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Part II: The Gory Details
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Part II: The Gory Details
by Guy Harrison
Next Generation Databases: NoSQL, NewSQL, and Big Data
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Author
About the Technical Reviewer
Acknowledgments
Part I: Next Generation Databases
Chapter 1: Three Database Revolutions
Early Database Systems
The First Database Revolution
The Second Database Revolution
Relational theory
Transaction Models
The First Relational Databases
Database Wars!
Client-server Computing
Object-oriented Programming and the OODBMS
The Relational Plateau
The Third Database Revolution
Google and Hadoop
The Rest of the Web
Cloud Computing
Document Databases
The “NewSQL”
The Nonrelational Explosion
Conclusion: One Size Doesn’t Fit All
Notes
Chapter 2: Google, Big Data, and Hadoop
The Big Data Revolution
Cloud, Mobile, Social, and Big Data
Google: Pioneer of Big Data
Google Hardware
The Google Software Stack
More about MapReduce
Hadoop: Open-Source Google Stack
Hadoop’s Origins
The Power of Hadoop
Hadoop’s Architecture
HBase
Hive
Pig
The Hadoop Ecosystem
Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 3: Sharding, Amazon, and the Birth of NoSQL
Scaling Web 2.0
How Web 2.0 was Won
The Open-source Solution
Sharding
Death by a Thousand Shards
CAP Theorem
Eventual Consistency
Amazon’s Dynamo
Consistent Hashing
Tunable Consistency
Dynamo and the Key-value Store Family
Conclusion
Note
Chapter 4: Document Databases
XML and XML Databases
XML Tools and Standards
XML Databases
XML Support in Relational Systems
JSON Document Databases
JSON and AJAX
JSON Databases
Data Models in Document Databases
Early JSON Databases
MemBase and CouchBase
MongoDB
JSON, JSON, Everywhere
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Tables are Not Your Friends: Graph Databases
What is a Graph?
RDBMS Patterns for Graphs
RDF and SPARQL
Property Graphs and Neo4j
Gremlin
Graph Database Internals
Graph Compute Engines
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Column Databases
Data Warehousing Schemas
The Columnar Alternative
Columnar Compression
Columnar Write Penalty
Sybase IQ, C-Store, and Vertica
Column Database Architectures
Projections
Columnar Technology in Other Databases
Conclusion
Note
Chapter 7: The End of Disk? SSD and In-Memory Databases
The End of Disk?
Solid State Disk
The Economics of Disk
SSD-Enabled Databases
In-Memory Databases
TimesTen
Redis
SAP HANA
VoltDB
Oracle 12c “in-Memory Database”
Berkeley Analytics Data Stack and Spark
Spark Architecture
Conclusion
Note
Part II: The Gory Details
Chapter 8: Distributed Database Patterns
Distributed Relational Databases
Replication
Shared Nothing and Shared Disk
Nonrelational Distributed Databases
MongoDB Sharding and Replication
Sharding
Sharding Mechanisms
Cluster Balancing
Replication
Write Concern and Read Preference
HBase
Tables, Regions, and RegionServers
Caching and Data Locality
Rowkey Ordering
RegionServer Splits, Balancing, and Failure
Region Replicas
Cassandra
Gossip
Consistent Hashing
Replicas
Snitches
Summary
Chapter 9: Consistency Models
Types of Consistency
ACID and MVCC
Global Transaction Sequence Numbers
Two-phase Commit
Other Levels of Consistency
Consistency in MongoDB
MongoDB Locking
Replica Sets and Eventual Consistency
HBase Consistency
Eventually Consistent Region Replicas
Cassandra Consistency
Replication Factor
Write Consistency
Read Consistency
Interaction between Consistency Levels
Hinted Handoff and Read Repair
Timestamps and Granularity
Vector Clocks
Lightweight Transactions
Conclusion
Chapter 10: Data Models and Storage
Data Models
Review of the Relational Model of Data
Key-value Stores
Data Models in BigTable and HBase
Cassandra
JSON Data Models
Storage
Typical Relational Storage Model
Log-structured Merge Trees
Secondary Indexing
Conclusion
Chapter 11: Languages and Programming Interfaces
SQL
NoSQL APIs
Riak
Hbase
MongoDB
Cassandra Query Language (CQL)
MapReduce
Pig
Directed Acyclic Graphs
Cascading
Spark
The Return of SQL
Hive
Impala
Spark SQL
Couchbase N1QL
Apache Drill
Other SQL on NoSQL
Conclusion
Note
Chapter 12: Databases of the Future
The Revolution Revisited
Counterrevolutionaries
Have We Come Full Circle?
An Embarrassment of Choice
Can We have it All?
Consistency Models
Schema
Database Languages
Storage
A Vision for a Converged Database
Meanwhile, Back at Oracle HQ ...
Oracle JSON Support
Accessing JSON via Oracle REST
REST Access to Oracle Tables
Oracle Graph
Oracle Sharding
Oracle as a Hybrid Database
Other Convergent Databases
Disruptive Database Technologies
Storage Technologies
Blockchain
Quantum Computing
Conclusion
Notes
Appendix A: Database Survey
Aerospike
Cassandra
CouchBase
DynamoDB
HBase
MarkLogic
MongoDB
Neo4J
NuoDB
Oracle RDBMS
Redis
Riak
SAP HANA
TimesTen
Vertica
VoltDB
Index
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Chapter 7: The End of Disk? SSD and In-Memory Databases
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Chapter 8: Distributed Database Patterns
PART II
The Gory Details
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