1.  Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind, LIX (236): 433–460, October 1950, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.

2.  Alison Gopnik, “The Ultimate Learning Machines,” Wall Street Journal, October 11, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-ultimate-learning-machines-11570806023.

3.  Brenden M. Lake, Tomer D. Ullman, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Samuel J. Gershman, “Building Machines That Learn and Think Like People,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 40, 2017, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/building-machines-that-learn-and-think-like-people/A9535B1D745A0377E16C590E14B94993.

4.  Paul R. Daugherty and H. James Wilson, Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2018).

5.  Alison DeNisco Rayome, “Why Companies Plan to Double AI Projects in the Next Year,” TechRepublic, July 15, 2019, https://tek.io/2Y3heCK.

6.  Bhaskar Ghosh, Adam Burden, and James Wilson, “Full Value. Full Stop. How to Scale Innovation and Achieve Full Value with Future Systems,” Accenture, 2019, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/future-systems/future-ready-enterprise-systems.

7.  Karen Hao, “We Analyzed 16,625 Papers to Figure Out Where AI Is Headed Next,” MIT Technology Review, January 25, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/01/25/1436/we-analyzed-16625-papers-to-figure-out-where-ai-is-headed-next/.

8.  Tristan Greene, “AI Fails to Recognize These Nature Images 98% of the Time,” TNW, July 18, 2019, https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2019/07/18/ai-fails-to-recognize-these-nature-images-98-of-the-time/.

9.  Carlos Zednick, “Solving the Black Box Problem: A Normative Framework for Explainable Artificial Intelligence,” arXiv, 2020, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1903/1903.04361.pdf.

10.  Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust (New York: Pantheon Books, 2019), 69.

11.  Marcus and Davis, Rebooting AI, 162.

12.  Brian Bergstein, “What AI Still Can’t Do,” MIT Technology Review, February 19, 2020, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615189/what-ai-still-cant-do/.

13.  Brenden M. Lake, Tomer D. Ullman, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Samuel J. Gershman, “Building Machines That Learn and Think Like People,” arXiv, April 1, 2016, https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00289.

14.  “Covariant Launches from Stealth to Bring Universal AI to Robots,” Covariant, January 29, 2020, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/covariant-launches-from-stealth-to-bring-universal-ai-to-robots-300995185.html.

15.  Karen Hao, “AI-Powered Robot Warehouse Pickers Are Now Ready to Go to Work,” MIT Technology Review, January 29, 2020, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615109/ai-powered-robot-warehouse-pickers-are-now-ready-to-go-to-work/.

16.  Evan Ackerman, “Covariant Uses Simple Robot and Gigantic Neural Net to Automate Warehouse Picking,” IEEE Spectrum, January 29, 2020, https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/industrial-robots/covariant-ai-gigantic-neural-network-to-automate-warehouse-picking.

17.  Daniela Hernandez and Parmy Olson, “Smarter Delivery Hinges on Smarter Robots,” Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/smarter-delivery-hinges-on-smarter-robots-11580288408.

18.  Hernandez and Olson, “Smarter Delivery Hinges on Smarter Robots.”

19.  Jared Council, “At Zappos, Algorithms Teach Themselves,” Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/at-zappos-algorithms-teach-themselves-11562578200.

20.  Hilary Milnes, “How Zappos Used AI to Rebuild its Search Engine,” Modern Retail, August 2, 2019, https://www.modernretail.co/retailers/how-zappos-used-ai-to-rebuild-its-search-engine/.

21.  Cade Metz, “Machine Learning Invades the Real World on Internet Balloons,” Wired, February 17, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/02/machine-learning-drifting-real-world-internet-balloons/.

22.  Tony Quested, “Great Decision as Secondmind Blooms from PROWLER.io,” BusinessWeekly, September 29, 2020, https://www.businessweekly.co.uk/news/hi-tech/great-decision-secondmind-blooms-prowlerio.

23.  Cade Metz, “AI Is about to Learn More Like Humans—with a Little Uncertainty,” Wired, February 3, 2017, https://www.wired.com/2017/02/ai-learn-like-humans-little-uncertainty/.

24.  Rahul K. Das et al., “Bayesian Machine Learning on CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance) and PEAK Data Identifies Heterogeneous Landscape of Clinical Predictors of Overall Survival (OS) in Different Populations of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC),” GNS Healthcare, July 4, 2019, https://info.gnshealthcare.com/hubfs/Publications_2019/ESMO_GI_Final_Poster_Printed_PD_20.pdf.

25.  “GNS Healthcare Chosen to Present Discovery of New Clinical Predictors of Overall Survival in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer at ESMO 2019 in Collaboration with the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology,” GNS Healthcare, July 2, 2019, https://www.gnshealthcare.com/discovery-of-new-clinical-predictors-of-overall-survival/.

26.  Maryam Mohsin, “10 YouTube Stats Every Marketer Should Know in 2021,” Oberlo, January 25, 2021, https://www.oberlo.com/blog/youtube-statistics.

27.  Ji Lin, Chuang Gan, and Song Han, “TSM: Temporal Shift Module for Efficient Video Understanding,” arXiv, August 22, 2019, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.08383.pdf.

28.  Karen Hao, “Powerful Computer Vision Algorithms Are Now Small Enough to Run on Your Phone,” MIT Technology Review, October 11, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614551/ai-computer-vision-algorithms-on-your-phone-mit-ibm/.

29.  Chelsea Gohd, “It’s Really Hard to Give AI ‘Common Sense,’ ” Futurism, March 11, 2018, https://futurism.com/teaching-ai-common-sense.

30.  H. James Wilson, Paul R. Daugherty, and Chase Davenport, “The Future of AI Will Be about Less Data, Not More,” Harvard Business Review, January 14, 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/01/the-future-of-ai-will-be-about-less-data-not-more. https://hbr.org/2019/01/the-future-of-ai-will-be-about-less-data-not-more.

31.  Gary Marcus, “AI’s Hardest Problem? Developing Common Sense,” LinkedIn, October 4, 2019, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/ais-hardest-problem-developing-common-sense-gary-marcus/.

32.  “Distracted Driving,” National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, n.d., https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/distracted-driving.

33.  “Drowsy Driving: Asleep at the Wheel,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 7, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/features/dsdrowsydriving/index.html.

