SUBJECT INDEX
aggression 174
artifacts: material artifacts 219
behavioral markers see event-based methods
bona fide group perspective 211–6, 219, 220, 222–5, 229, 231: challenges 215–6; definition 211; methodologies 212, tenets of 213–4
circumplex models of mood 162
commitment acts 14
coding: coding schemes/systems 159, 237, 241, 244, 255, 335–6, 341; 342–43, 363–364; discourse units 332–4; innovations 345–7; limitations 344–5; online discussions 344; process 68; procedures 330; reliability 333, 340, 363–4; software 346; training coders 337–8; transcribing 331–332; unitizing 332–3, 363–364; validity 336–7, 364;
cognitive consensus 134–5: measurement 141
computational modeling see computer simulation
computer-mediated groups 218, 239
computer simulation 79–104: advantages of 80–2; agent-based modeling approach 92–7; challenges 97–101; formula translation approach 82–6; generative process modeling approach 86–92; purpose of 80; vs. mathematical theories 80; vs. natural language theories 80; See also group discussion, group problem solving
concertive control 229
concept mapping 144
content analysis see theme analysis
conversational analysis 220
data aggregation 271
data analysis 311–327: actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) 312, 318–320; between groups 313, 315; determining appropriate approach 312–3; homogeneity 370; lag-sequential analysis 372–3; models of interdependence 318–27; moderated dependency analysis 373; multilevel modeling 315–8; nonindependence 311, 314–5; one-with-many design (OWM) 312, 321–3; sequential contingency analysis 365ff, social relations model (SRM) 312, 323–6; stationarity 369–370, transition matrix 366–8; unitariness 378–379; within groups 313, 315
data collection: multiple sources 222; network 286–297
data, types of: archival data 290–291; binary data 294, 298; cognitive social structure (CSS), 287; continuous or valued data 294, 298; incomplete data 299–300; “mashing” 297; network data 287–304; observational data 290; survey data 287–289, 291–296
deception 208–9: identity deception 204;
dialectical tensions 229
discourse analysis 217–231: data selection 222–3; discourse units 218–20; 223–4; 332–34, ethical issues 229–30; research questions 222–3; texts 218–20, 224, 230; types of 220–2
dynamics 11, 41–2, 48–9, 54, 56, 105–7, 109, 114–18, 161, 165, 180, 212, 235, 237–9, 241, 245, 247, 249, 253, 255–6, 260, 262–3, 278–9, 291, 386–7, 389, 391, 393, 395, 397, 399–403, 405, 407–411, 425, 431, 436 see also emergent behavior; multi-level approach; process models
emergent behavior 267: explaining 97–8; forms of 268; simulating 87
emotional contagion 155, 158–60 see also group mood; group afective tone
ethical issues 166–7: deception 208–9; discourse analysis 229–30; informed consent 208–9; institutional review board (IRB) 11, 53; privacy 194–5; sensitive information 204; virtual worlds 193–4
ethnography 6–27, 212, 237, 256: informants 7, 13; video ethnography 23
event-based methods 397
experimental design 30–9; 41, 51, 56, 63, 177–8, 212
experimental simulation 58–78: design 63; high-fidelity simulation 59; simulator session 60; scenario development 66
Facial Affect Coding System (FACS) 158
field experiments 192
field notes field settings 388
gangs 237
generalizability 4, 8, 59, 231
generative mechanism 211, 360, 378
groups: definition 1
group affective tone 155–6, 159, 163 see also emotional contagion; group mood
group boundaries 210–13, 223, 225, 230, 241
group cohesion 154
group data analysis see data analysis
group decision making 31–8, 43, 44, 45–9, 81, 148, 254
group discussion 49–50, 52, 81, 83–4, 86–90, 140, 253, 320, 330–3, 336, 338–9, 346–7, 372, 375, 379, 381: collective information sampling (CIS) model 83–4; computer simulations of 83–92; dynamic information sampling model (DISM-GD); discussion entry trajectories 84–6; see also shared vs. unshared information
group envy 156
group identity 220
