Index
A
abuse in childhood, antisocial behavior and, 87-90
Adams, John, 119
adenine, 66
adolescence, brain development during, 93-95
Agreeableness
advantages/disadvantages of, 73-74
Barack Obama example, 27
Bill Clinton example, 24
defined, 17
dependent personality pattern and, 48
facets, 22
low Agreeableness patterns, 38-44
Allport, Gordon, 9-13, 105, 121, 173
personality trait research, 9-13
separating character and personality, 105-106
American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV), 30
animal breeding, natural selection and, 58, 61
antisocial behavior, childhood abuse and, 87-90
antisocial personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 30
opinion of self and others, 51
apoptosis, 81
Apple, 134
The Audacity of Hope (Obama), 147
autonomy in culture-based values, 115-117
avoidant personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 30
example of, 46-47
opinion of self and others, 52
axons, 79-81
B
Bardem, Javier, 43
Beck, Aaron T., 50
Big Five domains, 16
Bill Clinton example, 23-27
Barack Obama example, 26-27
discovery of, 15
descriptions of, 16-19
facets of, 19-22
stabilization of, 96
borderline personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 30
example of, 48-50
opinion of self and others, 52
Bouchard, Thomas, 64
brain development
critical periods in, 82-84
during adolescence, 93-95
epigenetic effects on, 90-93
gene-environment dialogues in, 87-90
MRI studies of, 94
remodeling in, 80-81
stabilization in, 95-96
Brando, Marlon, 37
breeding animals with different personalities
dogs, 59
mice, 68-70
foxes, 161
Bush, George W., 39
C
Caspi, Avshalom, 96
Chamberlain, Lisa, 40
changes in personality, 96, 148-150
character
Benjamin Franklin’s, 117-121
changes in, 148
culture-based assessment of, 115-117
importance of, 121-122
moral instincts and emotions, 108-112
in personality appraisals, 143-144
six core universal virtues, 113-114
three main components, 114
separation from personality, 103-108
characteristic adaptations, 172
Chess, Stella, 84
childhood abuse, antisocial behavior and, 87-90
Childhood and Society (Erikson), 77
children
personality development in, 77
predicting what they will be like, 84-86, 165
temperaments of, 84-86
Clinton, Bill
comparison with Barack Obama, 26-27, 140-148
facets of Big Five personality traits, 23-27
Joe Klein’s description of, 7-9
personality appraisal of, 140-148
Cloninger, Robert, 114
conduct disorder, childhood, 86
community in culture-based values, 115-117
compassion, 110
compulsive personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
example of, 44-45
opinion of self and others, 52
cognitive therapy, 50
Conscientiousness
advantages/disadvantages of, 74
Barack Obama example, 27
Bill Clinton example, 25
defined, 17
facets, 22
high Conscientiousness pattern, 44-45
representative words, 16
conscious and unconscious personality appraisals, 1, 151
contempt, 111
cooperativeness, as major component of character, 114
correlations among personality traits, 12-15
courage
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 119
as a core universal virtue, 113
Covey, Stephen, 117
Crashing the Party (Nader), 40
critical periods in brain development, 82-84
cultures
influence in personality appraisals, 143
specific values in, 115-117
cytosine, 66
D
Dallas, Jason, 57
Darwin, Charles, 58, 61-62, 76, 108, 112
Darwin, Erasmus, 61
DeFries, John, 68-69
dendrites, 79
dependent personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
example of, 47-48
opinion of self and others, 52
The Descent of Man (Darwin), 108
de Waal, Frans, 109
dimensional and categorical patterns, 32, 156
disgust, 111
divinity in culture-based values, 115-117
DNA
building blocks of, 66
domains, Big Five, 16
Bill Clinton example, 23-27
descriptions of, 16-19
discovery of, 15
facets of, 19-22
dopamine effect on personality, 70-71
Dowd, Maureen, 27
DRD4 gene, 71
Dreams from My Father (Obama), 146
DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual), 30
Dunedin study, 87-89
E
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 150
elevation, 110
Elkind, Peter, 136
Ellis, Joseph, 120
emotional contagion, 109
emotions, moral instincts and, 108-112
environment, shared, 64-66
environment, nonshared, 160-161, 167
environmental impact
on epigenetic differences, 90, 93
on gene variant selection, 72-75
epigenetic changes, 91
accumulation with age, 92
as a stochastic process, 167
by acetylation of histones, 167
