About the Authors
by Bill Padfield, Darl Kuhn, Sam R. Alapati
Oracle Database 12c Performance Tuning Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach
- Title Page
- Dedication
- Contents at a Glance
- Contents
- About the Authors
- About the Technical Reviewers
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- CHAPTER 1: Optimizing Table Performance
- 1-1. Building a Database That Maximizes Performance
- 1-2. Creating Tablespaces to Maximize Performance
- 1-3. Matching Table Types to Business Requirements
- 1-4. Choosing Table Features for Performance
- 1-5. Selecting Data Types Appropriately
- 1-6. Avoiding Extent Allocation Delays When Creating Tables
- 1-7. Maximizing Data-Loading Speeds
- 1-8. Efficiently Removing Table Data
- 1-9. Displaying Automated Segment Advisor Advice
- 1-10. Manually Generating Segment Advisor Advice
- 1-11. Automatically E-mailing Segment Advisor Output
- 1-12. Rebuilding Rows Spanning Multiple Blocks
- 1-13. Detecting Row Chaining and Row Migration
- 1-14. Differentiating Between Row Migration and Row Chaining
- 1-15. Proactively Preventing Row Migration/Chaining
- 1-16. Detecting Unused Space in a Table
- 1-17. Tracing to Detect Space Below the High-Water Mark
- 1-18. Using DBMS_SPACE to Detect Space Below the High-Water Mark
- 1-19. Freeing Unused Table Space
- 1-20. Compressing Data for Direct Path Loading
- 1-21. Compressing Data for All DML
- 1-22. Compressing Data at the Column Level
- CHAPTER 2: Choosing and Optimizing Indexes
- 2-1. Understanding B-tree Indexes
- 2-2. Deciding Which Columns to Index
- 2-3. Creating a Primary Key Constraint and Index
- 2-4. Ensuring Unique Column Values
- 2-5. Indexing Foreign Key Columns
- 2-6. Deciding When to Use a Concatenated Index
- 2-7. Reducing Index Size Through Compression
- 2-8. Implementing a Function-Based Index
- 2-9. Indexing a Virtual Column
- 2-10. Limiting Index Contention when Several Processes Insert in Parallel
- 2-11. Toggling the Visibility of an Index to the Optimizer
- 2-12. Creating a Bitmap Index in Support of a Star Schema
- 2-13. Creating a Bitmap Join Index
- 2-14. Creating an Index-Organized Table
- 2-15. Monitoring Index Usage
- 2-16. Maximizing Index Creation Speed
- 2-17. Reclaiming Unused Index Space
- CHAPTER 3: Optimizing Instance Memory
- 3-1. Automating Memory Management
- 3-2. Managing Multiple Buffer Pools
- 3-3. Setting Minimum Values for Memory
- 3-4. Monitoring Memory Resizing Operations
- 3-5. Optimizing Memory Usage
- 3-6. Tuning PGA Memory Allocation
- 3-7. Configuring the Server Query Cache
- 3-8. Managing the Server Result Cache
- 3-9. Caching SQL Query Results
- 3-10. Caching Client Result Sets
- 3-11. Caching PL/SQL Function Results
- 3-12. Configuring the Oracle Database Smart Flash Cache
- 3-13. Tuning the Redo Log Buffer
- 3-14. Limiting PGA Memory Allocation
- CHAPTER 4: Monitoring System Performance
- 4-1. Implementing Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)
- 4-2. Modifying the Statistics Interval and Retention Periods
- 4-3. Generating an AWR Report Manually
- 4-4. Generating an AWR Report via Enterprise Manager
- 4-5. Generating an AWR Report for a Single SQL Statement
- 4-6. Creating a Statistical Baseline for Your Database
- 4-7. Managing AWR Baselines via Enterprise Manager
- 4-8. Managing AWR Statistics Repository
- 4-9. Creating AWR Baselines Automatically
- 4-10. Quickly Analyzing AWR Output
- 4-11. Manually Getting Active Session Information
- 4-12. Getting ASH Information from Enterprise Manager