34.  “Road Rage Statistics Filled with Surprising Facts,” https://drivingschool.net/road-rage-statistics-filled-surprising-facts/.

35.  Elizabeth Bramson-Boudreaum, “When Our Devices Can Read Our Emotions: Affectiva’s Gabi Zijderveld,” MIT Technology Review, Feb 28, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/02/28/136839/when-our-devices-can-read-our-emotions-affectivas-gabi-zijderveld/.

36.  Bramson-Boudreaum, “When Our Devices Can Read Our Emotions.”

37.  Rana el Kaliouby, “Emotionally Aware Technology Could Help Us Beat Zoom Fatigue,” Fast Company, June 15, 2020, https://www.fastcompany.com/90515714/emotionally-aware-technology-could-help-us-beat-zoom-fatigue.

38.  el Kaliouby, “Emotionally Aware Technology Could Help Us Beat Zoom Fatigue.”

39.  Neil C. Rabinowitz, Frank Perbet, H. Francis Song, Chiyuan Zhang, S. M. Ali Eslami, and Matthew Botvinick, “Machine Theory of Mind,” arXiv, March 12, 2018, https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07740.

40.  Matthew Hutson, “Artificial Intelligence Has Learned to Probe the Minds of Other Computers,” Science, July 27, 2018, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/07/computer-programs-can-learn-what-other-programs-are-thinking.

41.  Christian Blum, Alan F. T. Winfield, and Verena V. Hafner, “Simulation-Based Internal Models for Safer Robots,” Computational Intelligence in Robotics, January 11, 2018, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2017.00074/full.

42.  Shelly Fan, “Thinking Like a Human: What It Means to Give Al a Theory of Mind,” SingularityHub, September 19, 2018, https://singularityhub.com/2018/09/19/thinking-like-a-human-what-it-means-to-give-ai-a-theory-of-mind/.

1.  “IoT Growth Demands Rethink of Long-Term Storage Strategies, Says IDC,” IDC, July 27, 2020, https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prAP46737220.

2.  Stefan Seltz-Axmacher, “The End of Starsky Robotics,” Medium, March 19, 2020, https://medium.com/starsky-robotics-blog/the-end-of-starsky-robotics-acb8a6a8a5f5.

3.  Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust (New York: Pantheon Books, 2019), 56.

4.  “How Big Data Analysis Helped Increase Walmart’s Sales Turnover?” ProjectPro, July 4, 2021, https://www.dezyre.com/article/how-big-data-analysis-helped-increase-walmarts-sales-turnover/109.

5.  Jacquelyn Bulao, “How Much Data Is Created Every Day in 2021?” Techjury, May 18, 2021, https://techjury.net/blog/how-much-data-is-created-every-day/#gref.

6.  Alex Woodie, “Deep Learning Has Hit a Wall, Intel’s Rao Says,” Datanami, November 13, 2019, https://www.datanami.com/2019/11/13/deep-learning-has-hit-a-wall-intels-rao-says/.

7.  Dhruv Mahajan, Ross Girshick, Vignesh Ramanathan, Manohar Paluri, and Laurens Van Der Maaten, “Advancing State-of-the-Art Image Recognition with Deep Learning on Hashtags,” Facebook, May 2, 2018, https://ai.facebook.com/blog/advancing-state-of-the-art-image-recognition-with-deep-learning-on-hashtags/.

8.  Roy Schwartz, Jesse Dodge, Noah A. Smith, and Oren Etzioni, “Green AI,” arXiv, August 13, 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10597.

9.  Emma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum, “Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP,” arXiv, June 5, 2019, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613630/training-a-single-ai-model-can-emit-as-much-carbon-as-five-cars-in-their-lifetimes/.

10.  “COVID-19 Consumer Data Protection Act of 2020,” Congress.gov, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/3663.

11.  Bradley Arsenault, “Why Small Data Is the Future of AI,” Towards Data Science, August 7, 2018, https://towardsdatascience.com/why-small-data-is-the-future-of-ai-cb7d705b7f0a.

12.  Christopher Mims, “How AI Is Taking Over Our Gadgets,” Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-ai-is-taking-over-our-gadgets-11624680004?page=1.

13.  David J. Harris and Tom Croonenborghs, “Bayesian Product Ranking at Wayfair,” Wayfair, January 20, 2020, https://tech.wayfair.com/data-science/2020/01/bayesian-product-ranking-at-wayfair/.

14.  Swami Sivasubramanian, VP of AI and Machine Learning at AWS, AWS Machine Learning Summit, Opening Keynote, June 2, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRcA_2Xw2FU.

15.  “Amazon Rekognition Custom Labels,” AWS, https://aws.amazon.com/rekognition/custom-labels-features/; “Building Your Own Brand Detection and Visibility Using Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth and Amazon Rekognition Custom Labels—Part 1: End-to-End Solution,” AWS Machine Learning Blog, January 25, 2021, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/part-1-end-to-end-solution-building-your-own-brand-detection-and-visibility-using-amazon-sagemaker-ground-truth-and-amazon-rekognition-custom-labels/.

16.  Tom Simonite, “These Industrial Robots Get More Adept with Every Task,” Wired, March 10, 2020, https://www.wired.com/story/these-industrial-robots-adept-every-task/.

17.  “How Case Mason Deployed Vicarious Robots to Pack over 500,000 Sephora PLAY! Kits,” Vicarious x Case Mason case study, n.d., https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8180830/Case%20Studies/Vicarious%20x%20Case%20Mason%20Case%20Study.pdf.

18.  “Replace Pick-to-Light Systems with Smart Robots Powered by Neuroscience-Inspired AI,” Vicarious blog, March 2021, https://www.vicarious.com/posts/replace-pick-to-light-systems-with-smart-robots-powered-by-neuroscience-inspired-ai/.

19.  “Attacking Machine Learning with Adversarial Examples,” OpenAI, February 24, 2017, https://openai.com/blog/adversarial-example-research/.

20.  Tony Peng, “Vicarious.ai Is Teaching Robots to See the World Like Humans,” Synced Review, November 10, 2017, https://medium.com/syncedreview/rvicarious-ai-is-teaching-robots-to-see-the-world-like-humans-8f0464202e5.

