A
AA, see Ascorbic acid
ADH, see Alcohol dehydrogenase
AFM, see Atomic force microscopy
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 175
ALD, see Atomic layer deposition
Antibody functionalization, 198
Antimicrobial agents, 332
Aptamer, 184
Argon purging, 146
Armchair CNTs, 3
Ascorbic acid (AA), 175
As-grown CNTs, 159
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 74, 134
Atomic layer deposition (ALD), 92
B
Backscattering probability, 56
Base-growth model, 133
Bernal stacking, 35
Bias voltage, 158
Biosensing and nanomedicine, applications of carbon nanotubes in, 169–210
dispersion and functionalization of CNTs, 170–175
biomacromolecules, 174
covalent functionalization of CNTs, 170–171
critical micelle concentrations, 172
cycloaddition reaction, 171
electron conductivity, 171
intrinsic physical properties of CNTs, 171
noncovalent functionalization of CNTs, 172–175
photoluminescence of SWNTs, 171
polyaromatic graphitic surfaces, 172
porphyrin derivatives, 172
pyrene-conjugated glycodendrimers, 172
Raman scattering, 171
drug delivery and tumor therapy, nanomedicine CNTs used in, 192–198
antibody functionalization, 198
cell uptake mechanisms, 195
chronic exposure model, 193
CNT-based drug delivery, 195–197
CNTs for drug delivery and tumor therapy, 195–198
fluorescent probes, 197
in vitro toxicity of CNTs, 192
in vivo toxicity of CNTs, 193–195
in vivo tumor therapy, 197–198
mesothelioma, 193
monoclonal antibodies, 197
NIR light, 198
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain- enhancer, 194
paclitaxel, 195
radio-metal-ion chelates, 197
RNA-wrapped CNTs, 193
short aspect ratio, 195
surface-modified MWNTs, 194
SWNTs, 197
T lymphocytes, apoptosis of, 192
electrochemical biosensors, 175–186
alcohol dehydrogenase, 175
aptamer, 184
ascorbic acid, 175
biosensing based on direct electron transfer between protein and CNT electrode, 182
biosensing based on electrocatalytic activities of CNTs and metal/metal oxide nanoparticle-modified CNTs, 175–182
CNT-based immunosensor, aptasensor, and DNA sensor, 182–186
direct electron transfer, 182
DNA hybridization, 185
dopamine, 175
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, 183
enzyme mediators, 175
field-effect transistors, 186
glassy carbon electrode (GCE), 177
glucose biosensor, 181
HIV-1 protease, 183
horseradish peroxidase, 182
ionic-liquid-modified CNTs, 178
pepstatin, 183
porous anodic alumina (PAA), 178
prostate-specific antigen, 182
silver nanoparticle, 179
uric acid, 175
in-body biosensing, 198
biosensing based on fluorescence quenching and NIR fluorescence properties of CNTs, 187–189
biosensing based on Raman scattering of SWNTs, 189–191
biotin-streptavidin binding, 191
collagen-modified SWNTs, 188
DNA hybridization, 188
hexahistidine-tagged capture proteins, 188
multimodal optical sensing, 189
nanomolar sensitivity, 187
near-infrared photoluminescence, 187
nonspecific protein binding, 190
surface-enhanced Raman scattering, 189
Biosensors, see CMOS-compatible nanowire biosensors
Biotin-streptavidin binding, 191
Blech structure, 126
BOE, see Buffered oxide etchant
Borazine, 92
Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 193
Bragg’s scattering mechanism, 42
Brillouin zone, 43
BSA, see Bovine serum albumin
Buffered oxide etchant (BOE), 155
Buried catalyst approach, 120
C
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 1
amine-terminated, 196
armchair, 3
as-grown, 159
-based immunoassay, 182
chiral, 3
properties, 169
zigzag, 3
Carbon nanotubes (electrodynamics to signal propagation models), 1–24
de-Broglie wavelength, 2
effective conducting channels, number of, 2
electrodynamics of carbon nanotubes, 3–11
armchair CNTs, 3
band structure of single CNT shell, 3–5
chiral CNTs, 3
chiral vector, 3
constitutive equation, 6
Dirac-Fermi distribution function, 6
Dirac-like dispersion law, 10
double-wall carbon nanotube, 9
electron motion, types of, 9
Fermi points of graphene, 7
graphene reciprocal lattice, 4
intershell coupling, 11
intershell tunneling, frequency of, 10
kinetic inductance, 8
quantum capacitance, 8
quantum resistance, 7
translational vector, 3
transport equation for single CNT shell, 5–9
transport equation for two CNTs with intershell tunneling, 9–11
emerging materials, 1
intershell tunneling, 22
kinetic inductance, 3
Maxwell equations, 2
multiwall carbon nanotubes, 2
Ohm’s law, 21
quantum capacitance, 3
quasi-classical limit, 21
resistance-inductance-capacitance model, 3
single-wall carbon nanotubes, 2, 4
