Appendices

APPENDIX A

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASCII Value Symbol Description

000

(NUL)

Null char

001

☺ (SOH)

Start of Heading

002

☻ (STX)

Start of Text

003

♥ (ETX)

End of Text

004

♦ (EOT)

End of Transmission

005

♣ (ENQ)

Enquiry

006

♠ (ACK)

Acknowledgment

007

• (BEL)

Bell

008

◘ (BS)

Back Space

009

○ (HT)

Horizontal Tab

010

◙ (LF)

Line Feed

011

♂ (VT)

Vertical Tab

012

♀ (FF)

Form Feed

013

♪ (CR)

Carriage Return

014

♫ (SO)

Shift Out / X-On

015

☼ (SI)

Shift In / X-Off

016

► (DLE)

Data Line Escape

017

◄ (DC1)

Device Control 1 (often XON)

018

↕ (DC2)

Device Control 2

019

!! (DC3)

Device Control 3 (often XOFF)

020

¶ (DC4)

Device Control 4

021

§ (NAK)

Negative Acknowledgement

022

▬ (SYN)

Synchronous Idle

023

↕ (ETB)

End of Transmit Block

024

↑ (CAN)

Cancel

025

↓ (EM)

End of Medium

026

→ (SUB)

Substitute

027

← (ESC)

Escape

028

⌐ (FS)

File Separator

029

↔ (GS)

Group Separator

030

▲ (RS)

Record Separator

031

▼ (US)

Unit Separator

032

(BL)

Space (Blank)

033

!

Exclamation mark

034

Double quotes (or speech marks)

035

#

Number

036

$

Dollar

037

%

Percentage

038

&

Ampersand

039

Single quote

040

(

Open parenthesis (or open bracket)

041

)

Close parenthesis (or close bracket)

042

*

Asterisk

043

+

Plus

044

Comma

045

-

Hyphen

046

.

Period, dot or full stop

047

/

Slash or divide

048

0

Zero

049

1

One

050

2

Two

051

3

Three

052

4

Four

053

5

Five

054

6

Six

055

7

Seven

056

8

Eight

057

9

Nine

058

:

Colon

059

;

Semicolon

060

<

Less than (or open angled bracket)

061

=

Equals

062

>

Greater than (or close angled bracket)

063

?

Question mark

064

@

At symbol

065

A

Uppercase A

066

B

Uppercase B

067

C

Uppercase C

068

D

Uppercase D

069

E

Uppercase E

070

F

Uppercase F

071

G

Uppercase G

072

H

Uppercase H

073

I

Uppercase I

074

J

Uppercase J

075

K

Uppercase K

076

L

Uppercase L

077

M

Uppercase M

078

N

Uppercase N

079

O

Uppercase O

080

P

Uppercase P

081

Q

Uppercase Q

082

R

Uppercase R

083

S

Uppercase S

084

T

Uppercase T

085

U

Uppercase U

086

V

Uppercase V

087

W

Uppercase W

088

X

Uppercase X

089

Y

Uppercase Y

090

Z

Uppercase Z

091

[

Opening bracket

092

Backslash

093

]

Closing bracket

094

^

Caret – circumflex

095

_

Underscore

096

Grave accent

097

a

Lowercase a

098

b

Lowercase b

099

c

Lowercase c

100

d

Lowercase d

101

e

Lowercase e

102

f

Lowercase f

103

g

Lowercase g

104

h

Lowercase h

105

i

Lowercase i

106

j

Lowercase j

107

k

Lowercase k

108

l

Lowercase l

109

m

Lowercase m

110

n

Lowercase n

111

o

Lowercase o

112

p

Lowercase p

113

q

Lowercase q

114

r

Lowercase r

115

s

Lowercase s

116

t

Lowercase t

117

u

Lowercase u

118

v

Lowercase v

119

w

Lowercase w

120

x

Lowercase x

121

y

Lowercase y

122

z

Lowercase z

123

{

Opening brace

124

|

Vertical bar

125

}

Closing brace

126

~

Equivalency sign – tilde

127

(DEL)