- 4-13. Getting ASH Information from the Data Dictionary
- CHAPTER 5: Minimizing System Contention
- 5-1. Understanding Response Time
- 5-2. Identifying SQL Statements with the Most Waits
- 5-3. Analyzing Wait Events
- 5-4. Understanding Wait Class Events
- 5-5. Examining Session Waits
- 5-6. Examining Wait Events by Class
- 5-7. Resolving Buffer Busy Waits
- 5-8. Resolving Log File Sync Waits
- 5-9. Minimizing Read by Other Session Wait Events
- 5-10. Reducing Direct Path Read Wait Events
- 5-11. Minimizing Recovery Writer Waits
- 5-12. Finding Out Who’s Holding a Blocking Lock
- 5-13. Identifying Blocked and Blocking Sessions
- 5-14. Dealing with a Blocking Lock
- 5-15. Identifying a Locked Object
- 5-16. Resolving enq: TM Lock Contention
- 5-17. Identifying Recently Locked Sessions
- 5-18. Analyzing Recent Wait Events in a Database
- 5-19. Identifying Time Spent Waiting Because of Locking
- 5-20. Minimizing Latch Contention
- CHAPTER 6: Analyzing Operating System Performance
- 6-1. Detecting Disk Space Issues
- 6-2. Identifying System Bottlenecks
- 6-3. Determining Top System-Resource-Consuming Processes
- 6-4. Detecting CPU Bottlenecks
- 6-5. Identifying Processes Consuming CPU and Memory
- 6-6. Determining I/O Bottlenecks
- 6-7. Detecting Network-Intensive Processes
- 6-8. Mapping a Resource-Intensive Process to a Database Process
- 6-9. Terminating a Resource-Intensive Process
- CHAPTER 7: Troubleshooting the Database
- 7-1. Determining the Optimal Undo Retention Period
- 7-2. Finding What’s Consuming the Most Undo
- 7-3. Resolving an ORA-01555 Error
- 7-4. Monitoring Temporary Tablespace Usage
- 7-5. Identifying Who Is Using the Temporary Tablespace
- 7-6. Resolving the “Unable to Extend Temp Segment” Error
- 7-7. Resolving Open Cursor Errors
- 7-8. Resolving a Hung Database
- 7-9. Invoking the Automatic Diagnostic Repository Command Interpreter
- 7-10. Viewing an Alert Log from ADRCI
- 7-11. Viewing Incidents with ADRCI
- 7-12. Packaging Incidents for Oracle Support
- 7-13. Running a Database Health Check
- 7-14. Creating a SQL Test Case
- 7-15. Generating an AWR Report
- 7-16. Comparing Database Performance Between Two Periods
- 7-17. Analyzing an AWR Report
- CHAPTER 8: Creating Efficient SQL
- 8-1. Retrieving All Rows from a Table
- 8-2. Retrieve a Subset of Rows from a Table
- 8-3. Joining Tables with Corresponding Rows
- 8-4. Joining Tables When Corresponding Rows May Be Missing
- 8-5. Constructing Simple Subqueries
- 8-6. Constructing Correlated Subqueries
- 8-7. Comparing Two Tables to Find Missing Rows
- 8-8. Comparing Two Tables to Find Matching Rows
- 8-9. Combining Results from Similar SELECT Statements
- 8-10. Searching for a Range of Values
- 8-11. Handling Null Values
- 8-12. Searching for Partial Column Values
- 8-13. Re-using SQL Statements Within the Shared Pool
- 8-14. Avoiding Accidental Full Table Scans
- 8-15. Creating Efficient Temporary Views
- 8-16. Avoiding the NOT Clause
- 8-17. Controlling Transaction Sizes
- CHAPTER 9: Manually Tuning SQL
- 9-1. Displaying an Execution Plan for a Query
- 9-2. Customizing Execution Plan Output
- 9-3. Graphically Displaying an Execution Plan
- 9-4. Reading an Execution Plan
- 9-5. Monitoring Long-Running SQL Statements
- 9-6. Identifying Resource-Consuming SQL Statements That Are Currently Executing
- 9-7. Seeing Execution Statistics for Currently Running SQL
- 9-8. Monitoring Progress of a SQL Execution Plan
- 9-9. Identifying Resource-Consuming SQL Statements That Have Executed in the Past