study of signal propagation properties along CNT interconnects, 17–21
ideal interconnect technology, 17
Joule heating, 19
on-chip interconnects, 17
performance of CNT on-chip interconnect, 17–21
signal integrity, 19
transmission line models for carbon nanotube interconnects, 12–17
CNTs as future material for nano- interconnects, 12
identity matrix, 13
integro-differential model, 16
longitudinal field, 13
Maxwell equations, 12
multiconductor transmission line model for CNT interconnects without tunneling effect, 13–15
quasi-TEM assumption, 13
resistance, 15
transmission line model for CNT interconnects with tunneling effect, 16–17
transmission line theory, 2
transport equation, 21
zigzag CNTs, 3
CBD, see Chemical bath deposition
Cell uptake mechanisms, 195
CFD, see Chemical fluid deposition
CFU, see Colony-forming unit
Chemical bath deposition (CBD), 323
Chemical fluid deposition (CFD), 225
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 90
atmospheric pressure, 253
CMOS, 133
DNA nanostructures, 253
interconnect application, 116
low pressure, 253
MASD, 323
microreactors, 321
CHFs, see Critical heat fluxes
Chiral CNTs, 3
CMCs, see Critical micelle concentrations
CMOS, see Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
CMOS, monolithic integration of carbon nanotubes and, 131–167
base-growth model, 133
carbon nanotube synthesis, 132–133
chemical vapor deposition, 133
CMOS-CNT integration challenges and discussion, 133–138
atomic force microscope, 134
dielectrophoresis, 134
fabrication process and localized heating concept, 136
liquid-crystalline processing, 134
microelectromechanical system, 136
P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor, 134
scanning electron microscope, 134
silicon on insulator, 137
surface functionalization, 134
CNT synthesis by localized resistive heating on mock-CMOS, 138–149
argon purging, 146
deep-reactive-ion etching, 140
high-temperature reliability, 144
I-V characterization experiment, 143
microheater characterization, 142–146
microheater types, 139
platinum thin films, degradation of, 145
resistive Joule heating, 145
room temperature carbon nanotube synthesis, 146–149
suspended microstructures, 138, 141
temperature coefficient of resistance, 142
thermal imaging, 147
thermodynamic critical radius, 145
field-effect transistors, 131
laser ablation, 133
maskless post-CMOS-CNT synthesis on foundry CMOS, 149–161
as-grown CNTs, 159
bias voltage, 158
buffered oxide etchant, 155
catalyst layer, 161
characterization of carbon nanotubes and circuit evaluations, 159–161
chemical stability, 164
deep-reactive-ion etching, 154
device fabrication and characterization, 154–158
dummy structures, 154
etching mask, 149
etching opening, 153
heater design variations, 152
impurity scattering mobility, 157
integration principles and device design, 149–154
inverters, 160
microheater design, 150
multiphysics finite element method tool, 152
NMOS and PMOS transistors, 160
on-chip synthesis of carbon nanotubes, 159
polysilicon microheaters, 156
reactive ion etching, 154
secondary walls, 152
selective etching issue, 153
temperature-dependent resistivity, 158
voltage-controlled localized heating, 149
molybdenum electrodes, 133
nanoelectromechanical systems, 131
nanotube random access memory, 132
sensing applications, 132
smart sensors, 132
tip-growth model, 133
transmission electron microscope, 132
CMOS-compatible nanowire biosensors, 265–278
complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, 266
DC characteristics of n-type SiNW FET, 268–269
determination of change of nanowire parameters, 275–276
constraint least-squares minimization, 276
Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse, 276
system identification techniques, 275
Z-domain, 276
electron-beam lithography, 267
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 265
field effect transistor, 266
frequency-dependent method for biomolecule detection, 270–273
domain behaviors, 272
frequency curves, 271
influenza A virus, 266
lab-on-a-chip applications, 265
low noise amplifier, 275
nanowire functionalization protocol, 270
photoresist, 267
silicon-on-insulator wafer, 266
CNTs, see Carbon nanotubes
Colony-forming unit (CFU), 185
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS), 266
COMSOL, 152
Coumarin 545, 82
Critical heat fluxes (CHFs), 331
Critical micelle concentrations (CMCs), 172
Crowding effect, 117
CVD, see Chemical vapor deposition
Cycloaddition reaction, 171
