* Although I am the author of this chapter, as will become clear this research was very much a team endeavor. It began with the work of Sumantra Ghoshal and I, and the cases I refer to are all co-written by both of us. Next, Janine Nahapiet worked with me on the development of the early cooperative model and the general theory building. She was joined by Andreas Voigt, who remained a close colleague on this project for the next eight years and, in fact, managed the research supported by the Singapore Ministry of Manpower.