21.  Simonite, “These Industrial Robots Get More Adept with Every Task.”

22.  Daniel P. Sawyer, Miguel Lazaro-Gredilla, and Dileep George, “A Model of Fast Concept Inference with Object-Factorized Cognitive Programs,” arXiv: 2002.04021, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.04021.pdf.

23.  D. George, W. Lehrach, K. Kansky, M. Lázaro-Gredilla, C. Laan, B. Marthi, X. Lou, Z. Meng, Y. Liu, H. Wang, et al., “A Generative Vision Model That Trains with High Data Efficiency and Breaks Text-Based CAPTCHAs,” Science, October 27, 2017, https://media.theobjective.com/2017/10/science.aag-CAPCHA.pdf; Ivan Y. Tyukin, Alexander N. Gorban, Muhammad H. Alkhudaydi, and Qinghua Zhou, “Demystification of Few-Shot and One-Shot Learning,” arXiv, May 29, 2021 https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.12174.pdf; Jun Shu, Zongben Xu, and Deyu Meng, “Small Sample Learning in Big Data Era,” arXiv, August 22, 2018, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1808.04572.pdf.

24.  Oriol Vinyals, Charles Blundell, Timothy Lillicrap, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Daan Wierstra, “Matching Networks for One Shot Learning,” arXiv, December 29, 2017, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.04080.pdf.

25.  Egor Zakharov, Aliaksandra Shysheya, Egor Burkov, and Victor Lempitsky, “Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Models,” arXiv, September 25, 2019, arXiv:1905.08233v2.

26.  Zakharov et al., “Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Models.”

27.  Egor Zakharov, Aliaksandra Shysheya, Egor Burkov, and Victor Lempitsky, “Personal Statement,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1b5aiTrGzY.

28.  Elizabeth Payne, “Ottawa Hospital Team Pioneers Virtual Reality to Treat Parkinson’s Patients,” Kingston Whig-Standard, March 19, 2019, https://www.thewhig.com/news/local-news/ottawa-hospital-team-pioneers-virtual-reality-to-treat-parkinsons-patients/wcm/24914de3-697f-4964-b106-db0877dc0730?fb_comment_id=2004219489677092_2174866382612401.

29.  Mandy Erickson, “Virtual Reality System Helps Surgeons, Reassures Patients,” (Stanford University Medical Center), Medical X Press, July 12, 2017, https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/07/virtual-reality-system-helps-surgeons-reassures-patients.html.

30.  Paul Daugherty, Bhaskar Ghosh, Annette Rippert, Ramnath Venkataraman, and H. James Wilson, “Make the Leap, Take the Lead: Tech Strategies for Innovation and Growth,” Accenture, April 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/technology/scaling-enterprise-digital-transformation.

1.  Jon Pareles, Caryn Ganz, and Giovanni Russonello, “The Playlist: Anderson .Paak’s Soulful Strut, and 12 More New Songs,” New York Times, March 15, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/arts/music/playlist-anderson-paak-sean-paul-j-balvin.html.

2.  Emily Mackay, “Holly Herndon: Making Music with Her AI Child Spawn,” BBC, May 11, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190511-holly-herndon-making-music-with-her-ai-child-spawn.

3.  Katie Hawthorne, “Holly Herndon: The Musician Who Birthed an AI Baby,” Guardian, May 2, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/02/holly-herndon-on-her-musical-baby-spawn-i-wanted-to-find-a-new-sound.

4.  Jared Newman, “ ‘Machine Teaching’ ” Is a Thing, and Microsoft Wants to Own It,” Fast Company, April 23, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90338498/machine-teaching-is-a-thing-and-microsoft-wants-to-own-it.

5.  Dina Bass, “Microsoft Wants to Teach Drones, Robots and Drills How to Think,” Bloomberg News, November 4, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-04/microsoft-wants-to-teach-drones-robots-and-drills-how-to-think.

6.  Jennifer Langston, “Machine Teaching: How People’s Expertise Makes AI Even More Powerful,” Microsoft, April 23, 2019, https://blogs.microsoft.com/ai/machine-teaching/.

7.  The examples that follow are drawn from Bass, “Microsoft Wants to Teach Drones, Robots and Drills How to Think.”

8.  Zachary Kew-Denniss, “Google’s Latest AI Experiment Wants You to Lip-Sync a Song to Help It Learn How We Speak,” Android Police, September 24, 2020, https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/09/24/googles-latest-ai-experiment-wants-you-to-lip-sync-a-song-to-help-it-learn-how-we-speak/.

9.  “Volkmar Sterzing and Steffen Udluft Rank among the First Inventors of Data-Efficient AI Applications in the World,” Siemens, n.d., https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:9e0034a9-229a-4e24-a1cf-e0eae8f23117/inventor-2017-sterzing-udluft-e.pdf.

10.  H. James Wilson and Paul R. Daugherty, “Small Data Can Play a Big Role in AI,” Harvard Business Review, February 17, 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/02/small-data-can-play-a-big-role-in-ai.

11.  Fred Morstatter, Aram Galstyan, Gleb Satyukov, Daniel Benjamin, Andres Abeliuk, Mehrnoosh Mirtaheri, KSM Tozammel Hossain, Pedro Szekely, Emilio Ferrara, Akira Matsui, et al., “SAGE: A Hybrid Geopolitical Event Forecasting System,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-19), 2019, pp. 6557–6559, https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/2019/0955.pdf.

12.  Philip E. Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).

13.  James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations (New York: Doubleday, May 2004).

14.  Gregg Willcox, Louis Rosenberg, and Hans Schumann, “Sales Forecasting, Polls vs Swarms,” Unanimous AI, 2019, https://11s1ty2quyfy2qbmao3bwxzc-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Sales-Forecasting-Polls-vs-Swarms-Future-Technology-Conference-2019.pdf.

15.  Megan Scudellari, “AI-Human ‘Hive Mind’ Diagnoses Pneumonia,” IEEE Spectrum, September 13, 2018, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/diagnostics/ai-human-hive-mind-diagnoses-pneumonia.

16.  Hans Schumann, Louis Rosenberg, Niccolo Pescetelli, and Gregg Willcox, “Human Swarms Amplify Accuracy in Financial Predictions,” Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON), IEEE Annual, New York, October 2017, https://11s1ty2quyfy2qbmao3bwxzc-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Forecasting-Financial-Markets-by-Swarm-IEEE-HCC-2019.pdf.