by methylation of DNA, 91-92
Erikson, Erik, 77, 124-125, 130-133
ethics of autonomy, 115-117
ethics of community, 115-117
ethics of divinity, 115-117
advantages/disadvantages of, 73
Barack Obama example, 26
Bill Clinton example, 24
defined, 16-17
facets, 22
Mark Zuckerberg example, 174
representative words, 16
high Extraversion pattern, 36-37
low Extraversion patterns, 33, 36
F
facets of Big Five personality traits, 19-22
Bill Clinton example, 23-27
Barack Obama example, 26-27
factor analysis of personality trait correlations, 15
family environment. See nature versus nurture
female brain development, 81
Fischer, Bobby, 35
Franklin, Benjamin, 99-104, 117-121
assessment of character, 117-121
self-improvement program, 100-103
list of thirteen virtues, 100-101
Freud, Sigmund, 74
G
Galton, Francis
distinguishing nature and nurture, 61-63
personality trait correlation analysis, 13-14
geese, imprinting, 82
“generativity versus self-absorption” (middle adulthood stage), 132
genes
epigenetic changes of, 91
interactions with environment, 87-93
natural selection and, 60
structure of, 66-67
regulation of expression of, 66-67, 161
variants, 67
influence on mouse personality, 68-69
influence on human personality, 70-71
glucocorticoid receptor, 91
glucocorticoids, 90
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone), 93
Goldberg, Lewis, 15
Goldman, Ron, 42
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 93
Gore, Al, 39
gratitude, 110
guanine, 66
H
Haidt, Jonathan, 111
Hare, Robert, 42-43
“The History of Twins As a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nurture” (Galton), 62
histrionic personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
example of, 36-37
opinion of self and others, 51
humanity
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 120
as core universal virtue, 113
hypothalamus, 81
I
identity, 123-125
changes in, 149
Oprah Winfrey’s story, 125-129
in personality appraisals, 144-147
selective reconstruction in, 129-133
Steve Jobs’ story, 133-137
If I Did It (Simpson), 43
I Hate You, Don’t Leave Me (Kreisman and Strauss), 49
“I’m detached” opinion, 50-53
“I’m right” opinion, 50-53
“I’m special” opinion, 50-53
“I’m vulnerable” opinion, 50-53
imprinting of baby geese, 82
“integrity versus despair” (late adulthood stage), 133
internet personality test, 21
“intimacy versus isolation” (young adulthood stage), 132
IPIP (International Personality Item Pool Representation of the NEO PI-R), 21-22
IQ, heritability, 94
J
Jobs, Steve, 133-137
Johnson, John A., 21
justice
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 119
as core universal virtue, 113
defined, 101
K
Kagan, Elena, 125
Kagan, Jerome, 85
Kissinger, Henry, 83
Klein, Joe
description of Barack Obama, 26-27
description of Bill Clinton, 7-9
Kluckhohn, Clyde, 139
L
life stories. See personal stories
Lorenz, Konrad, 82
M
Madoff, Bernard, 42
male brain development, 81
MAOA gene, 88-90
Meaney, Michael, 90
melanin, changes in, 60
mercurial style, 49
Millon, Theodore, 44
mirror neurons, 170
monoamine oxidase-A, 88
Monroe, Marilyn, 37
moral instincts, emotions and, 108-112
moralistic anger, 111
moral judgments in personality appraisals, 143-144
Morris, Lois 49
mouse research on hereditability of personality traits, 68-69
Mundy, Lisa, 146
Murray, Henry, 139
myelin, 81
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 154
N
Nader, Ralph, 39-40
Napoleon, 41
narcissism, invulnerable vs. vulnerable, 40-41, 157
narcissistic personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
opinion of self and others, 51
natural selection, 58-61
environmental influences on, 72-75
of moral instincts, 108-112
childhood abuse and antisocial behavior traits, 87, 90
epigenetic effect, 90-93
twins research, 61-66
negative moral emotions, 111
NEO-PI R, 19-22
neuroD2 gene, 58
neurons, 79-82
Neuroticism
advantages/disadvantages of, 74
association with compulsiveness, 45
Barack Obama example, 26
Bill Clinton example, 25
defined, 18
facets, 22
high Neuroticism patterns, 46-50
representative words, 16
neurotransmitters, 80
No Country for Old Men (film), 43
Noitrix, 32-35
O
Obama, Barack
comparison with Bill Clinton, 26-27, 140-147
personality appraisal of, 140-147
obsessive-compulsive disorder, 155
obsessive-compulsive personality pattern. See compulsive personality pattern
Odbert, H.S., 10
Oldham, John, 49
Openness
advantages/disadvantages of, 74-75
Barack Obama example, 26
Bill Clinton example, 25
defined, 18
