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Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions
by Raj Kamal
Microcontrollers: Architecture, Programming, Interfacing and System Design, 2nd Edition
Cover
Title page
Contents
Dedication
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Chapter 1. Types, Selection and Applications of Microcontrollers
1.1 Microcontrollers
1.1.1 Numbering and Coding Systems
1.1.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
1.1.3 Microprocessor
1.1.4 Microcomputer
1.1.5 Computer System
1.1.6 Microcontroller
1.1.7 Embedded Processors
1.2 Types of Microcontrollers
1.2.1 The 8, 16 and 32-Bit Microcontrollers
1.2.2 Embedded and External Memory Microcontrollers
1.2.3 CISC and RISC Architecture Microcontrollers
1.2.4 Harvard and Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontrollers
1.3 Examples of the Popular Microcontrollers
1.3.1 8051, Extended 8051XA and 8051MXFamilies
1.3.2 MC68HC11/68HC12 Families
1.3.3 8051 Based MCU of Atmel C51 Family
1.3.4 Turbo μPSD
1.3.5 High-density Flash 8051 Based Turbo fiPSD 3300 Family
1.3.6 PIC
1.3.7 ARM
1.4 Selection of a Microcontroller
1.4.1 Checklist of the Needed Features and Factors Taken into Consideration
1.4.2 Selection of Processor and Processor Family
1.4.3 Selection of On-Chip Resources-Base
1.4.4 Selection of Software Building Blocks
1.4.5 Selection of Development Tool-Base
1.5 Applications (Examples)
1.5.1 Automatic Process Control
1.5.2 Instrumentation Applications
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 2. Overview of Architecture and Microcontroller Resources
2.1 Architecture of a Microcontroller
2.1.1 Functional Overview of8048 and 8049 Microcontroller Architecture
2.1.2 Basic Processing Unit in the 8048 Microcomputer
2.2 Family Members of 8051 and 68HC11/12 Families
2.3 Microcontroller On-Chip Resources
2.3.1 Basic Processing Unit, Internal Buses and Interrupt Handling
2.3.2 Program and Data Memory
2.3.3 Parallel Ports
2.3.4 On-chip Registers
2.3.5 Special Function Registers
2.3.6 UART
2.3.7 Synchronous Serial Communication
2.3.8 Timers/Counters
2.3.9 PWM
2.3.10 On-chip A/D Converters (ADC)
2.3.11 Watchdog Timer (WDT)
2.3.12 Bit-wise Manipulation Capability
2.3.13 Power-Down Mode
2.3.14 Real-Time Clock
2.3.15 Reset Circuit
2.3.16 Oscillator Circuit
2.4 Resources in Advanced and Next-Generation Microcontrollers
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3. Intel 8051/8031 Family Architecture
3.1 8051 Microcontroller Architecture
3.1.1 Architecture
3.1.2 Special Function Registers
3.1.3 PSW Register Bits And Flags
3.1.4 The 8052/8032 Family
3.1.5 ATMEL 89C51
3.2 Microcontroller 8051 Pins
3.3 8051 PORTS
3.4 Internal and External Memory
3.5 Counters and Timers
3.5.1 Programmable Timers in the Intel 8051 Family
3.5.2 8052 Additional Timer T2
3.5.3 Watchdog Timer
3.6 Serial Communication in 8051
3.6.1 Mode 0 in Serial Communication
3.6.2 UART Modes 1,2 and 3 for Serial Asynchronous Communication
3.6.3 Multiprocessor UART Mode Communication
3.6.4 Serial Buffer
3.6.5 Interconnections RS232
3.7 Interrupts
3.8 Interrupts in 8051
3.9 External Interrupts
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 4. 8051 Family Microcontrollers Instruction Set
4.1 Programming Basics
4.1.1 Machine Codes
4.1.2 Program as a Set of Instructions and Routines
4.2 Introduction to Machine Instrucions and Assembly
4.2.1 Opcode
