Index
Note: Page numbers with “f” denote figures; “t” tables.
A
Advanced spray development,
126–133
Aerobic microorganisms,
143
Aerosol spray cleaning,
116
Alkyl groups,
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC),
141
Anaerobic microorganisms,
143
Aprotic ionic liquids (AILs),
9–10
Art objects/structures, cleaning of,
155
Artworks, cleaning of
using microemulsions,
97–98
B
Bacterial characterization, microbial cleaning for,
153
Batch-type wafer cleaning tools,
116
Black salt crusts, cleaning of,
155
Building exteriors, microemulsion cleaning of,
97
C
Calcium sulfate deposits, removal of,
142
Carbon, as nutrients for microbes,
142–143
Cellulose acetate-replicating tape,
153,
153f
CH completion wells, formation damage removal in,
92–93
Chemical particle removal methods,
115
forces acting on 100 nm particle in solution,
110t
Cleaning tank, before and after microbial cleaning,
152f
Cleanliness, surface
levels, surface contamination and,
140
Compositions, microbial,
145
Contact angle measurement,
164,
167
traditional and newly digitized methods,
167–173
newly digitized top–down method,
170–172
Contact lenses, cleaning of,
155
Contaminant(s)
removal, with microemulsions,
81
Contaminated soil, microemulsion cleaning of,
94–96,
96f
Costs
comparison of conventional solvent process with microbial cleaning,
149t
of surface contaminants removal using ionic liquids,
29–30
Cosurfactant effect, on microemulsion formulation,
71
Crude oil reservoirs, microemulsion cleaning of,
98–99
D
Damage threshold
relationship between droplet energy density and PRE,
131,
131f
relationship between removed particle counts versus droplet velocity,
130,
131f
Debridement, microbial cleaning for,
154
choline chloride-based,
26t,
27f
comparison with ionic liquids,
28t
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans,
142
Desulfovibrio vulgaris,
142
Differential scanning calorimetry,
82
Disinfection, microbial cleaning for,
154–155
Droplet energy density
correlation with number of damage sites,
129f
Dual-fluid spray cleaning technique,
107–138
advanced spray development,
126–133
dual-fluid spray development,
122–126
particle removal techniques, overview of,
115–116
particles and adhesion forces,
108
E
Electropolishing,
36,
36f
Environmental Protection Agency,
140–141
Equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN),
69,
73,
81
F
Fracturing gels from shale, microemulsion cleaning of,
99
Frescoes, microemulsion cleaning of,
97–98
Froth flotation, microemulsion,
94
Fuel desulfurization, ionic liquids applications in,
42
G
Gas wells, near-wellbore cleaning in,
88–93
CH completion wells, formation damage removal in,
92–93
OH completion wells, oil-based fluid filter cake removal in,
89–92
Groundwater, microemulsion cleaning of,
94–96
H
Hazardous materials decontamination, cleaning for,
37–38
Historical art objects/structures, cleaning of,
155
Household applications, cleaning for,
156
Hydrocarbon(s)
production, ionic liquids applications in,
40–41
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ,
3t,
139–140
Hydrogen sulfide generation,
152–153
Hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD),
70
I
Institutional applications, cleaning for,
156
cosurfactants effect on,
71,
72f
of microemulsion systems,
75,
75f
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS),
107–108
front end surface preparation roadmap for critical particle size and number,
109t
Ionic liquids (ILs),
4–27
abbreviations and nomenclature of,
5–8
alkyl groups,
background of,
comparison with deep eutectic solvents,
28t
data compilations of,
24–26
electrical conductance of,
20–22
high-vacuum analytical applications of,
22–23
physical appearance of,
11f
thermal properties of,
14
thermodynamic properties, modeling and predictions of,
18–19
L
Large surfaces, cleanliness verification on,
163–182
future developments of,
179
standard reference objects,
173
Linkers
effect on microemulsion formulation,
71–73
M
Mercury bioremediation, microbial cleaning for,
153–154
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
154
Microbes, application of,
145
advantages and disadvantages of,
149–151
cleanliness levels of,
140
life cycle diagram of,
142f
substrates, types of,
146
Microbial contamination, cleaning of,
38
Microemulsions
cleaning applications of,
65–106
cleaners and evaluation techniques, design of,
81–82
crude oil reservoirs,
98–99
fracturing gels from shale,
99