17.  Josh Penn-Pierson, “Zendesk,” Lilt, n.d., https://support.lilt.com/hc/en-us/articles/360053368573-Zendesk.

18.  Hao Jiang, Aakash Sabharwal, Adam Henderson, Diane Hu, and Liangjie Hong, “Understanding the Role of Style in E-commerce Shopping,” Association for Computing Machinery KDD (Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining) Conference, Anchorage, August 2019, https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3292500.3330760.

19.  Harry McCracken, “How Etsy Taught Style to an Algorithm,” Fast Company, July 11, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90374429/how-etsy-taught-style-to-an-algorithm. The description of how Etsy taught style to its system draws heavily on this article.

20.  McCracken, “How Etsy Taught Style to an Algorithm.”

21.  Alan Murray and David Meyer, Fortune CEO Daily newsletter, April 20, 2021, https://fortune.com/2021/04/20/etsy-ceo-josh-silverman-pandemic-was-our-dunkirk-moment-ceo-daily/.

22.  Murray and Meyer, Fortune CEO Daily newsletter.

23.  Jeffrey Dastin, “Gap Rushes in More Robots to Warehouses to Solve Virus Disruption,” Reuters, May 21, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-gap-automation-foc/gap-rushes-in-more-robots-to-warehouses-to-solve-virus-disruption-idUSKBN22X14Y.

24.  “Hybrid Intelligence Is the Future of Supply Chain Management,” April 12, 2019, https://www.borndigital.com/2019/04/12/hybrid-intelligence-is-the-future-of-supply-chain-management.

25.  “Surgical Tool Annotation for Workflow Analysis,” Quadrant and Siemens case study, n.d., https://cataracts.grand-challenge.org/home/.

1.  “L.L.Bean: Modernizing the IT Architecture at a 105-Year-Old Retailer, Google, n.d., https://cloud.google.com/customers/l-l-bean.

2.  Emma Sopadjieva, Utpal M. Dholakia, and Beth Benjamin, “A Study of 46,000 Shoppers Shows That Omnichannel Retailing Works,” Harvard Business Review, January 3, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/01/a-study-of-46000-shoppers-shows-that-omnichannel-retailing-works.

3.  Andre Israel, Brett Goode, Jason Mark, and Edwin Van der Ouderaa, “Digital Decoupling: A Maturing Concept in Digital Disruption,” Accenture, March 27, 2019, https://bankingblog.accenture.com/digital-decoupling-maturing-concept-digital-disruption.

4.  Bhaskar Ghosh, Adam Burden, and James Wilson, “Full Value. Full Stop. How to Scale Innovation and Achieve Full Value with Future Systems,” Accenture, 2019, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/future-systems/future-ready-enterprise-systems.

5.  Adam Burden, Edwin Van der Ouderaa, Ramnath Venkataraman, Tomas Nyström, and Prashant P. Shukla, “Technical Debt Might Be Hindering Your Digital Transformation,” Sloan Management Review, June 19, 2018, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/technical-debt-might-be-hindering-your-digital-transformation/.

6.  “Smiths Group Unites Data from Five Global Divisions and Hundreds of Apps with Azure Data Lake Storage,” Microsoft, March 10, 2020, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-GB/story/769823-smiths-group-manufacturing-azure.

7.  “Smiths Group Unites Data from Five Global Divisions and Hundreds of Apps with Azure Data Lake Storage.”

8.  Werner Vogels, “Modern Applications at AWS,” All Things Distributed Weblog, August 28, 2019, https://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2019/08/modern-applications-at-aws.html.

9.  Einas Haddad, “Service-Oriented Architecture: Scaling the Uber Engineering Codebase as We Grow,” Uber Engineering, September 8, 2015, https://eng.uber.com/service-oriented-architecture/.

10.  Haddad, “Service-Oriented Architecture: Scaling the Uber Engineering Codebase as We Grow.”

11.  Haddad, “Service-Oriented Architecture.”

12.  Adam Gluck, “Introducing Domain-Oriented Microservice Architecture,” Uber Engineering, July 23, 2020, https://eng.uber.com/microservice-architecture/.

13.  “Ever–ready for Every Opportunity,” Accenture, 2021, https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Thought-Leadership-Assets/PDF-5/Accenture-Unleashing-Competitiveness-on-the-Cloud-Continuum-Executive-Summary.pdf.

14.  Will Knight, “Meet the Chinese Finance Giant That’s Secretly an AI Company,” MIT Technology Review, June 16, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608103/ant-financial-chinas-giant-of-mobile-payments-is-rethinking-finance-with-ai/.

15.  Kevin McLaughlin, “After Strategy Reboot JPMorgan Going Deeper in the Cloud,” The Information, May 7, 2019, https://www.theinformation.com/articles/after-strategy-reboot-jpmorgan-going-deeper-in-cloud.

16.  Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova, “BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding,” arXiv, May 24, 2018, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04805.pdf.

17.  Will Douglas Heaven, “OpenAI’s New Language Generator GPT-3 Is Shockingly Good—and Completely Mindless,” MIT Technology Review, July 20, 2020, https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/07/20/1005454/openai-machine-learning-language-generator-gpt-3-nlp/.

18.  Steve Lohr, “The Internet Eats Up Less Energy Than You Might Think,” New York Times, June 24, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/24/technology/computer-energy-use-study.html.

19.  “AI Gives Ukrainian Internet Taxi Start-up Real Competitive Edge,” Microsoft, April 19, 2018, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-gb/story/uklon-transportation-powerbi-azure-machine-learning-ukraine.

20.  Van Baker, “Technology Insight for Cloud AI Developer Services,” October 1, 2019, Gartner, https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/3969932/technology-insight-for-cloud-ai-developer-services.

21.  “Edge Artificial Intelligence Chips Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Processor (CPU, GPU, ASIC), Device Type (Consumer, Enterprise Devices), Function (Training, Inference), by Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2020–2027,” Grand View Research, May 2020, https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/edge-artificial-intelligence-chips-market.

22.  “Geotechnical Company Generates Environmental Insights Faster and More Reliably with Edge Computing,” Microsoft, February 17, 2020, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-gb/story/772599-fugro-professional-services-azure-sql-database-edge.

