Second World War, Consensus and the Foundation of the Welfare State’, Twentieth Century British History 1(2) (1990), pp. 152–82.