D
DA, see Dopamine
DBDs, see Dielectric barrier discharges
de-Broglie wavelength, 2
Deep-reactive-ion etching (DRIE), 140, 154
Density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, 98
diamondoids, 218
dielectric substrates, 98
hexagonal boron nitride substrates, 26
trace explosive sensor, 293
Density of states (DoS), 30, 44
hexagonal boron nitride substrates, 30
laser-induced bandgaps in graphene, 44
DET, see Direct electron transfer
DFT, see Density functional theory
Diamondoids (higher), synthesis of by pulsed laser ablation plasmas in supercritical fluids, 211–245
applications of diamondoids and diamondoid derivatives, 215–218
band gap of diamondoids, 218
density functional theory, 218
functionalization, 218
negative electron affinity, 216
push-pull doping, 218
self-assembled monolayers, 215
conventional synthesis of diamondoids and its limitations, 220
generation of pulsed laser plasmas in supercritical fluids, 220–229
absorbed energy, 227
advantages of SCF use, 224
application of pulsed laser plasmas in supercritical fluids to nanomaterials synthesis, 229
basic characteristics and current applications of supercritical fluids, 220–225
chemical fluid deposition, 225
definition of SCFs, 221
dielectric barrier discharges, 226
dissolving power, 224
heat-affected zone, 226
high-pressure cell, 228
isothermal compressibility of perfect gas, 223
laser pulse duration, 227
materials processing, 224
molecular clustering, 222
pulsed laser ablation, 226
Ruby lasers, 226
supercritical fluid chromatography, 224
unique properties of SCFs, 224
xenon, critical temperature, 229
natural occurrence of diamondoids and their isolation, 218–220
aluminosilicates, 218
coining of term, 218
high-performance liquid chromatography, 219
isolation of higher diamondoids, 219
oil reservoirs, 218
pyrolysis, 219
perspectives, 240
pulsed laser ablation, 212
structure and physical properties of diamondoids, 212–215
Lonsdaleite, 212
nanodiamond, 215
nomenclature, 214
supercritical xenon, 215
visual molecular dynamics, 213
supercritical fluids, 212
synthesis of diamondoids by pulsed laser plasmas, 229–239
as-collected products, 233
comparison between PLA in scCO2 and SCXE, 239
dielectric barrier discharges, 229
effects of pyrolysis on synthesized products, 237–239
eluted diamondoids, cage numbers of, 234
experimental procedure, 230–231
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 230, 233–237
HOPG target, 230
isomers, 237
micro-Raman spectroscopy, 231–233
molecular weights, 233
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser, 230
non-diamondoids, 237
petroleum, diamondoids from, 237
pyrolysis, 238
Raman scattering signal, 231
selected ion monitoring, 231
synthesis of diamantane, 233–234
synthesis of diamondoids with n ≥ 3, 234–237
Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs), 226, 229
Dielectric substrates, direct graphene growth on, 89–113
boron nitride, 90
chemical vapor deposition, 90
DC mobilities, 91
D graphene growth on Co3O4(111)/Co(111) by MBE, vibrational mode, 106
field effect transistors, 90
graphene formation on h-BN(0001), 92–98
atomic layer deposition, 92
borazine, 92
charge transfer, 96
density functional theory calculations, 98
flame pyrolysis, 98
graphene/boron nitride interfacial interactions, 94–98
graphene growth on h-BN monolayers formed on metal substrates, 92–93
inverse photoemission data, 95
LEED intensity spots, 98
low-energy electron diffraction, 92
nanomesh structure, 92
peak binding energy, 95
Raman spectra, 94
scanning tunneling microscopy, 92
ultrahigh vacuum, 97
valence band photoemission, 95
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 95
graphene growth on Co3O4(111)/Co(111) by MBE, 103–108
Auger spectra, 103
bias voltages, 108
binding energy, 104
device performance, 107
LEED data, 103
magnetic properties and device applications, 107–108
micro-Raman spectra, 105
spintronic devices, 107
graphene growth on MgO(111), 98–102
bulk-terminated layers, 98
HOMO and LUMO molecular orbitals, 100
interfacial charge transfer, 101–102
inverse photoemission spectra, 101
LEED pattern, 102
oxidation rate, 98
rock salt oxides, 99
graphene growth on mica by MBE, 102
graphene substrate interactions and band gap formation, 91–92
highest occupied molecular orbital, 91
highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, 90
lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, 91
molecular beam epitaxy, 90
physical vapor deposition, 90
graphene layer-by-layer growth, 110