23.  “Geotechnical Company Generates Environmental Insights Faster and More Reliably with Edge Computing.”

24.  “Geotechnical Company Generates Environmental Insights Faster and More Reliably with Edge Computing.”

25.  “Oil and Gas Experts Use Machine Learning to Deploy Predictive Analytics at the Edge,” Microsoft, September 25, 2017, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-gb/story/schneider-electric-process-mfg-resources-azure-machine-learning.

26.  “Oil and Gas Experts Use Machine Learning to Deploy Predictive Analytics at the Edge.”

27.  Omar Abbosh and Larry Downes, “5G’s Potential, and Why Businesses Should Start Preparing for It,” Harvard Business Review, March 5, 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/03/5gs-potential-and-why-businesses-should-start-preparing-for-it.

28.  Catherine Sbeglia, “Verizon to Offer 5G Network Edge Computing with AWS Wavelength,” RCRWirelessNews, December 4, 2019, https://www.rcrwireless.com/20191204/5g/verizon-5g-network-edge-computing-with-aws-wavelength.

29.  Brendan McMahan and Daniel Ramage, “Federated Learning: Collaborative Machine Learning without Centralized Training Data,” Google, April 6, 2017, https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/04/federated-learning-collaborative.html.

30.  Talha Burki, “Pharma Blockchains AI for Drug Development,” Lancet, June 15, 2019, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31401-1/fulltext.

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32.  Duska Anastasijevic, “Mayo Clinic Launches Its First Platform Initiative,” Mayo Clinic, January 14, 2020, https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-launches-its-first-platform-initiative/.

33.  Anastasijevic, “Mayo Clinic Launches Its First Platform Initiative.”

34.  Khari Johnson, “Nvidia Launches Clara Guardian to Power Smart Hospitals with Surveillance, Sensors, and Edge AI,” Venture Beat, May 14, 2020, https://venturebeat.com/2020/05/14/nvidia-launches-clara-guardian-to-power-smart-hospitals-with-surveillance-sensors-and-edge-ai/.

35.  “Nvidia Clara Guardian,” Nvidia, 2021, https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/clara/smart-hospitals/; Arya Goswami, “Ouva’s Hospital Intelligence Platform Uses NVIDIA Clara Guardian Framework to Monitor Patients in a Contact Free Environment,” MarkTechPost, September 17, 2020, https://www.marktechpost.com/2020/09/17/ouvas-hospital-intelligence-platform-uses-nvidia-clara-guardian-framework-to-monitor-patients-in-a-contact-free-environment/; “Diycam Brings AI to the Edge of Healthcare with NVIDIA Clara Guardian,” Times of India, May 27, 2020, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/diycam-bringsai-to-the-edge-of-healthcare-with-nvidia-clara-guardian/articleshow/76035783.cms.

36.  Johnson, “Nvidia Launches Clara Guardian to Power Smart Hospitals with Surveillance, Sensors, and Edge AI.”

37.  Ghosh et al., “Full Value. Full Stop.”

1.  “How Starbucks Is Using COVID-19 Crisis to Differentiate the Brand,” WARC, March 8, 2020, https://www.warc.com/newsandopinion/news/how-starbucks-is-using-covid-19-crisis-to-differentiate-the-brand/43929.

2.  Chris Walton, “3 Ways Starbucks Will Emerge from COVID-19 Stronger Than Before,” Forbes, April 3, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherwalton/2020/04/03/3-ways-starbucks-will-emerge-from-covid-19-stronger-than-before/?sh=60ac5f3d1844.

3.  James Vincent, “Welcome to the Automated Warehouse of the Future,” The Verge, May 8, 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/8/17331250/automated-warehouses-jobs-ocado-andover-amazon; “See Inside Ocado’s Warehouse Where Robots Pick Groceries,” BT, May 31, 2018, https://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/tech-news/see-the-ocado-robots-whizz-around-their-automated-supermarket-warehouse-11364269826882.

4.  Max Smolaks, “Robots and Software: How Ocado Is Creating New Business Models,” DCD, August 29, 2018, https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/robots-and-software-how-ocado-creating-new-business-models/.

5.  Michael Moore, “How Ocado and AWS Are Teaming Up to Keep Your Shopping Fresh,” ITProPortal, June 29, 2017, https://www.itproportal.com/features/how-ocado-and-aws-are-teaming-up-to-keep-your-shopping-fresh/.

6.  “The Art of the Pivot: How Enterprises Do It in the Cloud,” Amazon, 2019, https://pages.awscloud.com/rs/112-TZM-766/images/AWS_The_Art_of_the_Pivot_2019.pdf.

7.  Moore, “How Ocado and AWS Are Teaming Up to Keep Your Shopping Fresh.”

8.  “Our Strategy,” Ocado Group, https://www.ocadogroup.com/about-us/our-strategy#ip-anchor-4162.

9.  Simon Read, “Ocado Says Switch to Online Shopping Is Permanent,” BBC.com, July 14, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53402767.

10.  Vincent, “Welcome to the Automated Warehouse of the Future.”

11.  Elon Musk, “The Secret Tesla Motors Master Plan (Just between You and Me),” Tesla, August 2, 2006, https://www.tesla.com/es_ES/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me.

12.  Bernard Marr, “The Amazing Ways Tesla Is Using Artificial Intelligence and Big Data,” BernardMarr.com, Retrieved October 4, 2020, https://bernardmarr.com/the-amazing-ways-tesla-is-using-artificial-intelligence-and-big-data/.

13.  Nathan Furr and Jeff Dyer, “Lessons from Tesla’s Approach to Innovation,” Harvard Business Review, February 12, 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/02/lessons-from-teslas-approach-to-innovation.

14.  Ry Crist, “Samsung’s Bixby Will Soon ID the Foods in Your Family Hub Fridge,” CNET, January 10, 2019, https://www.cnet.com/news/samsungs-bixby-will-soon-id-the-foods-in-your-family-hub-fridge/.

15.  “DEWA Power Plants, Dubai,” Signify Holding, 2019, https://www.assets.signify.com/is/content/PhilipsLighting/Assets/signify/global/20191211-dewa-case-study.pdf.

