notes
Preface
1. E. Brann, What, Then, Is Time? (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); J. T. Fraser, Time and Time Again: Reports from a Boundary of the Universe (Boston: Brill, 2007).
For a summary of research on time within management, see Academy of Management Review 26, no. 4 (October 2001). There is of course a vast literature dealing with time, which I will not attempt to reference. The best short review of philosophical approaches that I have found is Brann's What, Then, Is Time? For those interested in the interdisciplinary study of time, none can surpass the work of J. T. Fraser. See his Time and Time Again for a series of essays summarizing some of his work. I also call your attention to the work of the International Society for the Study of Time, which has triannual conferences and an edited book series.
Introduction
1. Dan Gilbert makes a similar point about how much we leave out. See D. T. Gilbert and T. D. Wilson, “Prospection: Experiencing the Future,” Science 317, no. 5843 (September 7, 2007): 1351–1354.
2. For a history and discussion of the term kairos, which refers to the right time or moment, see J. Bartunek and R. Necochea, “Old Insights and New Times: Kairos, Inca Cosmology, and Their Contributions to Contemporary Management Inquiry,” Journal of Management Inquiry 9, no. 2 (2000): 103–113.
3. L. Bernstein, The Joy of Music (New York: Amadeus Press, 2004), 160.
4. M. B. Lieberman and D. B. Montgomery, “First-Mover Advantages,” Strategic Management Journal 9 (Summer 1988): 41–58; M. E. Porter, Competitive Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1980).
5. J. Glover, Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 242.
6. M. Ingebretsen, Why Companies Fail: The Ten Big Reasons Businesses Crumble and How to Keep Yours Strong and Solid (New York: Crown Business, 2003), xi.
7. A. Ballmer, “Openers: Corner Office,” New York Times, May 17, 2009, B2.
8. G. Mitchell, Making Peace (New York: Knopf, 1999), 173.
9. Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770–1827, Symphonies, no. 5, op. 67, C minor, (New York: Kassel, Barenreiter, 1999).
10. K. E. Weick, “Improvisation as a Mindset for Organizational Analysis,” Organizational Science 9, no. 5 (1998): 543–555. Management scholars such as Weick have discussed organizational action as improvisational jazz. My focus is different, but related. I am interested in describing the environment for organizational action and in using the music-like patterns that are present in the environment as a source of information about risk and windows of opportunity. It is precisely because we can't describe the structure of a musical score in mathematical terms that we can't model our world mathematically. We can describe the resultant—the sound of the symphony in terms of waves and wavelets—but we can't describe the score itself. That is one reason models of risk fail: they are based on incomplete qualitative data.
11. P. Brook, The Empty Space (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), 125–126.
Chapter One
1. “John Archibald Wheeler,” TastefulWords.com/, http://quotations.tastefulwords.com/john-archibald-wheeler/.
2. D. Owen, “The Inventor's Dilemma,” New Yorker, May 17, 2010, 42.
4. L. Story and D. Barboza, “The Recalls' Aftershocks,” New York Times, December 22, 2007, B1, B9.
5. Pepper… and Salt, Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1999, p. A9. Most of us think of “salt and pepper” as the usual order for this expression. For some reason I haven't been able to why discover the cartoon is titled with this sequence inverted.
6. K. Gesswein and S. Fealy, “Vows,” New York Times, January 23, 2000, 38.
7. American Society of Clinical Oncology, “Progress Against Stomach Cancer” (2012), http://www.cancerprogress.net/downloads/timelines/progress_against_stomach_cancer_timeline.pdf.
8. J. P. Newport, “Why Scientists Love to Study Golf,” Wall Street Journal, March 24–25, 2012, A16.
9. “Inventive Warfare,” Economist, August 20, 2011, 57–58.
10. J. Clements, “Don't Get Hit by the Pitch: How Advisors Manipulate You,” Wall Street Journal, January 3, 2007, D1.
Chapter Two
1. J. Becker and M. Luo, “In Tucson, Guns Have a Broad Constituency,” New York Times, January 10, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/us/11guns.html.