group mood: affective disposition 155; affective diversity 157, 163; brief mood introspection scale 162; coding 159–60; consistency 163; convergence 159; ethical issues 166–7; induction techniques 156–8; measurement 160–4; work group mood 159 see also emotional contagion; group affective tone
group outputs 160
group performance: versus individual performance 34–5 see also team performance
group problem solving 31–8: ValSeek computer simulation model 93–7
group process 1, 38–9, 58, 68, 72, 154–6, 159, 211, 215–6, 218, 220, 347, 360, 378–9
group regret 249
group roles 13, 17, 72, 110, 140–1, 144, 146, 148, 160, 175–6, 179, 209, 219, 221–4, 246, 251–4, 264, 286, 290, 301, 321, 389–393, 392, 423, 425, 427, 431, 433, 435–6: role division 390; role expectations 423, 433; gatekeeper 12; structure 392 see also leader
group talk 236, 238–9, 248–9, 255: fantasies 248–9, 256; social talk 247; story talk 237, 239, 254; task talk 239, 247
group-to-individual transfer 33–4
high-performance teams 386: multidisciplinary trauma teams 391; US Navy security teams 393
individual differences 121–130: aggregating to the group level 128–9; data analysis 129; measurement of 127–8; multilevel theory 126–7 see also personality
ingroups/outgroups 238
institutional review board (IRB) 6, 9, 11–2, 15, 18, 24–6, 53, 68, 166, 194, 199, 202, 204–5, 209, 304 see also ethical issues
Interaction Process Analysis (IPA) 160, 359
interdisciplinary collaboration 71
interpreting data
interviews 7, 18, 21–3, 26, 85, 106, 108–11, 114, 116, 118, 146, 200, 203, 207–210, 215, 219, 222, 226, 230, 255, 292, 388, 395, 408, 421, 427, 432–3, 435
intra-class correlation (ICC) 129, 314, 317
juries 238, 239, 244–249, 252, 254, 257
laboratory experiments 4, 41–2, 44, 50, 56, 141, 162, 194, 260: data collection 55, 133; design of 30–9; running of 41–56; personnel 50, 52; materials 51–3; set-up 54–5; subject pool 54; types of laboratory groups 42–7
language 218: linguistic structure 218; patterns 220; translation 111–2;
leader 30, 112–3, 158, 201, 245, 272, 294, 313, 321–3, 390, 392, 394, 397, 400, 402, 404–5, 424, 429, 435
leadership 18, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 122, 155, 181, 228, 239, 267, 279, 285–6, 301, 311, 313, 321, 326, 389–91, 393–4, 397, 400, 403–4, 408–9, 418: structure 390, 400
measurement: cognitive consensus 141; group data 313; group mood 160–4; group performance 70, 381–5; individual differences 127–8; team cognition 135–7, 138–9, 140–1; team mental models 142–147; team performance 393, 394–7, 401–11
mood induction techniques 156–8
multidimensional scaling 146
multilevel approach; dynamics 278; homology 273; linkages 262, 265; modeling 315–8; performance measure 403–4; theory 126–7
narrative(s): accounts 237; analyses/analysis 236–7, 240, 244, 254; data 237–241, 255, 256; intervention, 252; logic 236; methodologies 237, 238, 252; talk 248; thematic analysis 241; tools 255; vignettes 245
networks: multi-dimensional 306–307; nodes 284–5; ties 284–5; visualization 300–1
network analysis software; C-IKNOW 288–289, 293; EgoNet 289; NetDraw 300; NodeXL 300; StatNet 299, 303; UCINET 144, 146, 299–300, 303
network metrics 301–302; betweenness centrality 301; centralization 302; clique 301–302; closeness centrality 301; cyclicality 301; degree centrality 300–301; density 286, 302; reciprocity 301; redundancy 301; structural equivalence 300–301; transitivity 301
netnography 14
nonindependence 311
observational studies 15, 65, 112–3: non-participant observation 15; participant observation 15
online games 173–98: Cyberball 48–9, 175, 181–4, 186; massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) 175–6, 179; World of Warcraft 173, 176–7, 180, 184, 186, 192
ostracism see social exclusion/rejection
parsimony 137
participant observation 7, 15–17, 184, 199, 203, 256
participant recruiting see recruiting participants
personality 122, 124, 126, 128–9 see also individual differences
precision 4, 99, 137, 277, 279
problem-centered research 9