interfacial chemistry, 110
LEED symmetry, 109
oxide substrate dipole, 110
red-shift, 109
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 109
Dielectrophoresis, 134
N,N-Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 65
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 65
Dinitrobenzene (DNB), 293
Dirac equation, 43
Dirac-Fermi distribution function, 6
Direct electron transfer (DET), 182
DMF, see N,N-Dimethyl formamide
DMSO, see Dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA nanostructures, see Molecular lithography using DNA nanostructures
DNB, see Dinitrobenzene
Dopamine (DA), 175
Doping agents, 66
DoS, see Density of states
Double-wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT), 9
DRIE, see Deep-reactive-ion etching
Drug delivery and tumor therapy, CNTs for, 195–198
antibody functionalization, 198
cell uptake mechanisms, 195
chronic exposure model, 193
CNT-based drug delivery, 195–197
fluorescent probes, 197
in-body biosensing, 198
in vivo tumor therapy, 197–198
mesothelioma, 193
monoclonal antibodies, 197
NIR light, 198
nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer, 194
paclitaxel, 195
radio-metal-ion chelates, 197
RNA-wrapped CNTs, 193
surface-modified MWNTs, 194
SWNTs, 197
T lymphocytes, apoptosis of, 192
DWCNR, see Double-wall carbon nanotube
E
Electromigration (EM), 116
Electromigration characterization, interconnect application, 124–126
Blech structure, 126
electrical breakdown of CNT, 124–126
electromigration of carbon-based interconnect, 126
electron wind force, 126
Kelvin structure, 126
passivation, 124
Electron beam lithography, 248
Electron conductivity, 171
Electron transport layer (ETL), 73
Electron wind force, 126
ELISA, see Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM, see Electromigration
Embossing, 248
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 265
Enzyme mediators, 175
Etching mask, 149
ETL, see Electron transport layer
F
Fermi function, 55
Fermi points (graphene), 7
FETs, see Field effect transistors
Field-effect transistors (FETs), 90, 131, 266
Flame pyrolysis, 98
Floquet Green’s functions, 44
Floquet pseudostates, 44
Floquet space, 42
Fluorescent probes, 197
Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate, 327
Focused ion beam lithography, 248
Fourier decomposition, 44
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 172, 254
FTIR spectroscopy, see Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
FTO substrate, see Fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate
G
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC- MS), 230, 233, 284
GCE, see Glassy carbon electrode
GC-MS, see Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Gibbs free energy, 254
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE), 177
Glucose biosensor, 181
Glycerol, 65
GNRs, see Graphene nanoribbons
Gold nanoparticle, 251
Good solvent, 308
Graphene
Fermi points, 7
nanoribbons (GNRs), 26
reciprocal lattice, 4
H
HAZ, see Heat-affected zone
hBN, see Hexagonal boron nitride substrates, quasi-particle electronic structure of pristine and hydrogenated graphene on
HCPT, see 10-Hydroxycamptothecin
Heat-affected zone (HAZ), 226
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) substrates, quasi-particle electronic structure of pristine and hydrogenated graphene on, 25–39
projected augmented wave pseudopotentials, 27
Teter-Pade parametrization, 26
Troullier-Martins norm-conserving pseudopotentials, 26
van der Waals interaction, 26
Vienna ab initio simulation package, 27
band gap modulation, 35
Bernal stacking, 35
density functional theory, 26
graphene nanoribbons, 26
Bernal stacked graphene lattice, 29
Coulomb interaction, 33
Dirac point, 27
Fermi level, 32
graphone-HBN heterostructures, 31–35
hydrogenation of graphene, 31, 34
Moiré patterns, 29
monolayer materials, 34
supercells, 29
valence band offset, 35
technological applications, 25
van der Waals interaction, 26
Hexahistidine-tagged capture proteins, 188
HF, see Hydrofluoric acid
Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), 91, 100
Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 90, 94, 230
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 219
HIL, see Hole injection layer
HIV-1 protease, 183
Hole injection layer (HIL), 67
Hole transport layer (HTL), 67, 73
HOMO, see Highest occupied molecular orbital
HOPG, see Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 182
HPLC, see High-performance liquid chromatography
