INDEX
age
of managers, and knowledge resources, 159
of workers, and job mobility, 94–95
Age of Discontinuity, The (Drucker), 27n, 30n, 34n, 38n
agricultural colleges, 174
agriculture
impact of technology on, 78, 79–80, 173–174, 177
increased productivity in, 79, 160
revolution in, 167, 173–174, 177
alternative courses of action, and entrepreneurial decisions, 128–129
appraisals, performance, 19–20
architects, and building of Gothic
Aristophanes, 46
Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne), 81
art, level of communication in, 13–14
aspirations
communication and, 11, 16, 18–19, 20
management and, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37
aspirin synthesis, 57
assembly line, 44
assumptions in entrepreneurial decisions, 128
Bacon, Roger, 169
Baeyer, Adolf von, 57
Bank of England, 31
beliefs
management and, 28, 29, 32, 36, 38–39
Technological Revolution and, 177
Bell, Alexander Graham, 60
Bell Telephone System, 58, 144
Benedict, St., 41
Bergakademie, Freiberg, Saxony, 174–175
Berliner, Emile, 55
Bernard, Claude, 176
Boehm-Bawerk’s Law, 123
Bradley, Albert, 157
Brandeis, Louis, 31
Brave New World (Huxley), 84
Broussais, François-Joseph-Victor, 170n
Bruner, Jerome, 6
budgeting process, and survival objectives of business enterprises, 152–154
Burlingame, Roger, 179
Burnham, James, 31
business
as an institution of world economy, 36–37
as a system, 182
professional education for, 139
survival functions of, 145–150
survival objectives of, 144–145
business behavior, need for theory of, 140–144
business management
as a prototype for nonbusiness institutions, 31–32
social responsibilities of, 25–26
businessmen
concept of decision making in
long-range planning held by, 126
need for theory of business behaviour and, 143–144
California Institute of Technology, 54
capital market, and conglomerates, 89–90
capital resource, knowledge as, 75, 156–157
Carothers, W. H., 58
cathedrals, building of, 47–48
change, and business enterprises, 147–148, 186
Chaplin, Charlie, 84
China
ancient, 81, 108, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117
Chomsky, A. N., 1
Churchill, Winston, 2
cities
irrigation civilizations and establishment of, 109–112
technology and move to, 78, 83–84
clarity, in communications, 15
class structure, in irrigation cities, 110–111, 117
class war, 28
Clausewitz, Karl von, 77
Code of Hammurabi, 110
college training, and technological
Commons, John R., 31
communications
aspirations, values, and motivation of recipient and, 11, 16, 18–19, 20
demands on recipient in, 11
four fundamentals of, 4
increase in number of books on, 2
information different from and interdependent on, 4, 11–13
information explosion and, 3
interest in early twentieth century in, 1, 2
knowledge on theory and practice of, 3–4
meaning of, 1
World War I and failure of, 1–2
computers
communications in organizations and, 17–18
future economic impact of, 156
information availability and, 163–164
managers’ use of, 98–99, 164–166
managing processes involving, 163–164
technology of information and, 160–161
time-sharing systems in, 161
concept formation, and communication, 6–7
Concept of the Corporation (Drucker), 31
configuration, in communication, 5–6
Confucius, 116
conglomerates, and role of managers, 88–90
Corning Glass, 90
Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas, 175–176
cost-effectiveness, 32
crafts and craftsmen
building of Gothic cathedrals and, 48
organization of work and, 46
Technological Revolution and, 168, 173, 178
technological work and, 53, 54–55
cultural referents, in communication, 5
culture
impact of technology on, 71–72
study of technology and, 49
Darwin, Charles, 40
data. See information data bases, 3
data handling, and computers, 99–100
data revolution, 3
decision making in long-range planning
alternative courses of action and, 128–129
businessman’s concept of, 126
characteristics of risk and, 134–135
decision structure in, 129, 132–134
managerial knowledge in, 136–137
new-knowledge content needed in, 130
operating budgeting process and, 153–154
results of, 130
risk elimination attempts and, 123
speed and risk of innovation and, 125
time span in, 124–125, 130–132