2. J. Markoff, “Slogging up PC Hill at I.B.M.,” New York Times, May 10, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/10/business/slogging-up-pc-hill-at-ibm.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
3. B. O'Brian, “You Must Remember This: A Slide Is Still a Slide,” Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2001, R1.
4. L. Greenhouse, “Tactic of Delayed Miranda Warning Is Barred,” New York Times, June 29, 2004, A17.
5. S. Albert and G. Bell, “Timing and Music,” Academy of Management Review 27, no. 4 (2002): 574–593. This analysis follows closely and in parts is identical.
6. G. Morgenson, “The Markets: Market Place—Mixed Signals from the Fed; If the Water's Fine, Why Are Those Sharks Still Circling?” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/16/business/markets-market-place-mixed-signals-fed-if-water-s-fine-why-are-those-sharks.html.
7. “I Think It's Time We Broke for Lunch … Court Rulings Depend Partly on When the Judge Last Had a Snack,” Economist, April 16, 2011, 87.
8. G. Bowley, “Loan Sale of 4.1 Billion in Contracts Led to ‘Flash Crash’ in May,” New York Times, October 2, 2010, B1.
9. T. Lauricella, “Bond Funds Fall Victim to Timing: Thinking Worst Was Over, Top Performers Now Lag Behind,” Wall Street Journal, November 17–18, 2007, B1.
10. D. Gross, “A Phantom Rebound in the Housing Market,” New York Times, January 7, 2007, C5.
11. M. R. Gordon, “War, Meet the 2008 Campaign,” New York Times, January 20, 2008, A4.
12. L. Tamura, “Who Really Runs Yellow Lights?” Washington Post, in the Star Tribune, June 30, 2010, A4.
13. Some of these questions are based on analysis in B. M. Staw and J. Ross, “Behavior in Escalation Situations,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. Barry M. Staw and Larry L. Cummings (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987), 9:39–78.
15. For a discussion of the relationship between time and organizational culture, see E. H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004); 151–163N. For a discussion of how the future is viewed differently in different cultures, see Ashkanasy, V. Gupta, M. S. Mayfield, and E. Trevor-Roberts, “Future Orientation,” in Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, ed. R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004), 282–342.
16. Quoted in W. W. Lowrance, Modern Science and Human Values (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 168.
17. Peter Leo, “Channeling Man's Basic Instinct,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette, August 25 1994, http://global.factiva.comezp-prodl.hul.harvard.edu/hp/printsavews.aspx.
18. L. Ellison, “The America's Cup Comes to Europe,” Economist, November 16, 2006, http://www.economist.com/node/8132643.
19. S. Shellenbarger, “Time-Zoned: Working Around the Round-the-Clock Workday,” Wall Street Journal, February 15, 2007, D1.
20. R. Walker, “Pointed Copy: The Ginsu Knife,” New York Times Magazine, December 31, 2006, 18, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/magazine/31wwln_consumed.t.html?n=Top%2fFeatures%2fMagazine%2fColumns%2fConsumed&_r=0.
Chapter Three
1. I. Calvino, Six Memos for the Next Millennium (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 54.
2. S. Mydans, “Australians Enter East Timor in Show of Force,” New York Times, September 29, 1999, A7.
3. R. Gulati, M. Sytch, and P. Mehrotra, “Preparing for the Exit,” Wall Street Journal, March 3, 2007, R11. Reprinted with permission of Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
4. G. Kolata, “Researchers Dispute Benefits of CT Scans for Lung Cancer,” New York Times, March 7, 2007, A18.
6. C. Dawson, “Japan Plant Had Earlier Alert,” Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2011, A11.
7. R. L. Rose, “Work Week: A Special News Report About Life on the Job—and Trends Taking Shape There,” Wall Street Journal, December 6, 1994, A1.