- Comparing SQL Performance After a System Change
- CHAPTER 10: Tracing SQL Execution
- 10-1. Preparing Your Environment
- 10-2. Tracing a Specific SQL Statement
- 10-3. Enabling Tracing in Your Own Session
- 10-4. Finding the Trace Files
- 10-5. Examining a Raw SQL Trace File
- 10-6. Analyzing Oracle Trace Files
- 10-7. Formatting Trace Files with TKPROF
- 10-8. Analyzing TKPROF Output
- 10-9. Analyzing Trace Files with Oracle Trace Analyzer
- 10-10. Tracing a Parallel Query
- 10-11. Tracing Specific Parallel Query Processes
- 10-12. Tracing Parallel Queries in a RAC System
- 10-13. Consolidating Multiple Trace Files
- 10-14. Finding the Correct Session for Tracing
- 10-15. Tracing a SQL Session
- 10-16. Tracing a Session by Process ID
- 10-17. Tracing Multiple Sessions
- 10-18. Tracing an Instance or a Database
- 10-19. Generating an Event 10046 Trace for a Session
- 10-20. Generating an Event 10046 Trace for an Instance
- 10-21. Setting a Trace in a Running Session
- 10-22. Enabling Tracing in a Session After a Login
- 10-23. Tracing the Optimizer’s Execution Path
- 10-24. Generating Automatic Oracle Error Traces
- 10-25. Tracing a Background Process
- 10-26. Enabling Oracle Listener Tracing
- 10-27. Setting Archive Tracing for Data Guard
- CHAPTER 11: Automated SQL Tuning
- 11-1. Displaying Automatic SQL Tuning Job Details
- 11-2. Displaying Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor Advice
- 11-3. Generating a SQL Script to Implement Automatic Tuning Advice
- 11-4. Modifying Automatic SQL Tuning Features
- 11-5. Disabling and Enabling Automatic SQL Tuning
- 11-6. Modifying Maintenance Window Attributes
- 11-7. Creating a SQL Tuning Set Object
- 11-8. Viewing Resource-Intensive SQL in the AWR
- 11-9. Populating a SQL Tuning Set from High-Resource SQL in AWR
- 11-10. Viewing Resource-Intensive SQL in Memory
- 11-11. Populating a SQL Tuning Set from Resource-Consuming SQL in Memory
- 11-12. Populating a SQL Tuning Set With All SQL in Memory
- 11-13. Displaying the Contents of a SQL Tuning Set
- 11-14. Selectively Deleting Statements from a SQL Tuning Set
- 11-15. Transporting a SQL Tuning Set
- 11-16. Creating a Tuning Task
- 11-17. Running the SQL Tuning Advisor
- 11-18. Generating SQL Tuning Advice from the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor
- CHAPTER 12: Execution Plan Optimization and Consistency
- Background
- Seeing the Big Picture
- 12-1. Creating and Accepting a SQL Profile
- 12-2. Determining if a Query is Using a SQL Profile
- 12-3. Automatically Accepting SQL Profiles
- 12-4. Displaying SQL Profile Information
- 12-5. Selectively Testing a SQL Profile
- 12-6. Transporting a SQL Profile to a Different Database
- 12-7. Disabling a SQL Profile
- 12-8. Dropping a SQL Profile
- 12-9. Creating a Plan Baseline for a SQL Statement in Memory
- 12-10. Creating Plan Baselines for SQL Contained in SQL Tuning Set
- 12-11. Automatically Adding Plan Baselines
- 12-12. Altering a Plan Baseline
- 12-13. Determining If Plan Baselines Exist
- 12-14. Determining if a Query is Using a Plan Baseline
- 12-15. Displaying Plan Baseline Execution Plans
- 12-16. Manually Adding a New Execution Plan to Plan Baseline (Evolving)
- 12-17. Toggling the Automatic Acceptance of New Low-Cost Execution Plans
- 12-18. Disabling Plan Baselines
- 12-19. Removing Plan Baseline Information
- 12-20. Transporting Plan Baselines
- CHAPTER 13: Configuring the Optimizer
- 13-1. Choosing an Optimizer Goal
- 13-2. Enabling Automatic Statistics Gathering