4.2.2 Operand
4.2.3 Register
4.2.4 Accumulator
4.2.5 Program Counter
4.2.6 Stack Pointer
4.2.7 Program Status Word
4.2.8 Assembly and Machine, Assembly and C Instruction Formats
4.3 Instruction Cycle
4.4 Execution Time of an Instruction
4.5 Addressing Modes
4.6 Classification of the Instructions at the Instruction Set
4.7 Data Transfer Instructions
4.7.1 MOV Instructions
4.7.2 MOVC-type Instructions
4.7.3 MO VX-type Instructions
4.7.4 PUSH and POP Instructions for Using the Stack Area Employing the SP
4.7.5 XCH-type Instructions
4.8 Data and Bit-Manipulation Instructions
4.8.1 Data Byte Manipulate (Clear, Complement, Rotate and Swap) Instructions
4.8.2 Boolean Variable (Bit) Manipulate and Boolean Processing Instructions
4.9 Arithmetic Instructions
4.10 Instructions for Logical Operations on Bytes at the Registers, Internal RAM and SFRs
4.11 Program-Flow Control Instructions
4.11.1 Delay-cycle (NOP) Instructions
4.11.2 Long, Absolute and Short Jumps
4.11.3 Conditional Short Relative Jumps
4.11.4 Decrement and Conditional Jump on Zero
4.11.5 Jump After Comparison
4.11.6 Call to a Routine and Return from Routine
4.12 Interrupt Control Flow (RETI Instruction)
4.13 ASCII-Related Application Program
4.14 BCD-Related Application Program
4.15 Serial Port-Related Application Programs
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 5. Real Time Control: Interrupts
5.1 Interrupt Application Examples
5.2 Routine, Interrupt and Interrupt Service Routine
5.2.1 Call To a Routine
5.3 Interrupt-Handling Structure of an MCU
5.3.1 Identification of an Interrupt Source
5.3.2 Resetting of Interrupt Identification Flags
5.3.3 Address of Interrupt Service Routine
5.4 Interrupt Latency and Interrupt Deadline
5.5 Multiple Sources of the Interrupts
5.6 Hardware Interrupts Related To Internal Devices:
5.7 Enabling (Unmasking) or Disabling of the Sources
5.8 Polling to Determine the Interrupt Sources and Assignment of the Priorities Among Them
5.8.1 Advantage of Finding Pending Higher Priority Interrupt Sources at the End of Each Instruction 205
5.8.2 Advantage of Finding by Interrupt Hardware for Pending Higher Priority Interrupt Sources at the End of an ISR
5.8.3 Default MCU-assigned Priorities
5.8.4 User-assigned Priorities
5.9 Interrupt Structure in Intel 8051
5.9.1 The 8051 Family MCU Sources of Interrupt
5.9.2 The 8051 Family MCU Interrupt Source Groups and Default Priorities for Vectored Priority Interrupts
5.9.3 Unmasking and Masking of an Interrupt Source
5.9.4 Default Priority Assignments for Service
5.9.5 User Priority Assignments for Service
5.9.6 Vector Address for the Interrupt Service Routine
5.9.7 Servicing of Interrupts in 8051
5.10 Programming Approach for Interrupt-Related Programs
5.11 Programming Examples in Assembly and C
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 6. Real-Time Control: Timers 2
6.1 Programmable Timers in the MCUs
6.1.1 Programming Features in 8051/8052
6.1.2 Programming for Finding the Time Interval Between Two Events
6.1.3 Timer Overflow in MCUs
6.1.4 Precession Effects in the Timers
6.1.5 Effects on Interrupt Latencies
6.1.6 Timer Features in 68HC11/12 and Other MCUs for Greater Precession in Timings
6.2 Free-Running Counter and Real-Time Control
6.2.1 Overflows of Free-Running Counter
6.2.2 Using an Output-Compare Register Along with a Timer Running as a Free-Running Counter