8. Quoted in “Commencements: Change the World and Godspeed,” Time, June 12, 1995, 82.
9. A. Alter, “What Don DeLillo's Books Tell Him,” Wall Street Journal, January 30–31, 2010, W5.
10. J. P. Richter, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (New York: Dover 1970), 296.
11. J. Steinhauer, “Sometimes a Day in Congress Takes Seconds, Gavel to Gavel,” New York Times, August 6, 2011, A12.
12. “A 120-Year Lease on Life Outlasts Apartment Heir,” New York Times, December 29, 1995, A8. Used with permission of The Associated Press, copyright © 2013. All rights reserved.
13. J. E. Garten, “A Crisis Without a Reform,” New York Times, August 18, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/18/opinion/a-crisis-without-a-reform.html.
14. S. Shane, “The Complicated Power of the Vote to Nowhere,” New York Times, April 1, 2007, D4.
15. E. Nagourney, “Undue Optimism When Death Is Near,” New York Times, February 29, 2000, D8.
16. A discussion of the empty interval can be found in S. Zaheer, S. Albert, and A. Zaheer, “Time Scales and Organizational Theory,” Academy of Management Review 24, no. 4 (1999): 725–741.
17. D. Finn, How to Look at Everything (New York: Abrams, 2000), 95.
18. D. Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 348–349.
19. B. Hubbard Jr., A Theory for Practice: Architecture in Three Discourses (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 164.
20. R. Wright, E. de Sabata, and G. Segreti, “Alarm Delay ‘Critical’ Says Concordia Probe,” Financial Times, May 18, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0c0cbd0e-a0f7–11e1-aac1-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2P96YG0Fy.
21. J. McPhee, “Checkpoints,” New Yorker, February 9, 2009, 59.
22. J. Bailey, “Chief ‘Mortified’ by JetBlue Crisis,” New York Times, February 19, 2007, A1.
23. P. Greer, 1970, cited in J. G. Miller, Living Systems (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 163.
24. S. Adams, Dilbert, Minneapolis Star and Tribune, October 16, 2005, Comics, 1.
25. J. Longman, “Lilliputians Gaining Stature at Global Extravaganza,” New York Times, June 17, 2002, D2.
26. G. Morgenson, “When Bond Ratings Get Stale,” New York Times, October 11, 2009. B1.
27. J. Wilgoren, “President Stuns Brown U. by Leaving to Be Vanderbilt Chancellor,” New York Times, February 8, 2000, A18.
28. B. Pennington and J. Curry, “Andro Hangs in Quiet Limbo,” New York Times, July 11, 1999, D4.
29. T. McGinty, K. Kelly, and K. Scannell, “Debt ‘Masking’ Under Fire,” Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2010, A1.
30. A. K. Naj, “Whistle-Blower at GE to Get $11.5 Million,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 1993, A3.
31. M. Jay, “The Downside of Cohabiting Before Marriage,” New York Times, April 15, 2012, SR4.
32. V. Bernstein, “No Cutting Corners as NASCAR Seeks a Clean Start,” New York Times, February 18, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/18/sports/othersports/18nascar.html.
33. P. Dvorak, “Businesses Take a Page from Design Firms,” Wall Street Journal, November 10, 2008, B4.
34. I. Molotsky, “Winters Warms Up for Humor Prize,” New York Times, October 21, 1999, A14.
35. C. Berg, “The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic,” Wall Street Journal, April 13, 2012, A13.
Chapter Four
1. L. Neri, L. Cooke, and T. de Duve, Roni Horn (London: Phaidon, 2000), 18.
2. M. Ali, transcribed from “Muhhamad [sic] Ali's Greatest Speech,” YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxLokrATgIw.
3. G. Kolata, “New AIDS Findings on Why Drugs Fail,” New York Times, January 12, 1995, A1.
4. J. Grant, “Wired Offices, Same Workers,” New York Times, May 1, 2000, A27.
5. G. Kolata, “Study Finds That Fat Cells Die and Are Replaced,” New York Times, May 5, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/health/research/05fat.html.