decision structure, in long-range planning, 129, 132–134
development, as a result of management, 37–38
Diderot, Denis, 174
Divina Commedia (Dante), 13–14
Doering, Otto, 65
downward communication, in organizations, 15, 18
DuPont laboratory, 58
Dynamic Administration (Follett), 7–8
École Polytechnique, Paris, 53–54, 175
economic development
as a result of management, 37–38
technological change and, 78, 83
economy
management as an institution of, 36–37
primary task of management and, 26–27
survival objectives of business enterprises and, 146–147
Edison, Thomas, 55, 60, 124–125
electric light bulb research of, 62–63, 64
Menlo Park laboratory of, 57
education
technological work and level of, 53–55
efficiencies, measures of, 91
electric light bulb, invention of, 62–63, 64, 71, 101
emancipation of women, and technology, 73
Encyclopédie (Diderot), 174
energy, systems approach to, 67
entrepreneurship
risk and decision making in, 123–124
role of management and, 26–27, 33–34
expectations
of entrepreneurial decisions and, 128
experience of recipient, and communication, 6
eyeglasses, invention of, 169
fatigue studies, 44
Forbes, R. J., 113
Franklin, Benjamin, 172
free-form organizations, structure of, 104–105
Friedmann, Georges, 45n
Future of Industrial Man, The (Drucker), 31
Galen, 169
General Electric Company, 135, 181
General Electric Research Laboratory, 57–58, 63
General Motors, 157
General Motors Research Corporation, 55
general semantics, 1
genetics, 4
Gestalt psychology, 66
gesture, in communication, 5
Gothic Cathedral, The (Simson), 47n
Gothic cathedrals, building of, 47–48
government, in irrigation cities, 109–110, 115–116
Great Depression, 84
Greece, ancient, 109, 113, 116
Guest, Robert H., 45n
Hall, Edward T., 5
Hamilton, S. B., 41n
Hammurabi, Code of, 110
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 60
Herodotus, 178
Hertz, Heinrich, 60
Hesiod, 46
high-technology companies, organization of, 104
Hippocrates, 168
history, and study of technology, 47–50, 112–113
History of Technology (Singer), 41, 47, 48
Hitler, Adolf, 70
Hobbes, Thomas, 102
Homer, 46
Human Dialogue, The (Matson and Montagu), 2
Human Problems of an Industrial
Civilization, The (Mayo), 15, 45n
Human Relations School, 6, 15–16, 28–29
human resources administration, and managers, 86–87
Huxley, Aldous, 84
imperialism, and spread of technology, 70
individual, appearance of, in irrigation civilizations, 111–112, 116
industrial relations, and managers, 105–107
industrial research laboratories. See research laboratories
Industrial Revolution, 70, 173, 174
Industrial Society (Friedmann), 45n
industrialization, and impact of technology, 70, 78
information
communication different from and interdependent on, 4, 11–13
communication gap and amount of, 16–18
computers and availability of, 163–164
decision making in long-range planning and, 126–127
energy for mental tasks and, 160–161
interest in early twentieth century in, 1
specificity of, 12
information revolution, 24
information theory, 3
innovation
decision making in long-range planning and, 125
irrigation civilizations and, 109
managers’ changing job and, 101–102
research laboratory and, 53, 58, 59
role of management and, 26–27, 33–34
survival objectives of business
enterprises and, 150
systems approach to technological work and, 66, 68
institutions
irrigation civilizations and establishment of, 109–112, 114–115, 117
technology and remaking of, 72–79
inventors and invention
technological work and, 55–56, 57, 59, 62, 68
involvement, and communication, 4, 9–11, 16
irrigation civilizations, 108–119
lessons about technology learned from, 114–118
social and political innovation in, 109–112
technology and first revolution in, 108–109
Iwasaki, Mineko, 29
Japan, 20, 28, 29, 36, 37, 70, 94, 176–177
Jay, Anthony, 31n
job performance appraisals, 19–20
job performance measures, 92–94
jobs, impact of computers on, 97–100
Josephson, Matthew, 62
Journey to the Center of the Earth (Verne), 71
Kaiser Wilhelm Society, 57
Kennedy, John F., 78
Kettering, Charles Franklin, 55
knowledge
decision making in long-range planning and, 130, 136–137
irrigation cities and use of, 111