6.2.3 Using an Input-Capture Register on an External Input Capturing of Counts at a Timer Running as a Free-Running Counter
6.2.4 Programming for a Delay Using Out-Compare after an External Input-Capture
6.3 Real-Time Clock Interrupts
6.4 Software Timers
6.5 Interrupt Interval and Density Constraints
6.5.1 Interrupt Service Latency
6.5.2 Examples of Interrupt Service Latency Calculation
6.5.3 Interrupt Service Intervals
6.5.4 Fraction of Time Spent by the CPU in the RTC Interrupt-Service
6.5.5 Interrupt Density
6.5.6 Interrupt Constraints
6.5.7 Advantage of Combined Instructions for Reducing Interrupt Density
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 7. System Design: Peripherals and Interfacing
7.1 Serial UART and USART Communication Interfaces
7.1.1 Serial Interface in 8051
7.1.2 Serial UART Chip 8250
7.1.3 Serial USART Chip 8251
7.1.4 Programming 8251
7.1.5 Interfacing to Processor and DCE
7.2 Parallel IO Ports Interface 8255
7.2.1 Programming 8255
7.2.2 Interfacing 8255 to Processor
7.3 DMA Controller 8257
7.3.1 Methods for IO Transactions
7.3.2 Programming 825 7
7.3.3 Interfacing to 8086, 8051, 8096 and 68HC11/12
7.4 Programmable Interrupt Controller 8259
7.4.1 Interfacing 8259 to Processors
7.5 ADC Circuit Interfacing
7.6 DAC Circuit Interfacing
7.7 Inter-Integrated Circuits Interfacing (I2C Bus Standard)
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 8. Systems Design: Digital and Analog Interfacing Methods
8.1 Interfacing of the Key (Switch), Keypad and Keyboard
8.1.1 A Single Key (switch) and Its Interface
8.1.2 Bounces in a Key (switch)
8.1.3 Removing Bounce Effects on Input State from Key Using Hardware
8.1.4 Array (Row) of Keys and Its Interface
8.1.5 Keypad (Matrix of Keys) and Its Interfacing
8.1.6 Keyboard and Its Interfacing
8.1.7 Keyboard Controller
8.2 Debouncing Program Examples for Key/Switches
8.3 LED and Array of LEDS
8.3.1 LED
8.3.2 Array of LEDs or Annunciators
8.3.3 Array of LEDs in a 7-Segment Hex-Digit
8.3.4 Four-digit Display
8.4 Alphanumeric Devices—Display Systems and Their Interfaces
8.4.1 Alphanumeric Display by Sixteen-segment Display Systems
8.4.2 Dot-matrix Display Systems for Multilingual, Multi-fonts and Graphic Displays
8.5 LCD and LCD Controller
8.5.1 LCD
8.5.2 LCD Controller Circuit
8.5.3 LCD Controller
8.5.4 Interfacing with LCD Controller
8.5.5 Programming Aspects of Hitachi 44780, Optrex DMC 16xx, DMC 16xxx, DMC 20xxx and DMC 24xxx Series Compatible LCD Controller
8.6 Touch Screen and Touch -Screen Controller
8.6.1 Touch Screen
8.6.2 Touch-screen Controller
8.6.3 Touch-screen Software Driver
8.6.4 Software Functions Library to Enable Developing of the Applications
8.6.5 Multi-touch and Multi-touch Controller
8.6.6 Virtual Keypad
8.7 Keyboard-Cum-Display Controller (8279)
8.7.1 Keyboard-cum-Display Controller 8279
8.7.2 Interfacing of8279
8.7.3 Programming Aspects of8279
8.8 Interface with Printer
8.8.1 Parallel Centronics Interface — A Printer Interface
8.8.2 Serial RS232C Interface for a Print Controller in a Printer
8.9 Programmable Interface for Instruments using IEEE488 (GPIB) Bus
8.10 Interfacing of 8051 MCU with External Memory
8.11 Interfacing with Flash Memory
8.11.1 Programming the Flash Memory Chip
8.12 Interfacing with MCU IO Port using Optoisolator
8.13 Interfacing with Inductive Circuit
8.14 Interface for a Loudspeaker
8.15 Interfacing the Keypad and Speaker in a Music Playing system