16.  “Philips Lighting Underlines Leadership in Lighting for the Internet of Things with New IoT Platform,” Signify, March 19, 2018, https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-release-archive/2018/20180319-philips-lighting-underlines-leadership-in-lighting-for-the-internet-of-things-with-new-iot-platform.

17.  Shai Wininger, “Lemonade Launch Metrics Exposed,” Lemonade, November 22, 2016, https://www.lemonade.com/blog/lemonade-launch-metrics-exposed/.

18.  “Lemonade Shareholder Letter, Q2 2020,” https://s24.q4cdn.com/139015699/files/doc_downloads/2020/08/Shareholder-Letter-Q2-2020-(1).pdf.

19.  Daniel Schreiber, “Lemonade Sets New World Record,” Lemonade, January 5, 2017, https://stories.lemonade.com/lemonade-sets-new-world-record-706ef8674110.

20.  “Lemonade Shareholder Letter, Q2 2020.”

21.  Dan Ariely, “Social Impact in 100 Days: Transparency Chronicles Part 4, Insurance as a Social Good,” Lemonade, January 31, 2017, https://www.lemonade.com/blog/lemonade-social-impact-100-days/.

22.  Daniel Schreiber, “Precision Underwriting,” Lemonade, April 3, 2018, https://www.lemonade.com/blog/precision-underwriting/.

23.  José María Álvarez-Pallete, “The New Telefónica,” Telefónica, November 27, 2019, https://www.telefonica.com/ext/the-new-telefonica/letter-ceo-alvarez-pallete.pdf.

24.  Álvarez-Pallete, “The New Telefónica.”

25.  “ElevenPaths Has Achieved Amazon Web Services (AWS) Security Competency Status,” Telefónica, May 26, 2020, https://www.telefonica.com/en/web/press-office/-/elevenpaths-achieves-amazon-web-services-aws-security-competence-status.

26.  “Telefónica Tech Reinforces Its Cybersecurity Consulting Capabilities with the Acquisition of Govertis,” Telefónica, August 25, 2020, https://www.telefonica.com/en/web/press-office/-/telefonica-tech-reinforces-its-cybersecurity-consulting-capabilities-with-the-acquisition-of-govertis.

27.  “Telefónica Tech Fosters the Training of Cybersecurity Professionals with the Acquisition of iHackLabs,” Telefónica, September 7, 2020, https://www.telefonica.com/en/web/press-office/-/telefonica-tech-fosters-the-training-of-cybersecurity-professionals-with-the-acquisition-of-ihacklabs.

28.  “Telefónica Introduces Telefónica Tech Ventures, Its Investment Vehicle Specialized in Cybersecurity,” Telefónica, October 22, 2020, https://www.telefonica.com/en/web/press-office/-/telefonica-introduces-telefonica-tech-ventures-its-investment-vehicle-specialized-in-cybersecurity.

29.  Daisuke Tanaka, “Re-Energizing Small Molecule Drug Discovery by Centaur Chemist,” presentation at British Embassy, Tokyo, July 25, 2018, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/sites/ebi.ac.uk/files/groups/industry_office/industry-events/japan-2018-event/British%20Embassy%20conference_Japan_Daisuke%20Tanaka.pdf.

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34.  “Bühler LumoVision: Saving Lives and Improving Livelihoods with Revolutionary Data-Driven Grain Sorting Technology,” Milling and Grain, April 23, 2018, https://millingandgrain.com/entrada/buhler-lumovision--saving-lives-and-improving-livelihoods-with-revolutionary-data-driven-grain-sorting-technology-18263/.

35.  “LumoVision: Saving Lives and Improving Livelihoods with Revolutionary Data-Driven Maize Sorting Technology.”

36.  Sharon LaFraniere, Katie Thomas, Noah Weiland, David Gelles, Sheryl Gay Stolberg, and Denise Grady, “Politics, Science and the Remarkable Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine,” New York Times, November 21, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/21/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine.html?login=smartlock&auth=login-smartlock.

37.  LaFraniere et al., “Politics, Science and the Remarkable Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine.”

38.  Joe Palco, “Moderna’s COVID-19 Vaccine Shines in Clinical Trial,” NPR Morning Edition, November 16, 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial.

39.  “How Building a Digital Biotech Is Mission-Critical to Moderna,” Moderna, n.d., https://www.modernatx.com/sites/default/files/Moderna_Digital_WhitePaper_Final.pdf. The account that follows of Moderna’s operations is largely taken from this document.

1.  Bhaskar Ghosh, Adam Burden, and James Wilson, “Full Value. Full Stop.: How to Scale Innovation and Achieve Full Value with Future Systems,” Accenture, 2019, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/future-systems/future-ready-enterprise-systems.

2.  Frank Gens, Meredith Whalen, Deepak Mohan, Philip Carnelley, Larry Carvalho, Gary Chen, Ruthbea Yesner, Arnal Dayaratna, Frank Della Rosa, James Wester, et al., “IDC FutureScape: Worldwide IT Industry 2020 Predictions,” IDC, October 28, 1919, https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US45599219.

3.  Aaron Tan, “Getting Threat Intelligence Right,” TechTarget, May 30, 2017, https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Getting-threat-intelligence-right.

1.  Claudia Nemat, “Resilience: A Success Factor for Deutsche Telekom,” Deutsche Telekom, July 16, 2020, https://www.telekom.com/en/company/management-unplugged/details/resilience-a-success-factor-for-deutsche-telekom-604006.

2.  Julie Sweet and Ellyn Shook, “The Hidden Value of Culture Makers,” Accenture, 2020, https://www.accenture.com/ie-en/about/inclusion-diversity/_acnmedia/Thought-Leadership-Assets/PDF-3/Accenture-Getting-To-Equal-2020-Research-Report-IE.pdf.

3.  Authors’ correspondence with the company, October 2021.

4.  “Why LexisNexis Is ‘in Awe’ of Automation Hub and Task Capture,” UiPath, 2020, https://www.uipath.com/resources/automation-case-studies/lexisnexis-risk-solutions-rpa.

5.  Roberto Torres, “Low Code Helped Put Out COVID-19 Fires: How Can Leaders Sustain Momentum?” CIO Dive, June 18, 2020, https://www.ciodive.com/news/low-code-implementation-coronavirus-2020/580024/.