7. R. Ludlum, The Cry of the Halidon (New York: Bantam Books, 1996), ix.
8. G. Ip, “Tough Equations,” Wall Street Journal, May 16, 2001, A1, A10.
9. T. Gabriel, “Roll Film! Action! Cut! Edit, Edit, Edit,” New York Times, May 5, 1997, C1, C13.
10. A. Zimbalist, “Stamping Out Steroids Takes Time,” New York Times, March 6, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/06/sports/baseball/06zimbalist.html.
11. A. R. Sorkin, “A ‘Bonfire’ Returns as Heartburn,” New York Times, June 24, 2008, C5.
12. Relating to a mirror, a reflector, or a reflection.
13. I. Calvino, If On a Winter's Night a Traveler (New York: Knopf, 1993), 162.
14. W. Tapply, Client Privilege (New York: Delacorte Press, 1990), 73–74.
15. G. Stalk and T. Hout, Competing Against Time (New York: Free Press, 1990), 58–59.
16. J. Maeda, The Law of Simplicity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006), 27–28.
17. S. Kern, The Culture of Time and Space, 1880–1918 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 275–276.
19. “The Hollow Promise of Internet Banking,” Economist, November 11, 2000, 91.
20. B. Bahree and K. Johnson, “Iraqi Shortfall Means Oil Prices Could Stay High This Year,” Wall Street Journal, June 27, 2003, C10.
21. J. E. Hilsenrath, “Why For Many This Recovery Feels More Like a Recession,” Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2003, A1, A14.
22. N. Pachetti, “Crude Economics,” New York Times Magazine, April 23, 2000, 36.
23. Crystal Classics, n.d., http://www.crystalclassics.com/riedel/riedelhistory.htm.
24. Merleau-Ponty, LŒil et l'Esprit, quoted in J.-P. Montier, Henri Cartier-Bresson and the Artless Art (Boston: Little., Brown, 1996), 308. I have slightly modified the English translation to make the quotation a little more readable.
Chapter Five
1. G. Anders and A. Murray, “Behind H-P Chairman's Fall, Clash with a Powerful Director,” Wall Street Journal, October 9, 2006, A14.
2. P. James, The Documents of 20th Century Art: Henry Moore on Sculpture (New York: Viking Press, 1971), 67.
4. E. Eakin, “Penetrating the Mind by Metaphor,” New York Times, February 23, 2002, A19.
5. M. Gimein, “Is a Hedge Fund Shakeout Coming Soon? This Insider Thinks So,” New York Times, September 4, 2005, B5.
6. R. Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (New York: Penguin Books, 2006), 8.
7. G. Soros, The New Paradigm for Financial Markets (New York: PublicAffairs, 2008), xviii–xix.
8. B. Childs, Time and Music: A Composer's View (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977).
9. J. Angwin, “Consumer Adoption Rate Slows in Replay of TV's History: Bad News for Online Firms,” Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2001, B8.
10. M. Oliver, “Flare,” in The Leaf and the Cloud (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2000), 1.
11. D. A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, “Patients' Memories of Painful Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures,” Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3–8.
12. J. C. Miller, Fatigue (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001), 46.
13. M. Bloom, “Girls' Cross-Country Taking a Heavy Toll, Study Shows,” New York Times, December 4, 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/04/sports/track-field-girls-cross-country-taking-a-heavy-toll-study-shows.html.
14. J. Mouawad, “Volatile Swings in the Price of Oil Hobble Forecasting,” New York Times, July 6, 2009, A3.
15. K. Brown, “Leaner Budgets at Corporations Are Bad Omen,” New York Times, July 16, 2001, C2.
17. “The Trade Talks That Never Conclude,” Economist, August 2, 2008, 71.
18. Quoted in A. Delbanco, Required Reading: Why Our American Classics Matter Now (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1997), 116.
19. M. Corkery and J. R. Hagerty, “Outlook: Continuing Vicious Cycle of Pain in Housing and Finance Ensnares Market,” Wall Street Journal, July 14, 2008, A2.
20. B. Mutzabaugh, “Brazil's Embraer Jets Are Sized Just Right,” Florida Today, July 20, 2012. Available at http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20120722/BUSINESS/307220011/Brazil-s-Embraer-jets-sized-just-right.