- 13-3. Setting Preferences for Statistics Collection
- 13-4. Manually Generating Statistics
- 13-5. Locking Statistics
- 13-6. Handling Missing Statistics
- 13-7. Exporting Statistics
- 13-8. Restoring Previous Versions of Statistics
- 13-9. Gathering System Statistics
- 13-10. Validating New Statistics
- 13-11. Forcing the Optimizer to Use an Index
- 13-12. Enabling Query Optimizer Features
- 13-13. Keeping the Database from Creating Histograms
- 13-14. Improving Performance When Not Using Bind Variables
- 13-15. Understanding Adaptive Cursor Sharing
- 13-16. Creating Statistics on Expressions
- 13-17. Creating Statistics for Related Columns
- 13-18. Automatically Creating Column Groups
- 13-19. Maintaining Statistics on Partitioned Tables
- 13-20. Concurrent Statistics Collection for Large Tables
- 13-21. Determining When Statistics Are Stale
- 13-22. Previewing Statistics Gathering Targets
- CHAPTER 14: Implementing Query Hints
- 14-1. Writing a Hint
- 14-2. Changing the Access Path
- 14-3. Changing the Join Order
- 14-4. Changing the Join Method
- 14-5. Changing the Optimizer Version
- 14-6. Choosing Between a Fast Response and Overall Optimization
- 14-7. Performing a Direct-Path Insert
- 14-8. Placing Hints in Views
- 14-9. Caching Query Results
- 14-10. Directing a Distributed Query to a Specific Database
- 14-11. Gathering Extended Query Execution Statistics
- 14-12. Enabling Query Rewrite
- 14-13. Improving Star Schema Query Performance
- CHAPTER 15: Executing SQL in Parallel
- 15-1. Enabling Parallelism for a Specific Query
- 15-2. Enabling Parallelism at Object Creation
- 15-3. Enabling Parallelism for an Existing Object
- 15-4. Implementing Parallel DML
- 15-5. Creating Tables in Parallel
- 15-6. Creating Indexes in Parallel
- 15-7. Rebuilding Indexes in Parallel
- 15-8. Moving Partitions in Parallel
- 15-9. Splitting Partitions in Parallel
- 15-10. Enabling Automatic Degree of Parallelism
- 15-11. Examining Parallel Explain Plans
- 15-12. Monitoring Parallel Operations
- 15-13. Finding Bottlenecks in Parallel Processes
- 15-14. Getting Detailed Information on Parallel Sessions
- Index
About the Authors
Sam R. Alapati is a senior database architect at Cash America International in Fort Worth, Texas. Sam is an Oracle OCP 12c certification holder. Earlier, Sam worked as an Oracle DBA at AT&T, Boy Scouts of America, and Oracle Corporation. Sam has published several Oracle Database and middleware administration–related books, including forthcoming books such as Oracle WebLogic Server 12c Administration Handbook and OCP Oracle Database 12c New Features for Administrators Exam Guide.
Darl Kuhn is currently a DBA working for Oracle. He has written books on a variety of IT topics including SQL, performance tuning, Linux, backup and recovery, RMAN, and database administration. Darl also teaches Oracle classes for Regis University and does volunteer DBA work for the Rocky Mountain Oracle Users Group.
Bill Padfield is an Oracle Certified Professional, working for a large telecommunications company in Denver, Colorado, as a senior database administrator. Bill helps administer and manage a large data warehouse environment consisting of more than 100 databases. Bill has been an Oracle Database administrator for more than 16 years and has been in the IT industry since 1985. Bill also teaches graduate database courses at Regis University and currently resides in Aurora, Colorado, with his wife, Oyuna, and son, Evan.
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