6.  Jeff Barr, “Introducing Amazon Honeycode—Build Web & Mobile Apps without Writing Code,” AWS, June 24, 2020, https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/introducing-amazon-honeycode-build-web-mobile-apps-without-writing-code/.

7.  Stephanie Condon, “Salesforce Rolls Out New Low-Code Features for Lightning App Builder,” ZDNet, May 7, 2020, https://www.zdnet.com/article/salesforce-rolls-out-new-low-code-features-for-lightning-app-builder/.

8.  “Add an App to Microsoft Teams, Microsoft Power Apps,” September 15, 2020, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powerapps/user/open-app-embedded-in-teams.

9.  John Moore, “RPA Journey: Schneider Electric’s Global Plan Taps Blue Prism, UiPath,” TechTarget, August 19, 2019, https://searchcio.techtarget.com/feature/RPA-journey-Schneider-Electrics-global-plan-taps-Blue-Prism-UiPath.

10.  “DevOps tech: Empowering Teams to Choose Tools,” Google Cloud, November 16, 2020, https://cloud.google.com/solutions/devops/devops-tech-teams-empowered-to-choose-tools.

11.  “Statistics,” National Girls Collaborative Project, 2021, https://ngcproject.org/statistics.

12.  Pierre Nanterme and Bruno Sanguinetti, “It’s Learning: Just Not as We Know It,” Accenture, n.d., https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/Thought-Leadership-Assets/PDF/Accenture-Education-and-Technology-Skills-Research.pdf.

13.  Paul R. Daugherty, H. James Wilson, and Rumman Chowdhury, “Using Artificial Intelligence to Promote Diversity,” Sloan Management Review, November 21, 2018, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/using-artificial-intelligence-to-promote-diversity/.

14.  Kimberly A. Houser, “Can AI Solve the Diversity Problem in the Tech Industry? Mitigating Noise and Bias in Employment Decision-Making,” Stanford Technology Law Review, Spring 2019, https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Houser_20190830_test.pdf.

15.  “Future Skills Pilot Report,” World Economic Forum, Unilever, Walmart, SkyHive and Accenture, 2021, https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-149/Accenture-Future-Skills-Case-Study.pdf.

16.  “The STEM Gap: Women and Girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math,” AAUW, n.d., https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/the-stem-gap/.

17.  Amy Edmondson, “Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, June 1999, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666999?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

18.  Charles Duhigg, “What Google Learned from Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team,” New York Times Magazine, February 25, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what-google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html?smid=pl-share.

19.  “The Missing Element in Nearly Every Learning Strategy,” Gartner Research, September 22, 2020, https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/3990788/the-missing-element-in-nearly-every-learning-strategy; Andy Young, Edwin Van der Ouderaa, Monica Juneja, and Diana Barea, “Fearless: How Safety and Trust Can Help Financial Services Thrive Even During Disruption and Transformational Change,” Accenture, 2019, https://www.criticaleye.com/inspiring/insights-servfile.cfm?id=5657; Paul J. Zak, “The Neuroscience of Trust,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-neuroscience-of-trust.

20.  Bhaskar Ghosh, Adam Burden, and James Wilson, “Full Value. Full Stop. How to Scale Innovation and Achieve Full Value with Future Systems,” Accenture, 2019, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/future-systems/future-ready-enterprise-systems.

21.  Paul Daugherty, Bhaskar Ghosh, Annette Rippert, Ramnath Venkataraman, and H. James Wilson, “Make the Leap, Take the Lead,” Accenture, April 28, 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/technology/scaling-enterprise-digital-transformation.

22.  Yaarit Silverstone, Sarah Bartel, and Philippe Chauffard, “Modern Cloud Champions,” Accenture, August 13, 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/consulting/cloud-workforce.

23.  “IOOF Gives Developers a New Lease on Life with OutSystems,” OutSystems, n.d., https://www.outsystems.com/case-studies/it-modernization-wealth-management/.

24.  “AWS Announces the DeepRacer League (DRL),” Amazon Web Services, November 29, 2018, https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/aws-announces-deepracer-league-drl.

25.  Sara Castellanos, “Ready, Set, Algorithms! Teams Learn AI by Racing Cars,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ready-set-algorithms-teams-learn-ai-by-racing-cars-11569922202.

26.  “Morningstar Launches Global AWS DeepRacer Corporate Competition to Accelerate Application of Machine Learning,” Morningstar, May 30, 2019, https://newsroom.morningstar.com/newsroom/news-archive/press-release-details/2019/Morningstar-Launches-Global-AWS-DeepRacer-Corporate-Competition-to-Accelerate-Application-of-Machine-Learning/default.aspx.

27.  Peter High, “How Capital One Became a Leading Digital Bank,” Forbes, December 12, 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2016/12/12/how-capital-one-became-a-leading-digital-bank/#6d99271315ee.

28.  “Capital One Financial Corporation,” Agreatplacetowork, 2020, https://www.greatplacetowork.com/certified-company/1000049.

29.  Santo Milasi, Ignacio González-Vázquez, and Enrique Fernández-Macías, “Telework in the EU before and after the COVID-19: Where We Were, Where We Head To,” European Commission, 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc120945_policy_brief_-_covid_and_telework_final.pdf.

30.  Nicholas Bloom, “How Working from Home Works Out,” Stanford: Institute for Economic Policy Research, June 2020, https://siepr.stanford.edu/research/publications/how-working-home-works-out.

31.  Lynda Gratton, “How to Do Hybrid Right,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 2021, https://hbr.org/2021/05/how-to-do-hybrid-right.

32.  Matthew Haag, “Remote Work Is Here to Stay: Manhattan May Never Be the Same,” New York Times, March 29, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/29/nyregion/remote-work-coronavirus-pandemic.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage.

33.  “National Landlord Survey,” KayoCloud, March 2021, https://kayocloud.com/KayoCloud_LandlordReport_March2021.pdf.

34.  Kristin Stoller, “Never Want to Go Back to the Office? Here’s Where You Should Work,” Forbes, January 31, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kristinstoller/2021/01/31/never-want-to-go-back-to-the-office-heres-where-you-should-work/?sh=8958bdb67127.

35.  Victoria Gill, “Robotic Scientists Will ‘Speed Up Discovery,’ ” BBC News, July 6, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53029854.