HRP, see Horseradish peroxidase
HTL, see Hole transport layer
Hydrofluoric acid (HF), 253
10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), 196
I
IC, see Integrated circuit
In-body biosensing, 198
Indium tin oxide (ITO), 63
applications, 63
electrodes, 63
Influenza A virus, 266
Injection molding, 248
Ink-jet printing technique, silver metallic nanoparticles for, 303–320
characterization of tested silver nanoparticles, 310–312
Malvern investigations, 312
SEM investigations, 310
UV-Vis analysis, 312
examination of protective coatings of nanosilver, 312–318
characterization of tested polymer coating, 318
dynamics of removal of protective coatings, 315–317
quantitative analysis of protective coating, 312–315
steric type stabilization, 317
example of ink for ink-jet printing technology, 318
examples of coating examination (experimental), 309–310
mechanism of action of coatings, 306–308
double layer, 307
electrostatic (charged) stabilization, 306–307
good solvent, 308
polymer chains, 308
polymer stabilization, 308
protection against agglomeration, 308
sodium dodecyl sulfate, 307
steric (polymer) stabilization, 307–308
van der Waals forces, 307
zeta potential, 307
review of methods of obtaining nanosilver, 304
significance of protective coating, 304–306
chemical reduction, 305
removal of surfactant, 305
surfactant, 304
Integrated circuit (IC), 115
Integrated circuit technology, integration schemes with, 119–122
buried catalyst approach, 120
catalyst poisoning, 121
transmission electron microscopy, 122
Interconnect application, aligned carbon nanotubes for, 115–130
controlled growth of aligned CNTs, 116–118
crowding effect, 117
horizontally aligned CNTs, 117–118
plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, 117
quasi-one-dimensional feature, 116
vertically aligned CNTs, 116–117
copper interconnect technology, 115
electrical characterization, 122–124
copper/CNT composite, 123
low-resistance CNT, 123
resistance-inductance-capacitance model, 124
resistivity comparisons, 125
RF characterization, 124
electromigration characterization, 124–126
Blech structure, 126
electrical breakdown of CNT, 124–126
electromigration of carbon-based interconnect, 126
electron wind force, 126
Kelvin structure, 126
passivation, 124
IC technology, integration schemes with, 119–122
buried catalyst approach, 120
catalyst poisoning, 121
transmission electron microscopy, 122
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), 115–116
Intershell tunneling, frequency of, 10
Ion mobility spectrometry, 280
ITO, see Indium tin oxide
ITRS, see International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors
I-V characterization experiment, 143
J
Joule heating, 145
K
Kelvin structure, 126
k.p model, 42
L
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications, 265
Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, 68
Laser-induced bandgaps in graphene, 41–59
Bragg’s scattering mechanism, 42
Dirac fermions (k.p approach), 43–48
Brillouin zone, 43
Dirac equation, 43
dynamical gaps unveiled through k.p model, 46–47
energy gap tuning around engineered low-energy Dirac cones, 47–48
Floquet Green’s functions, 44, 46
Floquet pseudostates, 44
Fourier decomposition, 44
Hamiltonian operator, 43
Kronecker symbol, 44
sublattice pseudospin degrees of freedom, 43
dynamical gaps in graphene, 41
Floquet space, 42
backscattering probability, 56
bulk limit, 48
Dirac point, 56
electronic transport through irradiated graphene, 53–57
Fermi function, 55
Floquet Green’s functions, 51
magnetic vector potential, 49
numerical analysis of DoS, 52
Peierls substitution, 49
regularization energy, 50
self-energy, 53
static disorder, 56
LDA, see Local density approximation
LEED, see Low-energy electron diffraction
Liquid-crystalline processing, 134
Lithography, molecular, see Molecular lithography using DNA nanostructures
LNA, see Low noise amplifier
Local density approximation (LDA), 26
Localized heating concept, 137
LOC applications, see Lab-on-a-chip applications
Lonsdaleite, 212
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), 92
Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), 91, 100, 216, 296
Low noise amplifier (LNA), 275
LUMO, see Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
M
MAND, see Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition
MASD, see Microreactor-Assisted Solution Deposition
MBE, see Molecular beam epitaxy
MEMS, see Microelectromechanical system
Mesothelioma, 193