process models: evolutionary 380; life cycle 381; Markov 366; multiple sequence 362, 379; Semi-Markov 372; teleological 379; unitary sequence 360
promotion-prevention focus 161–2
quasi experiments 64
qualitative research 6–27, 65–6, 106, 140, 199–210, 211–235, 235–259, 418–41: data analysis 113–4, 116, 237, 239, 247, 255; Owen's criteria, 241 see also ethnography
quantitative research 30–9; 42–57; 58–78; 260–283; 284–310; computer simulation 79–104; data analysis 311–328, 358–85 see also experimental design; laboratory experiments
random number generators: in computer simulation 90, 101;
rating scales 127, 147: behaviorally anchored rating scales 396; behavior observation scales 396; reliability 127; validity 127; see also survey questions
realism 4, 59–60, 62, 65, 72: mundane realism 177–8
recruiting participants 53–4, 201: gaining access 237, 245, 246, 247, 252, 255; in online games 191, 193–4
reflexivity 223
reliability 127, 159, 163, 237, 244, 255, 271–2, 295, 331, 334, 337–340, 344–5, 363–4, 395–8, 400, 437
research design 4, 56, 133, 142, 236–40, 239, 244, 255, 260–2, 264, 312, 323
research questions 3–4, 6, 8–10, 23, 25–6, 56, 110, 146, 157, 160, 222–3, 241–5, 247, 292, 314, 330, 332, 345, 347, 433; grand tour questions 20;
sampling 11, 83, 87–90, 113, 145, 177, 208, 210, 261, 297, 423: nonrepresentative 178; respondent driven sampling (RDS) 297; theoretical 11
sensemaking 230
shared (vs. unshared information) 45, 47: defined 83; discussion entry trajectories 84–92
social combination approach 31–2; 36
social exclusion/rejection 43, 48–9, 173–4, 181–4, 237, 240, 241, 244
social impact theory 46
social ostracism see social exclusion/rejection
social relations model see data analysis
statistics: Exponential Random Graph Modeling (ERGM/p*) 303–4; inferential network statistics 302–304; multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) 303; nonparametric analysis 241; quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) 303
story: storytelling 236, 238, 239, 247, 249, 254; story-thinking, 238, 248;
survey questions 240–1, 246; frequency questions 240; instrument 237, 244; narrative questions 240; scaled questions 240; story stem/stem questions 238, 245, 255
structure: communication 390; temporal 390
task analysis 69
taskwork 391
teams: definition 263; classification 410–1; features of 387
team building 425
team cognition 132–148: conceptual framework 134; definition 134, measurement 135–7, 138–9, 140–1
team interventions 392, 419, 421–2, 421–429
team mental models 132, 134, 137: conceptual framework 142; definition 142; measurement 142–7
team performance 386–411: best practices for team management 404–5, see also group performance
team task 388–9: complexity 390; identity 390; environment 390
team situational awareness 134
team training 132
teamwork 391: attributes 423–4; dimensions 424–6
technology 15, 23, 26, 134, 148, 165–6, 175, 190, 199, 210, 266, 292, 386, 390, 398, 425: dependence 390
texts see discourse analysis
theme analysis 241: ATLAS 222; narrative 241; NVivo 241
theory, role of 3–5, 8–9, 11, 30–1, 36–7, 39, 46, 56, 79–82, 87, 89, 92, 97, 100, 105, 113–4, 116–7, 125–6, 128–9, 162, 166, 185, 215–6, 221, 228–9, 231, 241, 248–9, 255–6, 260–5, 272–3, 277–9, 329, 337, 347, 361–3, 382, 386, 394, 402, 420–1, 437
theories: bona fide groups 211–216, 255; decisional regret theory 249, 256; general systems theory 264; narrative paradigm 256; process theory 361, 362–3; symbolic convergence theory 248, 256; symbolic-interpretive perspective 238; variance theory 361
time see emergent behavior, multi-level approach, process models
type I errors 315
typology/typologies 248–249, 255
validity 4, 48–9, 64, 127, 147, 271, 277, 292, 295, 300, 331, 336–8, 363–4, 395, 400, 437: ecological validity 49
virtual games see online games
virtual reality 174
virtual game environments: designer-developed 182–4; privacy 194–5; typology 178–80; user-developed 184–6; 186–192
virtual worlds 173–198; Exploratorium 185; Second Life 173, 176, 179–80, 185–92; The Sims 176–7, 184