managerial experience and use of new
as productive resource, 75, 156–157, 168
technological revolution and change in meaning and nature of, 176–177
knowledge workers, 34–35, 75–76, 105–106, 168
Koch, Robert, 176
Korzybski, Alfred, 1
laboratories. See research laboratories
Labour party, 31
Land, Edwin H., 56
Landmarks of Tomorrow, The (Drucker), 125n, 126n
learning theory, 4
Liebig, Justus von, 55, 59–60, 174, 175
listening, in communication, 15–16, 18
Lister, Joseph, 176
Locke, John, 102
Lockwood, William, 177n
alternative courses of action and, 128–129
businessman’s concept of the basis of decisions and, 126
characteristics of risk and, 134–135
complexity both of the business enterprise and of the economy and society and, 125–126
decision structure in, 129, 132–134
elements of entrepreneurial decisions in, 128–130
impact stage of decisions in, 129–130
information in decision making and, 126–127
Management Science and, 138
managerial knowledge in, 136–137
new-knowledge content needed in, 130
results of decisions in, 130
risk elimination attempts and, 123
speed and risk of innovation and, 125
time span of decisions in, 124–125, 130–132
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 31
Malthus, Thomas, 176
management
as a generic and central social function, 30–31, 103
as an institution of world economy, 36–37
as a science or a discipline, 28–29
business within society and, 24–25
economic and social development as a result of, 37–38
entrepreneurial innovation as focus of, 33–34
entrepreneurship and innovation outside of, 26–27
knowledge productivity and, 34–35
new role of manager and, 38–39
nonbusiness institutions and, 31–32
old assumptions underlying, 23, 24–30
productivity and management of manual work as focus of, 27–28
quality of life and, 32–33, 39
Scientific Management principles and, 27–28
social responsibilities of, 25–26
Management and Machiavelli (Jay), 31n
management communications, 4
art of management and, 180–181
basic assumptions and postulates to be established in, 185–186
business enterprise as a system and, 182
emphasis on techniques rather than principles in, 182–184
existing tools of specific technical functions in, 181
first need of, 187
focus on managing an enterprise in, 181–182
scientific method and, 184–185
seriousness of subject matter of, 187–188
Managerial Revolution (Burnham), 31
managers
changing nature of job of, 100–103
changing structure of organizations and, 103–105
clarity in communications from, 15
computer usage by, 98–99, 164–166
downward communication by, 15, 18
human resources administration and, 86–87
industrial relations and, 105–107
knowledge resources and, 158–160, 166
listening in communication by, 15–16, 18
long-term planning and decisions by, 126, 136–137
multiple measures used by, 91–92
productivity and, 86
public function of, 87
range of jobs performed by, 86–87
small business success and, 96–97
Man on the Assembly Line, The (Walker and Guest), 45n
manual work
as focus of management, 27–28, 30
technology and changes in, 73–76
Marconi, Guglielmo, 60
Marx, Karl, 31
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 181
mass production, 28, 65–66, 74
materials-handling equipment, 47, 48
mathematical linguistics, 1
Matson, Floyd W., 2
Max Planck Society, 57
McKinsey & Company, 31
McNamara, Robert, 32
meaning of communication, 1
measurements
long-range planning with, 135–136
management science and, 185
survival objectives of business enterprises with, 150–151
mechanical arts, and technology, 41, 167, 173, 174–175, 176, 177
Medawar, P. B., 42n
medicine
scientific knowledge and practice of, 169–170
technological revolution and, 175–176, 177
Meiji Japan, 37
memory, and word retention, 9–10
Menlo Park laboratory, New Jersey, 57
military
impact of technology on warfare and, 77
in irrigation civilizations, 116
Mitsui Takatoshi, 29
Modern Times (film), 84
Mond, Ludwig, 53
Montagu, Ashley, 2
Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, 175
Morse, Samuel, 53
motivation
communication and, 11, 18–19, 22
productivity of knowledge and, 158
multinational corporations, 37
Napoleon, 77
nationalism, 83
Near East, ancient civilizations in, 115–116, 117