facets, 23
representative words, 16
opinions of self and others, 50-53
Origin of Species (Darwin), 58-61
others, opinion of, 50-53
P
paranoid personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
opinion of self and others, 52
parenting and peer effects on personality, 164-166
perfectionism, 44-45
personality appraisal, conscious and unconscious, 1-2, 151
personality appraisal, methodical approach to, 140-148
personality development, childhood predictors, 84-86
personality disorder, 32
personality patterns in personality appraisals, 141-143
troublesome personality patterns, 29-30, 33, 106
Agreeableness, low end of, 38-41, 44
Conscientiousness, high end of, 44-45
Extraversion, high end of, 36-37
Extraversion, low end of, 33-36
Neuroticism, high end of, 46-50
opinions of self and others, 50-53
usefulness of, 53-54
personality styles (Oldham and Morris), 156
personality test, internet, 23
personality traits
Big Five domains
descriptions of, 15-19
facets of, 19-22
changes in and stabilization, 96, 148-150
children’s brain development and, 84-86
defined, 9
gene variants and
environmental influences on selection, 72-75
mouse research on, 68-69
human research on, 69-72
personal stories, 123-125
changes in, 149
in personality appraisals, 144-147
Oprah Winfrey, 125-129
selective reconstruction in, 129-133
Steve Jobs, 133-137
Peterson, Christopher, 113
positive moral emotions, 110-111
promoters (DNA), 67
prototypical personality patterns, 156
psychopath, example of, 41-44
puberty, brain development during, 93
R
reciprocal altruism, 109
Reed College, 134
Roberts, Brent, 96
risk-taking, genes for, 57
Ross, Diana, 127
S
schizoid personality pattern
avoidant personality pattern versus, 46
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
opinion of self and others, 53
schizotypal personality pattern
as character flaw, 107
defined, 31
opinion of self and others, 53
Sculley, John, 134-136
selective reconstruction in personal identity, 129-133
self, opinion of, 50-53
self-directedness, as major component of character, 114
self-improvement program, Franklin, 100-193
selfishness, overriding, 111
self-transcendence, as major component of character, 114
Seligman, Martin, 113
sense of identity. See identity
serotonin effect on personality, 69, 72
SERT gene, 70-71
Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (Covey), 117
sexual expression and Extraversion, 36-37
Shawn, Allen, 47
Shawn, William, 47
Shweder, Richard, 115-117
Simpson, Nicole, 42
Simpson, O.J., 42-43
skin color and sunlight, 60
SLC24A5 gene, 60
sociopath, example of, 41-44
songbirds, vocalizations of, 83
The Sopranos, 81
speech development, 83
stabilization in brain development, 95-96
statistical analysis of personality trait correlations, 13, 16
Steinem, Gloria, 37
stories. See personal stories
synapses, 79
synaptic signaling, 80
T
temperaments of children, 84-86
temperance
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 120
as core universal virtue, 113
as defined by Benjamin Franklin, 100-101
testosterone, 81
Thomas, Alexander, 84
Top Ten, 30-33
colloquial names, 31
dimensional vs. categorical view of, 32, 156
thumbnail sketches, 30-31
relationship to personality disorders, 32
thymine, 66
transcendence
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 120
as core universal virtue, 114
Trivers, Robert, 109
“The Trouble with Steve Jobs” (Elkind), 136
troublesome personality patterns, 30-33
low Agreeableness patterns, 38-44
low Extraversion patterns, 33-36
high Conscientiousness, pattern, 44-45
high Extraversion pattern 36-37
high Neuroticism patterns, 46-50
opinions of self and others, 50-53
in personality appraisals, 141-143
usefulness of, 53-54
twins research
brain differences among identical twins, 82
by Francis Galton, 61-63
epigenetic differences among identical twins, 92
personality differences, identical vs fraternal, 63-66, 159
use in calculating heritability, 64
V
variants of genes, 67
effects on IQ, 94
effects on personality traits
mouse research on, 68-69
human research on, 70-71
environmental influences on selection, 72-76
virtues
Franklin’s thirteen virtues, 100-101
six core universal virtues, 113
vocalizations of songbirds, 83
W
Webster’s New International Dictionary, 10
Widiger, Thomas, 32
Winfrey, Oprah, 125-131
Winfrey, Vernon, 126
analysis of Benjamin Franklin’s, 120
as core universal virtue, 114
Wish I Could Be There (Shawn), 47
Wozniak, Steve, 134
Z
Zuckerberg, Mark 174