future developments of,
100
oil and gas wells, near-wellbore cleaning in,
88–93
using nonaqueous solvents,
97
wastewater cleaning,
94,
95f
oil or solvent, type of,
73
interfacial tension,
75,
75f
N
droplet size and velocity distributions of,
127f
dual-fluid, threshold curves for particle removal and pattern damage generation with,
132–133,
132f
images of droplets from,
127f
PRE performance for removal of PSL spheres,
133f
damage threshold curve with droplets,
130,
130f
droplet size and velocity distributions of,
127f
dual-fluid, threshold curves for particle removal and pattern damage generation with,
132–133,
132f
images of droplets from,
127f
PRE performance for removal of PSL spheres,
133f
Near-wellbore cleaning in oil and gas wells,
88–93
CH completion wells, formation damage removal in,
92–93
OH completion wells, oil-based fluid filter cake removal in,
89–92
Nonaqueous solvents, microemulsion cleaning using,
97
Nonvolatile residue (NVR),
140
Nozzle
advanced spray development,
126–127,
127fSee also specific entries
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
82
O
OH completion wells, oil-based fluid filter cake removal in,
89–92
Oil-based drilling fluids to water-based fluid displacement, wellbore cleanup during,
85–88
Oil-contaminated sands, cleaning of,
37
Oilfields, sulfate-reducing bacteria in,
152–153
Oil removal, microbial cleaning for,
151–152
Oil wells, near-wellbore cleaning in,
88–93
CH completion wells, formation damage removal in,
92–93
OH completion wells, oil-based fluid filter cake removal in,
89–92
Organic solvents, characteristics of,
10t
Other ozone-depleting solvents (ODCs),
P
relationship with droplet energy density,
131,
131f
for silicon nitride particles removal,
123f
Particulate matter, cleaning of,
37
cleaning of parts in wash basin,
147f
sink before and after cleaning,
147f
Phase Doppler Particle Analysis technique,
124
Physical particle removal methods,
115–116
Physicochemical cleaning effect,
122–123
Precision cleanliness level,
140
Prism imaging method,
176f
versus 2D SRO, performance comparison between,
177t
Protein-enhanced surfactants,
152
Q
Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs),
24
R
Ring tensiometry technique,
167
Roll brush scrubbing,
122
S
Salinity effect, on microemulsion formulation,
70–71
Semiconductor cleaning,
32–33
Severe acute respiratory syndrome,
154
Side-on contact angle methods,
168–170
using mirror or prism,
169f
Single-wafer processing tools,
116
Small-angle neutron scattering,
82
droplet size distribution and nitrogen flow effect on droplet size for,
125f
Solubilization of microemulsions,
74
Solutions, microbial cleaning,
145
Solvent-based cleaning
cost comparison with microbial cleaning,
149t
Spray development
Standard reference objects (SROs),
164,
173
for reflected-angle contact angle methods,
173
Substrates, types of,
146
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB),
142
Supercritical gases, cleaning with,
36–37
Surface cleanliness
monitoring, microbial cleaning for,
153
Surface contaminants removal using ionic liquids,
1–64
consumer product applications,
42
electropolishing,
36,
36f
hazardous materials, decontamination of,
37–38
hydrocarbon production,
40–41
microbial contamination,
38
oil-contaminated sands,
37
semiconductor cleaning,
32–33
supercritical gases,
36–37
Surfactant(s)
selection, for microemulsion formulation,
70
Surfactant affinity difference (SAD),
69–70
Surgical instruments, cleaning of,
155
T
Temperature effect, on microemulsion formulation,
74
ring tensiometry technique,
167
Textiles, microemulsion cleaning of,
96–97
Top–down contact angle method, digitized,
170–172,
171f
Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA),
141
Trichloroethane,
Truck fueling bay, before and after microbial cleaning,
152f
images comparison using prism and mirror,
176f
vs. prism imaging method, performance comparison between,
177t
U
U.S. Department of Health, Public Health Service,
141
V
W
Wastewater, microemulsion cleaning of,
94,
95f
Wellbore cleaning
near-wellbore cleaning, in oil and gas wells,
88–93
CH completion wells, formation damage removal in,
92–93
OH completion wells, oil-based fluid filter cake removal in,
89–92
during oil-based drilling fluids to water-based fluid displacement,
85–88
Wettability, of microemulsions,
76–77
Wound debridement, microbial cleaning for,
154
X
Z
of aqueous SDS solutions on an aluminum surface,
165f