8.16 Interface for Stepper Motor(s) in a Robot or Printer or Industrial Drive
8.17 Analog Inputs Interface with the MCU
8.17.1 Interfacing Thermocouple
8.17.2 Interfacing Load Cell— Electronic Weighing Machine
8.17.3 Interfacing - Precision Weighing Machine
8.18 Analog Output Generating Interface with MCU
8.19 Using PWM for DC Motor Control
8.20 Servomotor Control
8.21 Interfacing to High Power Devices
8.21.1 Interfacing for the Input and Output Modules
8.21.2 Interfacing with AC and DC High Power Motors
8.21.3 Interfacing with the Heater (Furnace)
8.21.4 Interfacings Power Devices Using Advanced Microcontrollers
8.22 Optical Motor Shaft Encoder
8.22.1 Incremental Rotation Encoder
8.22.2 Rotatory Absolute Angle Encoder
8.22.3 MCU-based Scale for Measuring Linear Position
8.23 Industrial Control Interface
8.23.1 Automatic Control Applications
8.24 Industrial Process Control System
8.25 Measurement Applications and Prototype MCU-based Measuring Instruments
8.26 Robotics and Embedded Control
8.27 Digital Signal Processing and Digital Filters
8.27.1 Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
8.27.2 Digital Filters
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 9. Programming in Assembly
9.1 Programming Basics for Assembly Language Programming
9.1.1 Benefits of Assembly Language Program (ALP)
9.1.2 Assembler
9.1.3 Types of Assemblers
9.1.4 Using an Assembler
9.1.5 Assembly Language Program
9.1.6 Program Steps for Basic Instructions
9.1.7 Default Settings for the Ports, Timer and Interrupts on Reset in 8051
9.1.8 Programming Approach for the Foreground (Main) Program
9.1.9 Program Approach for Programming ISR Instructions
9.1.10 Default Settings for the A, B, PSW, DPTR and SP on Reset in 8051
9.2 Programming Examples for Ports
9.2.1 Programming All 8-bits of a Port Simultaneously
9.2.2 Programming Individual Port Bits
9.3 Programming Examples for Timers
9.3.1 Programming the Mode 0, 1, 2 and 3 of the Timer
9.3.2 Programming a Delay by Using Loop Instructions
9.4 Program for Blinking of LEDs
9.5 Program for Real-Time Clock Interrupts
9.6 Program for Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Outputs
9.7 Program for LED Brightness Control Using Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Output
9.8 Program for a DC Motor Speed and Direction Control Using PWM
9.9 Programming Examples for Serial Port
9.9.1 Serial Synchronous (USRT) Communication Mode 0
9.9.2 Serial Asynchronous (UART) Communication Mode 1
9.9.3 Serial Asynchronous (UART) Communication Mode 2
9.9.4 Serial Asynchronous (UART) Communication Mode 3
9.10 Programming Examples for INT0 and INT1 Interrupts
9.11 Programming Examples for Read and Write at External Data Memory
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 10. Programming in C
10.1 Programming in C
10.1.1 Use of High-level Language Like ‘C’
10.1.2 ANSI C
10.2 Memory Constitution, Constants, Variables and Data Types In 8051
10.2.1 Memory Constitution in 8051
10.2.2 Constant
10.2.3 Variable
10.2.4 Data Types
10.2.5 Static, Extern, Register and Auto Storage Classes
10.2.6 Memory Models in 8051
10.2.7 Stack
10.3 Arrays, Structures and Unions
10.3.1 Arrays
10.3.2 Struct
10.3.3 Union
10.4 Pointers
10.5 Loops and Decisions—Control Structure Constructs
10.5.1 Loops
10.5.2 Decision Blocks
10.6 Functions and Library Functions
10.6.1 Function
10.6.2 Passing the Parameter