Microcontact printing, 248
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS), 136, 248
Micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), 248
Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition (MAND), 321–322
architectures, 321
batch processes, 322
deposition of nanostructured thin films, 328–331
critical heat fluxes, 331
process parameters, change of, 329
SEM image, 330
variant, 328
prototypes, 322
Microreactor-Assisted Solution Deposition (MASD), 322
chemical bath deposition, 323
chemical vapor deposition, 323
deposition of nanocrystalline thin films, 323–327
experiments, 325
fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate, 327
solar cells, 323
TEM characterization, 324
thin film transistors, 326
XRD pattern, 326
Microreactors, fabrication of nanostructured thin films using, 321–338
deposition of dendrons, 331–333
antimicrobial agents, 332
architecture, 331
convergent approach, 333
MAND for deposition of nanostructured thin films, 328–331
critical heat fluxes, 331
process parameters, change of, 329
SEM image, 330
variant, 328
MASD for deposition of nanocrystalline thin films, 323–327
chemical bath deposition, 323
chemical vapor deposition, 323
experiments, 325
fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate, 327
solar cells, 323
TEM characterization, 324
thin film transistors, 326
XRD pattern, 326
Microreactor-Assisted Nanomaterial Deposition, 321–322
architectures, 321
batch processes, 322
prototypes, 322
Microtransfer molding, 248
MIMIC, see Micromolding in capillaries
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 90
Molecular clustering, 222
Molecular lithography using DNA nanostructures, 247–262
applications and future directions, 258
challenge, 250
double-crossover tiles, 249
double-stranded DNA, 249
hairpins, 249
triple-crossover motif, 249
DNA nanostructures as catalytically active mask for patterning SiO2, 253–258
chemical vapor deposition, 253
conventional methods for SiO2 etching, 253–254
deprotonation, 254
DNA-mediated etching of SiO2, 255–258
etching reaction, 255
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 254
Gibbs free energy, 254
mechanism of SiO2 etching by HF, 254–255
wet etching process, 253
DNA nanostructures as self-assembled template, 251–253
alignment of molecules, nanocrystals, and carbon nanotubes, 251–253
gold nanoparticle, 251
metallization process, 251
nanoscale patterning of metal, 251
elastomeric stamps, 248
electron beam lithography, 248
embossing, 248
focused ion beam lithography, 248
injection molding, 248
microcontact printing, 248
microelectromechanical systems, 248
micromolding in capillaries, 248
microtransfer molding, 248
Moore’s law, 247
phase-shift photolithography cast molding, 248
replica molding, 248
scanning probe lithography, 248
soft lithography techniques, 248
solvent-assisted micromolding, 248
state-of-the-art photolithography, 247
x-ray lithography, 248
Molybdenum electrodes, 133
Monoclonal antibodies, 197
Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse, 276
Moore’s law, 247
MPW, see Multiproject wafer
MTL theory, see Multiconductor transmission line theory
Multiconductor transmission line (MTL) theory, 12
Multimodal optical sensing, 189
Multiphysics finite element method tool, 152
Multiproject wafer (MPW), 138
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 2
interconnect application, 116
organic light-emitting diodes, 61
sheet surface roughness, 81
surface-modified, 194
MWCNTs, see Multiwall carbon nanotubes
N
Nanodiamond, 215
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMs), 131
Nanomedicine, see Biosensing and nanomedicine, applications of carbon nanotubes in
Nanotube random access memory (NRAM), 132
Nanowire biosensors, see CMOS-compatible nanowire biosensors
NAs, see Nitroanilines
Nd:YAG laser, see Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser
NEA, see Negative electron affinity
Near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence, 187
Negative electron affinity (NEA), 216
NEMs, see Nanoelectromechanical systems
Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, 230
NIR photoluminescence, see Near-infrared photoluminescence
Nitroamine explosives, 281
Nitroanilines (NAs), 293
NRAM, see Nanotube random access memory
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer, 194
O
OLEDs, see Organic light-emitting diodes, carbon nanotube electrodes for
On-chip interconnects, 17
On-chip microheaters, 159