36.  “Fujitsu Embarks towards ‘New Normal,’ Redefining Working Styles for Its Japan Offices,” Fujitsu Limited, July 6, 2020, https://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2020/0706-01.html.

37.  Alan Kohll, “New Study Shows Correlation between Employee Engagement and the Long-Lost Lunch Break,” Forbes, May 29, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alankohll/2018/05/29/new-study-shows-correlation-between-employee-engagement-and-the-long-lost-lunch-break/

38.  “Humana Uses Microsoft Viva Insights to Help Balance the Workplace Experience,” Microsoft, April 30, 2021, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-ca/story/1366153368901617436-humana-healthcare-microsoft-365-viva-insights.

39.  Shannon Bond, “Facebook Expects Half Its Employees to Work Remotely Permanently,” NPR, May 21, 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/21/860382831/facebook-expects-half-its-employees-to-work-remotely-forever.

40.  Adam D’Angelo, “Remote First at Quora,” The Quora Blog, June 25, 2020, https://www.quora.com/q/quora/Remote-First-at-Quora.

41.  Mike Robuck, “Verizon Takes Covid WFH Lessons into Next Stage of Hiring 950 New Employees,” Fierce Telecom, September 4, 2020, https://www.fiercetelecom.com/telecom/verizon-takes-covid-wfh-home-lessons-into-next-stage-hiring-950-new-employees.

42.  Elizabeth Dwoskin, “Americans Might Never Come Back to the Office, and Twitter Is Leading the Charge,” Washington Post, October 1, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/01/twitter-work-from-home/.

43.  Christie Smith, Yaarit Silverstone, Nicholas Whittall, David Shaw, and Kent McMillan, “The Future of Work: A Hybrid Work Model,” Accenture, April 30, 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/consulting/future-work.

1.  Jerry M. Evensky, “Adam Smith’s Essentials: On Trust, Faith, and Free Markets,” Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol. 33, No. 2, June 2011.

2.  Susan T. Fiske, Amy J. C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu, “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 6, 2002, 878–902, https://cos.gatech.edu/facultyres/Diversity_Studies/Fiske_StereotypeContent.pdf.

3.  Chris Malone and Susan T. Fiske, The Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies, Jossey-Bass, 2013, 28.

4.  Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs, 2019.

5.  Schumpeter, “Getting a Handle on a Scandal,” Economist, March 18, 2018, https://www.economist.com/business/2018/03/28/getting-a-handle-on-a-scandal.

6.  Julie Sweet and Paul Daugherty, “Foreword,” Accenture Technology Vision 2021, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/technology/_acnmedia/Thought-Leadership-Assets/PDF-3/Accenture-Tech-Vision-2021-Full-Report.pdf.

7.  Allan Dafoe, Yoram Bachrach, Gillian Hadfield, Eric Horvitz, Kate Larson, and Thore Graepel, “Cooperative AI: Machines Must Learn to Find Common Ground,” Nature, Vol. 593, May 6, 2021, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01170-0.

8.  Dafoe et al., “Cooperative AI: Machines Must Learn to Find Common Ground.”

9.  Paul R. Daugherty and H. James Wilson, Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2018). The phenomenon of “algorithm aversion” was describe by Berkeley J. Dietvorst, Joseph P. Simmons, and Cade Massey, “Algorithm Aversion: People Erroneously Avoid Algorithms after Seeing Them Err,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, July 16, 2014, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2466040.

10.  J. M. Logg, J. A. Minson, and D. A. Moore, “Algorithm Appreciation: People Prefer Algorithmic to Human Judgment,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 151, 2019, 90–103.

11.  Jared Council, “Alexa Has a New Skill: Asking When It Doesn’t Know,” Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/alexa-has-a-new-skill-asking-when-it-doesnt-know-11607732175.

12.  The Husain Experience, Museum of Art and Photography (MAP), Bangalore, India, https://map-india.org/the-ai-husain-experience/.

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48.  In 2019, researchers at Iowa State University and Xilinx Research Labs conducted an experiment to compare the energy efficiency of CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs for image kernels (i.e., small matrices used to apply Photoshop-like effects, such as blurring, embossing, and sharpening). Their results showed that across a range of kernels—from simple to complex—GPUs and FPGAs were more energy-efficient than CPUs. Murad Qasaimeh, Kristof Denolf, Jack Lo, Kees A. Vissers, Joseph Zambreno, and Phillip H. Jones, “Comparing Energy Efficiency of CPU, GPU and FPGA Implementations for Vision Kernels,” Iowa State University, 2019, https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1219&context=ece_pubs.

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50.  The Economist, “The Cost of Training Machines Is Becoming a Problem,” June 11, 2020, https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2020/06/11/the-cost-of-training-machines-is-becoming-a-problem.

51.  George Leopold, “Microsoft Azure Adds Graphcore’s IPU,” HPCWire, November 15, 2019, https://www.hpcwire.com/2019/11/15/microsoft-azure-adds-graphcores-ipu/.

52.  Graphcore, https://www.graphcore.ai/.

53.  Peter Lacy, Paul Daugherty, Kishore Durg, and Pavel Ponomarev, “The Green behind the Cloud,” Accenture, September 22, 2020, https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/strategy/green-behind-cloud?c=acn_glb_sustainabilitymediarelations_11307639&n=mrl_0920.

54.  “Reducing Carbon by Moving to AWS,” Amazon, November 26, 2019, https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/sustainability/reducing-carbon-by-moving-to-aws.

55.  “Sustainability: Thinking Big,” Amazon, September 2019, https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/pdfBuilderDownload?name=sustainability-thinking-big-december-2019.

56.  Noelle Walsh, “Microsoft Sustainability Calculator Helps Enterprises Analyze the Carbon Emissions of Their IT Infrastructure,” Microsoft, January 16, 2020, https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-sustainability-calculator-helps-enterprises-analyze-the-carbon-emissions-of-their-it-infrastructure/.

57.  Lacy et al., “The Green behind the Cloud.”

58.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis,” United Nations, August 7, 2021, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf.

59.  Lacy et al., “The Green behind the Cloud.”

1.  Bill Taylor, “What Breaking the 4-Minute Mile Taught Us about the Limits of Conventional Thinking,” Harvard Business Review, March 9, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/03/what-breaking-the-4-minute-mile-taught-us-about-the-limits-of-conventional-thinking.