10.6.3 Library Functions
10.7 In-line Assembly
10.8 Modules and Programs
10.9 Program Build Process and Development Tools
10.10 C Compilers—GNU, SDCC and Keil
10.10.1 GNU Tools
10.10.2 SDCC Compiler
10.10.3 Keil C Compiler Cx51
10.11 Comments, Signs and Names in C Programs
10.12 Programming Examples for Ports
10.12.1 Using All 8-bits of Port Simultaneously
10.12.2 Using Individuall Port Bit
10.13 Programming Examples for Timers
10.14 Programming Examples for Serial Port
10.15 Programming Examples for Interrupts
10.16 Programming Examples for External Data
10.17 Programming Examples for Real-Time Clock
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 11. Real-time Operating System for System Design
11.1 Real-Time Operating System
11.1.1 Multi-tasking System
11.1.2 Tasks in a Multi-tasking System and Real-time Operating System (RTOS)
11.1.3 Inter-Process Communication (Inter-Task Message) Functions
11.1.4 Real-time Operating System
11.1.5 Task Characteristics in a Multi-tasking System
11.1.6 Semaphores and Mailboxes
11.2 RTOS of Keil (RTX51)
11.2.1 RTX51 Functions
11.2.2 Using RTOS Functions for Preemptive Scheduling in RTX51
11.2.3 RTX51 Versions
11.2.4 C Functions in RTX51 Tiny
11.2.5 C Functions in RTX51 Full
11.3 Use of RTOS in System Design
11.3.1 Simple Program Examples for Use of RTX51 in Design
11.3.2 Case Study of Traffic Light and Use of RTOS in Design
11.3.3 RTOS Functions for Design of Baby Weighing Machine
11.3.4 Case Study of Toffee Vending Machine and Use of RTOS in Design
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 12. Development Tools for Microcontroller Applications
12.1 Development Phases of a Microcontroller Based System
12.2 Software Development Cycle and Applications
12.3 Software Development Tools
12.3.1 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
12.3.2 Open Source IDE and Tools
12.3.3 RTOS
12.3.4 Compiler
12.3.5 Macro Assembler and Dissembler
12.3.6 Library and Library Manager
12.3.7 Linker/Locator and Hex File Generation
12.3.8 Debugger
12.3.9 Simulator
12.4 Example of an IDE—μVision and Tools from KEIL
12.4.1 IDE μVision2
12.4.2 C51 Compiler
12.4.3 A51 Assembler
12.4.4 LIB51 Library Manager
12.4.5 BL51 Linker/Locator
12.4.6 OC51 and OH51 Banked Object File Converter and Object to Hex Converter
12.5 Emulator and in-Circuit Emulator (ICE)
12.5.1 In-circuit Emulator (ICE)
12.5.2 Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
12.5.3 Logic Analyser Circuit
12.6 Target Board
12.7 Device Programmer
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 13. PIC Family Microcontrollers
13.1 PIC Family
13.1.1 MCU Families
13.2 Hardware of PIC 16F877
13.2.1 Overview of the Internal Hardware in PIC MCU
13.2.2 Architecture of PIC Microcontroller
13.2.3 Features of the CPU of PIC 16F877
13.3 Memory and Memory Map in Microchip PIC Family MCU System
13.3.1 On-Chip SFRs/GPRs/Internal RAM, Program Memory and Data EEPROM
13.3.2 On-Chip Data Memory RAM
13.3.3 Program Memory Map
13.3.4 SFR Addresses in Data Memory
13.4 IO Ports
13.4.1 Serial Ports— MSSP and USART
13.5 Timers and CCP Devices
13.5.1 Timers 0, 1 and 2
13.5.2 Compare Outputs and Interrupts Using CCP1 and CCP2
13.5.3 Software Timer Interrupts Using CCP1 and CCP2
13.5.4 Input Captures Using CCP1 and CCP2
13.5.5 Pulse Width Modulated Output
13.6 ADC
13.7 Interrupts
13.7.1 Maskable Sources of Interrupts
13.7.2 Servicing of Interrupts