biosensing based on fluorescence quenching and NIR fluorescence properties of CNTs, 187–189
biosensing based on Raman scattering of SWNTs, 189–191
biotin-streptavidin binding, 191
collagen-modified SWNTs, 188
DNA hybridization, 188
hexahistidine-tagged capture proteins, 188
multimodal optical sensing, 189
nanomolar sensitivity, 187
near-infrared photoluminescence, 187
nonspecific protein binding, 190
surface-enhanced Raman scattering, 189
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), carbon nanotube electrodes for, 61–87
absence of sonication, 81
atomic force microscopy, 74
cellulose ester membrane, 71
CNT composite electrodes, 67–68
CNT thin-film fabrication, 68–70
composite buffer layer, 67
composite emission layer, 66–67
coumarin 545, 82
doping agents, 66
drop-drying, 68
dry solid-state process, 80
electrode fabrication process, 72
electron transport layer, 73
emissive layer, 72
hole injection layer, 67
hole transport layer, 67
ITO transparent anodes, 66
Langmuir-Blodgett deposition, 68
luminescence current efficiency, 67
MWCNT electrode OLED devices, 80–81
poly(dimethyl siloxane) stamp, 72, 77
poly(ethylene terephthalate), 73
sheet resistance, 78
summary of CNT electrode OLED performance criteria, 82–83
SWCNT electrode OLED devices, 73–76
top emission SWCNT electrode OLED, 76–80
transfer of CNT thin film onto substrate, 70–73
ultracentrifugation, 69
conductive polymer electrodes, 64–66
N,N-dimethyl formamide, 65
dimethyl sulfoxide, 65
glycerol, 65
luminescence data value, 64
MEH-PPV, 64
polyalcohol, 65
sorbitol, 65
tetrahydrofuran, 65
multiwall carbon nanotubes, 61
organic light-emitting diodes, 62–63
cellular phone applications, 62
ITO applications, 63
transparent conductive oxides, 63
organic semiconductor technology, 62
photovoltaic cells, 62
single-wall carbon nanotubes, 61
P
PAA, see Porous anodic alumina
Paclitaxel (PTX), 195
PAW pseudopotentials, see Projected augmented wave pseudopotentials
PBS, see Phosphate-buffered saline
PDMS stamp, see Poly(dimethyl siloxane) stamp
PECVD, see Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
PEG, see Poly(ethylene glycol)
Peierls substitution, 49
Pepstatin, 183
PET, see Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Petroleum, diamondoids from, 237
Phase-shift photolithography cast molding, 248
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 270
Photoluminescence, SWNTs, 171
Photovoltaic (PV) cells, 62
Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 90
PLA, see Pulsed laser ablation
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), 117
Platinum thin films, degradation of, 145
PMOS, see P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) stamp, 72, 77
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 82
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 73
Polymer stabilization, 308
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 82
Porous anodic alumina (PAA), 178
Porphyrin derivatives, 172
Projected augmented wave (PAW) pseudopotentials, 27
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 182
PSA, see Prostate-specific antigen
PTX, see Paclitaxel
P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (PMOS), 134
Pulsed laser ablation (PLA), 212, 220, see also Diamondoids (higher), synthesis of by pulsed laser ablation plasmas in supercritical fluids
PV cells, see Photovoltaic cells
PVD, see Physical vapor deposition
PVP, see Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Q
QFI InfraScope, 145
Quantum resistance, 7
R
Radio-metal-ion chelates, 197
Raman scattering, 171
Reactive ion etching (RIE), 154
REM, see Replica molding
Replica molding (REM), 248
Resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) model, 3, 124
RIE, see Reactive ion etching
RLC model, see Resistance-inductance-capacitance model
RNA-wrapped CNTs, 193
Rock salt oxides, 99
Ruby lasers, 226
S
SAMIM, see Solvent-assisted micromolding
SAMs, see Self-assembled monolayers
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 117, 134, 282, 330
Scanning probe lithography, 248
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), 92
SCFs, see Supercritical fluids
SDS, see Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Selected ion monitoring (SIM), 231
Selective etching, 153
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 215, 291
SEM, see Scanning electron microscopy
SERS, see Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SFC, see Supercritical fluid chromatography
SI, see Signal integrity
Signal integrity (SI), 19