21. A. Zuger, “Nighttime, and Fevers Are Rising,” New York Times, September 28, 2004, D6.
22. T. Parker-Pope, “Why Curing Your Cancer May Not Be the Best Idea,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2003, R1.
23. L. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ed. H. Anderson (New York: Norton, 1980), vii. Originally published in nine volumes, 1759, 1761, 1762, 1765, 1767.
Chapter Six
1. Quoted in E. W. Soja, Post Modern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London: Verson, 1989), 138.
2. A. Copland, What to Listen for in Music (New York: Penguin Books, 1953), 105, 106, 107–108.
3. R. Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (New York: Knopf, 2007), 19.
4. A. T. Board, “34 Months and Still No Divorce,” New York Times, August 3, 1996, A15.
6. R. Dove, “Fourth Juror,” in American Smooth: Poems (New York: Norton, 2004), 76. Copyright © 2004 by Rita Dove. Used by permission of W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
7. J. Pierson, “Stand Up and Listen: Your Chair May Harm Your Health,” New York Times, September 12, 1995, B1.
8. W. Carley, “Mystery in the Sky: Jet's Near-Crash Shows 747s May Be at Risk of Autopilot Failure,” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 1993, A1.
9. D. Rodrik, “Elusive ‘Giffen Behavior’ Spotted in Chinese Homes,” Wall Street Journal, July 17, 2007, B9.
10. “Panel Says Penn Police Overreacted,” New York Times, July 28, 1993, B7.
11. W. Connor, “Why Were We Surprised?” American Scholar 60, no. 2 (Spring 1991), 177.
12. J. Flint, “NBC Ratings: Olympic-Sized Anticlimax,” Wall Street Journal, September 22, 2000, B6.
13. B. Carter, “NBC Banks on Olympics as Springboard for New Shows,” New York Times, August 13, 2012, B1.
14. J. Hoppin, “Tons of Rock, Sand Piled at Point Where Bridge Broke,” Pioneer Press, March 18, 2008, A1.
15. A. Scardino, “The Market Turmoil: Past Lessons, Present Advice; Did ‘29 Crash Spark the Depression?” New York Times, October 21, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/21/business/the-market-turmoil-past-lessons-present-advice-did-29-crash-spark-the-depression.html.
16. R. H. Thaler and S. Benartzi, Save More Tomorrow: Using Behavioral Economics to Increase Employee Saving, November 2000, http://www.cepr.org/meets/wkcn/3/3509/papers/thaler_save_more_tomorrow.pdf.
17. P. Brook, Threads of Time (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1998), 63.
18. J. Scott, “Spring Ahead, Sleep Behind,” New York Times, April 2, 1995, A37.
19. D. Goldner, “Ahead of the Curve,” Wall Street Journal, May 22, 1995, R19.
20. S. Carey, “Chaos in Jet After It Hit River,” Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2009, A6.
21. Quoted in A. Koestler, The Art of Creation: A Study of the Conscious and Unconscious in Science and Art (New York: Dell, 1964), 175.
22. “The Year in Ideas: The Ambulance-Homicide Theory,” New York Times Magazine, December 15, 2002, 66.
23. D. Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking Press, 2002), 141–142.
24. J. Darnton, “But How Two Irish Enemies Got the Ball Rolling,” New York Times, September 5, 1994, A1, A4.
25. There is a large literature on entrainment. See D. Ancona, and C.-I. Chong, “Entrainment: Pace, Cycle, and Rhythm in Organizational Behavior,” in Research in Organizational Behavior, ed. B. Staw and L. Cummings (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996) 18:251–284.
Some writers suggest that organizations should try to synchronize the internal rhythms of their organization with those in their environment. My approach is slightly different. The first task is to find all the rhythms that matter. Given Copland's Constraint, that is not an easy matter. Then one has to understand their interaction or interrelationship, including how and when the rhythms might change. Sometimes it is best to be in sync with an environmental rhythm; sometimes it is best to be out of sync.