Needham, Joseph, 113
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 78
New Society, The (Drucker), 31, 33
Newton, Isaac, 129, 169n, 171–172
objectives of business enterprises
background and description of, 144–145
budgeting process and, 152–154
clear concepts and usable measurements developed in, 150–151
selection and balance between objectives in, 151–152
survival functions and, 145–150
work to be done to develop, 150–152
objectives of entrepreneurial decisions, 128
operating budget, and survival objectives of business enterprises, 152–154
operational research, 180, 181, 183–184
organizational communication, 4, 14–21
aspirations, values, and motivation of recipient and, 16, 18–19
conclusions of subordinate presented to superior in, 18–19
downward and upward direction in, 15, 18
encouraging communication by recipients in, 20–22
information explosion and communication gap in, 16–18
paternalism in, 22
perception and, 21
performance appraisals and, 19–20
organizational structure, and survival objectives of business enterprises, 145–146
organizations
changing structure of, 103–105
multiple measures used in, 91–92
need for theory of business behaviour in, 142
performance measures in, 92–94
Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (Wittvogel), 110n
Osborn, Fairfield, 113
Pasteur, Louis, 176
paternalism, in organizational communication, 22
Pathological Anatomy (Morgagni), 175
perception and communications, 4, 5–8
capability of perceiving in, 6, 7–8
configuration of gestures, tone of voice, and cultural and social referents in, 5–6
experience of recipient and, 6
information in communication and, 13
organizational communication and, 21
range of perception in, 7
recipient as necessary to communication, 5
performance, and survival objectives of business enterprises, 145, 151
Phaedrus (Plato), 6
Piaget, Jean, 6
Plato, 6
political innovation, in irrigation civilizations, 109–112, 114–115, 117
pretechnological civilization of 1900, 69–85
Principia Mathematica (Russell and Whitehead), 1
production
knowledge and, 75
productivity
knowledge application and, 75, 156–157, 168
managers and, 86
multiple measures for, 91
technological change and, 74–76, 78, 83
professional education for business, 139
professionalization of technological work, 53–55
profitability
business management and, 32
multiple measures of, 91
need for education about business behaviour and, 140–141
survival objectives of business enterprises and, 148–150
propaganda, and communications, 10–11
psychology, and T-group theory, 3
psychotherapy, T-groups in, 3
purpose of business, and survival objectives of business enterprises, 147
purposes of recipient, and communication, 11
quality of life, and role of management, 32–33, 39
research
as focus of industrial laboratories, 57–59
research laboratories
both specialist and generalist research done at, 58
Edison and, 56
institutionalization of technological work in, 53, 56–60
in nineteenth century, 56
Steinmetz at General Electric as model for, 57–58
team effort of specialists in, 56
research method, in technological work, 62–63
resource, knowledge as, 75, 156–157
retention rate, in memory, 9–10
risk
long-range planning and, 123, 134–135
management science on, 186–187
Romantic movement, 172
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 102
School of Alexandria, 168
science
in ancient civilizations, 117
impact of technology on, 168
medical practice and knowledge gained in, 169–170
technological revolution and, 167–168, 170–171, 177
Scientific Management, 27–28, 31, 35, 43–44, 74–75
scientific method, and management science, 184–185
semantics, 1
Semmelweis, Ignaz, 176
sensitivity training, 3
Shibusawa Eiichi, 29
Siemens, Werner von, 53, 55, 60, 64
Sigrist, Henry E., 170n
Silent Language, The (Hall), 5
silent language, in communication, 5–6
Simson, O. G. von, 47n Singer, Charles, 41, 48
skilled workers
as focus of management, 27–28, 30
building of Gothic cathedrals and, 48
Skinner, B. F., 6
small business, success of, 96–97
Smith, Cyril Stanley, 113
social classes, in irrigation cities, 110–111, 117
social development, as a result of management, 37–38