Silicon on insulator (SOI), 137, 266
Silver metallic nanoparticles, see Ink-jet printing technique, silver metallic nanoparticles for
SIM, see Selected ion monitoring
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), 2, 4
collagen-modified, 188
film transmittance, 75
interconnect application, 116
organic light-emitting diodes, 61
photoluminescence, 171
tumor targeting, 197
Smart sensors, 132
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 307
SOI, see Silicon on insulator
Solvent-assisted micromolding (SAMIM), 248
Sorbitol, 65
Steric stabilization, 308
STM, see Scanning tunneling microscopy
Sublattice pseudospin degrees of freedom, 43
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), 224
Supercritical fluids (SCFs), 212, see also Diamondoids (higher), synthesis of by pulsed laser ablation plasmas in supercritical fluids
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), 189
SWCNTs, see Single-wall carbon nanotubes
T
Taxol®, 195
TCOs, see Transparent conductive oxides
TCR, see Temperature coefficient of resistance
TEM, see Transmission electron microscopy
Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), 142
Teter-Pade parametrization, 26
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 65
TFTs, see Thin film transistors
THF, see Tetrahydrofuran
Thin film transistors (TFTs), 326
Tip-growth model, 133
Titanium oxide-B nanowires, trace explosive sensor based on, 279–301
basic mechanism of chemiresistive response, 289–298
chemiresistive response to different positional isomers of nitro- compounds, 293–294
chemiresistive response to nitroanilines and corresponding nitrotoluenes, 294–
comparison between aniline and nitrobenzene, 297–298
decrease of resistance, 297
density functional theory, 293
dinitrobenzene, 293
hydroxyl groups, 290
increase of resistance, 297
nitroanilines, 293
relationship between dipolar strength of analyte molecule and speed of sensor response, 293–294
relationship between electronegativity of analyte molecule and level of sensor response, 295–298
role of surface hydroxyl groups on TiO2-B nanowires to response explosives, 289–293
sensing response to nitrotoluenes of different numbers of nitro groups, 296–297
varying the density of surface hydroxyl groups through plasma treatment, 289–291
varying the density of surface hydroxyl groups through self-assembled monolayer and water treatment, 291–293
bulk detection, 280
fluorescing quenching spectroscopy, 280
ion mobility spectrometry, 280
laser breakdown spectroscopy, 280
material synthesis and device fabrication, 281–284
FTIR spectra, 282
material synthesis and characterization, 281–283
sensor testing, 284
surface modifications of sensor samples, 284
x-ray diffraction, 283
nitroamine explosives, 281
PETN, 280
Raman spectroscopy, 280
RDX, 280
results and discussion, 284–288
current-voltage relationship, 287
n-type semiconductor, 286
sensitivity and response time, 284–286
specificity and stability, 286–288
switching cycles, 285
terrorist attack, 280
TNT, 280
trace detection, 280
TL theory, see Transmission line theory
T lymphocytes, apoptosis of, 192
TNT, see 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Trace explosive sensor, see Titanium oxide-B nanowires, trace explosive sensor based on
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 122, 132, 324
Transmission line (TL) theory, 2
Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), 63
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 290, 295
Troullier-Martins norm-conserving pseudopotentials, 26
Tumor therapy, see Drug delivery and tumor therapy, CNTs for
U
UHV, see Ultrahigh vacuum
Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), 97
Uric acid, 175
V
van der Waals forces, 307
van der Waals interaction
DNA nanostructures, 253
hexagonal boron nitride substrates and, 25
VASP, see Vienna ab initio simulation package
Very large-scale integration (VLSI), 115
Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP), 27
Visual molecular dynamics (VMDs), 213
VLSI, see Very large-scale integration
VMDs, see Visual molecular dynamics
Voltage-controlled localized heating, 149
W
Wet etching process, 253
X
Xenon
critical temperature, 229
supercritical, 215
XPS, see X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction (XRD), 283, 326
X-ray lithography, 248
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 95, 109
XRD, see X-ray diffraction
Z
Z-domain, 276
Zeta potential, 307
Zigzag CNTs, 3
Zinc acetate dehydrate, 329