26. F. Schwartz, Blind Spots: Critical Theory in the History of Art in 20th Century Germany (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 130.
27. From Lindsay, Kenneth C. and Peter Gergo. Kandinsky, Complete Writings on Art. © 1982 Gale, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc. Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions
28. F. Norris, “Buried in Details, a Warning to Investors,” New York Times, August 2, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/03/business/a-wells-fargo-security-goes-wrong-for-investors.html?pagewanted=all.
29. C. Dean, “Engineering and the Art of the Fail,” review of To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, by Henry Petroski, New York Times, July 13, 2012, C25.
30. T. Friedman, “Two Worlds Cracking Up,” New York Times, June 12, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/opinion/friedman-two-worlds-cracking-up.html.
31. T. S. Bernard, “The Best Time to Buy and Sell College Textbooks,” Bucks (blog), August 8, 2012, http://bucks.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/08/the-best-time-to-buy-and-sell-college-textbooks/.
32. S. Blakeslee, “A Rare Victory in Fighting Phantom Limb Pain,” New York Times, March 28, 1995, B12.
33. J. L. Lunsford, “Gradual Ascent: Burned by Last Boom, Boeing Curbs Its Pace; It Uses New Restraint to Juggle Jet Orders; Avoiding ‘Bunny Holes,’” Wall Street Journal, March 26, 2007, A1.
35. “Joseph and the Amazing Technicalities: Adjusting Banking Regulation for the Economic Cycle,” Economist, April 26, 2008, 18.
36. “And Now Here Is the Health Forecast: Understanding the Link Between Illness and Temperature Should Help Hospitals,” Economist, August 1, 2002, http://www.economist.com/node/1259077.
37. A. Stone, “Why Waiting Is Torture,” New York Times, August 18, 2012, SR12.
Chapter Seven
1. “Mahatma Gandhi Quotes,” BrainyQuote, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/mahatma_gandhi.html#8K8lItl36cQKsbQR.99.
2. S. Albert, “The Timing of Dissent,” Leader to Leader, Fall 2001, no. 22, 34. The analysis in this chapter follows closely from the Leader to Leader article. The dialogue is based on my notes taken from a 16mm black-and-white film on group process that is no longer available. I believe the distributor was McGraw-Hill, but I cannot be sure. The title might have been Victims of Group Think.
3. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, 11th ed. (New York: De Capo Press, 2011).
Chapter Eight
1. J. Albers, Interaction of Color (New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2006), 2. Originally published 1963.
2. J. Goldstein, “As Furniture Burns Quicker, Firefighters Reconsider Tactics,” New York Times, July 2, 2012, A1.
3. J. Groopman and P. Hartzband, “Why Quality of Care is Dangerous,” Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2009, A13.
4. Goldstein, “As Furniture Burns Quicker,” A3.
5. J. Markoff, “Researchers Find Way to Steal Encrypted Data,” New York Times, February 22, 2008, C1, C6.
6. D. J. Wakin, “Time to Tie a String Around That Strad,” New York Times, May 11, 2008, A6.
Coda
1. W. Apel and R. T. Daniel, The Harvard Brief Dictionary of Music (New York: Pocket Books, 1960), 62.
2. S. Beckett, Endgame and Act Without Words (New York: Grove Press, 1958), 1.
3. A. Camus, Notebooks 1935–1942 (New York: Knopf, 1963), 10.
4. From a letter attributed to Mozart in E. Brann, The World of the Imagination: Sum and Substance (Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1991), 321.
5. J. Attali, Noise: The Political Economy of Music (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1985), 11.
7. M. Hall, Leaving Home: A Conducted Tour of the 20th Century Music with Simon Rattle (London: Faber & Faber, 1996), 68.
8. L. Kramer, Classical Music and Postmodern Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 176.
9. S. Mitchell, trans., Bhagavad Gita: A New Translation (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000), 145.
Appendix
1. S. K. Langer, Feeling and Form (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953), 110. In Feeling and Form, Langer said that “music makes time audible, and its form and continuity sensible.” (Italics are in the original.)