13.8 Instructions and Instruction Set
13.8.1 Instruction Formats
13.8.2 Addressing Modes
13.8.3 PIC 16F877Instruction Set
13.8.4 PIC16F877Instructions
13.9 Development Tools
13.9.1 MPLAB IDE
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 14. 16-BIT Microcontrollers: 8096/80196 Family
14.1 Hardware
14.1.1 Overview of the 80196 CPU and Internal Address and Data Buses
14.1.2 Architecture of 80196
14.2 Memory Map in Intel 80196 Family MCU System
14.2.1 On-Chip RAM
14.2.2 On-Chip ROM/EPROM
14.2.3 External Program/Data Memory (PROM/RAM) Space
14.3 IO Ports
14.4 Timers
14.5 High-Speed Outputs
14.5.1 HSOs
14.5.2 Software Timers
14.5.3 Start ofADC Using T1 or T2
14.6 High-Speed Inputs and Input Captures
14.7 Pulse Width Modulated Output
14.8 Interrupts
14.8.1 Non-maskable and Maskable Sources of Interrupts
14.8.2 Servicing of Interrupts
14.9 Instructions and Instruction Set
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 15. 32-Bit ARM7, ARM9 AND ARM MCUs: Architecture, Programming and Development Tools
15.1 Introduction To 16/32 BIT Processors
15.2 ARM Architecture
15.3 ARM7
15.4 ARM9
15.5 ARM-based MCUs
15.6 ARM Cortex-M3
15.7 ARM Instruction Set
15.7.1 32/16-bit ARM Instruction Set
15.7.2 Data Transfer, Bit Clearing and Masking Instructions
15.7.3 Arithmetic Operation Instructions
15.7.4 Logic Operation Instructions
15.7.5 Data and Bit Manipulations During Move, Arithmetic, Data Swap, Branch and Exchange Instructions
15.7.6 Program Flow Control Instructions
15.7.7 SWI Interrupt Control Instruction
15.7.8 Formats of 32-bit Instruction
15.8 Thumb® Instruction-Set Extension
15.8.1 Thumb Instruction Set
15.8.2 Thumb Instruction Format
15.8.3 ARM/Thumb Inter-working
15.8.4 Thumb 2
15.9 Exception Handling in ARM
15.10 Development Tools
15.11 Porting Developed Codes in ARM Based System
15.12 Porting Linux in ARM
15.13 Assembly and C Programming (GNU Tools)
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Chapter 16. Motorola MC68HC11/12 Family
16.1 Architecture
16.1.1 CPU Registers and Internal Buses
16.1.2 Ports
16.1.3 Internal Devices
16.1.4 Memory Addresses
16.1.5 On-Chip Registers (RAM) at 256-byte Address Space 256 Bytes
16.1.6 On-Chip Program and EEPROM
16.1.7 64 Byte Space for Internal-device Function Registers
16.1.8 Addressable Register Space of 192 B Internal RAM
16.1.9 Internal RAM
16.1.10 Memory Map
16.2 Addressing Modes and Instructions
16.2.1 Addressing Modes in the Instruction Set
16.2.2 Instructions
16.3 Interfacing Methods
16.3.1 General-purpose Parallel Port IO Interface
16.3.2 Memory Interfacing, IO Additional Ports andIO Interfacing
16.3.3 Serial IO Devices
16.3.4 RS232 and RS485
16.4 Interrupts
16.4.1 Non-maskable, Maskable Sources of Interrupts and Reset
16.4.2 Servicing of Interrupts
16.5 Programmable Timer
16.5.1 Timing Signal Generation—TCNT Overflow and Real Time Clock Interrupts
16.5.2 Input Capture
16.5.3 Timing Measurements of External Event
16.5.4 Out Compare
16.5.5 P WM Outputs
16.5.6 Frequency Measurement
16.5.7 Pulse Accumulator Counter
16.6 Applications of Analog Interfacing
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Practice Exercises
Multiple Choice Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Appendices
References
Notes
Solutions to Multiple Choice Questions
Solutions to Fill in the blanks Questions
Acknowledgements
Copyright
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