social organization of work, 46
Social Problems of an Industrial
Civilization, The (Mayo), 15, 45n
social institutions
irrigation civilizations and establishment of, 109–112, 114–115, 117
science and, 168
technology and remaking of, 72–79
social referents, in communication, 5
social responsibilities of management, 25–26
social theory, 25
society
access to education and changes in, 77
impact of technology on, 71–72
survival objectives of business enterprises and, 146–147
South Sea Bubble of 1720, 171, 173
space exploration, 61, 68, 72, 82
specialization
long-range planning and, 125
technological work and, 53, 55–56
spinning wheel, 46
Sprague, Frank J., 57
Stalin, Joseph, 29
survival objectives of business enterprises
background and description of, 144–145
budgeting process and, 152–154
survival functions and, 145–150
work to be done to develop, 150–152
Swieten, Gerhard van, 175
Swift, Jonathan, 171
symbolic logic, 12
system
business enterprise as, 182
technology as, 50
systems approach
technological work and, 50, 52, 65–67
Tagore, Rabindranath, 70
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 27–28, 31, 35, 43–44, 74–75
technical universities, 53–54, 174
technological revolution, 167–179
scientific progress and, 167–168, 177
technological work
as a craft, 53
changes in methods and, 52, 59–65
education and training for, 53–55, 76
institutionalization of work in the research laboratory and, 53, 56–60
inventors and invention and, 55–56, 57, 62, 64–65, 68
relationship between science and, 59–61
structural changes in, 52, 53–59
systems approach to, 50, 52, 65–67
technology
at beginning of twentieth century, 70–71
at center of human perception and experience, 69
change in views of, 72, 172–173
emancipation of women and, 73
historical study of, 47–50, 112–113
human engineering and changes to, 44–45
impact on society and culture of, 71–72
irrigation civilizations and, 109
man-made environment and, 79–80
medical practice and knowledge gained in, 170
organization of work and, 45–47, 73–76
purpose of, 42
science and impact of, 168, 170–171
Scientific Management and changes to, 43–44
social institutions remade by, 72–79
twentieth-century trends in, 52–68
warfare and, 77
worldwide changes from, 77–79, 81–82
telephone, invention of, 55, 60, 71, 73, 101
T-groups, 3
Thaer, Albrecht, 174
Thomson, H. G., 47
Time Machine, The (Wells), 71
time scale, of operating budgeting decisions, 154
time-sharing computer systems, 161
time span of decisions, in long-range planning, 124–125, 130–132
tone of voice, in communication, 5
tools
human impact of technology and, 85
organization of work and, 45–47
Scientific Management and changes to, 43–44
technology defined as the making of, 40–41
training, and technological work, 53–55, 76
travel, impact of technology on, 81–82
Tull, Jethro, 174
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Verne), 71
typewriter, and emancipation of women, 73
underdeveloped countries, management and development of, 37–38
university training, and technological work, 53–55, 76
unskilled workers
as focus of management, 27–28, 30
building of Gothic cathedrals and, 48
technological change and status of, 74–75
upward communication, in organizations, 15, 18
urbanization, impact of technology on, 79–80, 83–84
Vail, Theodore, 144
values
communication and, 11, 16, 18–19, 20
management and, 28, 29, 32, 36, 38–39
van Swieten, Gerhard, 175
variable expenses, and budgeting process, 153
Virgil, 46
Walker, Charles R., 45n
Wallace, Alfred Russell, 40, 41–42
warfare, impact of technology on, 77
Watt, James, 59, 168, 173, 174
Wells, H. G., 71
Westinghouse, George, 55
Whitehead, Alfred North, 1, 12
Wiener, Norbert, 1
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1
Wittvogel, Karl A., 110n Woehler, Friedrich, 175
women’s emancipation, and
technology, 73
work
as focus of management, 27–28, 30
knowledge application in, 157–158
Scientific Management and, 43–44, 74
technology’s impact on, 72, 73–76
tools and techniques and influence on, 40–51
urbanization related to changes in, 80
world economy, management as an institution of, 36–37
Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 54
Young, Arthur, 174