Delete

128

Ç

Latin capital letter C with cedilla

129

ü

Latin small letter u with diaeresis

130

é

Latin small letter e with acute

131

â

Latin small letter a with circumflex

132

ä

Latin small letter a with dieresis

133

à

Latin small letter a with grave

134

å

Latin small letter a with ring above

135

ç

Latin small letter c with cedilla

136

ê

Latin small letter e with circumflex

137

ë

Latin small letter e with dieresis

138

è

Latin small letter e with grave

139

ï

Latin small letter i with dieresis

140

î

Latin small letter i with circumflex

141

ì

Latin small letter i with grave

142

Ä

Latin capital letter A with dieresis

143

Å

Latin capital letter A with ring above

144

É

Latin capital letter E with acute

145

æ

Latin small letter ae

146

Æ

Latin capital letter AE

147

ô

Latin small letter o with circumflex

148

ö

Latin small letter o with dieresis

149

ò

Latin small letter o with grave

150

û

Latin small letter u with circumflex

151

ù

Latin small letter u with grave

152

ÿ

Latin small letter y with dieresis

153

Ö

Latin capital letter O with dieresis

154

Ü

Latin capital letter U with dieresis

155

¢

Cent

156

£

Lira

157

¥

Yen

158

Pts

Peseta

159

ƒ

Latin small letter f with hook

160

á

Latin small letter a with acute

161

í

Latin small letter i with acute

162

ó

Latin small letter o with acute

163

ú

Latin small letter u with acute

164

ñ

Latin small letter n with tilde

165

Ñ

Latin capital letter N with tilde

166

ª

Feminine ordinal indicator

167

°

Masculine ordinal indicator

168

¿

Inverted question mark

169

Reversed not

170

¬

Not

171

½

Vulgar fraction one half

172

¼

Vulgar fraction one quarter

173

¡

Inverted exclamation

174

«

Left-pointing double angle quotation

175

»

Right-pointing double angle quotation

176

image

Light shade

177

image

Medium shade

178

image

Dark shade

179

Box drawings light vertical

180

Box drawings light vertical and left

181

Box drawings vertical single and left double

182

Box drawings vertical double and left single

183

Box drawings down double and left single

184

Box drawings down single and left double

185

Box drawings double vertical and left

186

Box drawings double vertical

187

Box drawings double down and left

188

Box drawings double up and left

189

Box drawings up double and left single

190

Box drawings up single and left double

191

Box drawings light down and left

192

Box drawings light up and right

193

Box drawings light horizontal and up

194

Box drawings light horizontal and down

195

Box drawings light vertical and right

196

Box drawings light horizontal

197

Box drawings light vertical and horizontal

198

Box drawings vertical single and right double

199

Box drawings vertical double and right single

200

Box drawings double up and right

201

Box drawings double down and right

202

Box drawings double up and horizontal

203

Box drawings double down and horizontal

204

Box drawings double vertical and right

205

Box drawings double horizontal

206

Box drawings double vertical and horizontal

207

Box drawings up single and horizontal double

208

Box drawings up double and horizontal single

209

Box drawings down single and horizontal double

210

Box drawings down double and horizontal single

211

Box drawings up double and right single

212

Box drawings up single and right double

213

Box drawings down single and right double

214

Box drawings down double and right single

215

Box drawings vertical double and horizontal single

216

Box drawings vertical single and horizontal double

217

Box drawings light up and left

218

Box drawings light down and right

219

Full block

220

Lower half block

221

Left half block

222

Right half block

223

Upper half block

224

α

Greek small letter Alpha

225

β

Greek small letter Beta

226

Γ

Greek capital letter Gamma

227

π

Greek small letter Pi

228

Σ

Greek capital letter Sigma

229

σ

Greek small letter Sigma

230

µ

Greek small letter Mu

231

τ

Greek small letter Tau

232

Φ

Greek capital letter Phi

233

θ

Greek small letter Theta

234

Ω

Greek capital letter Omega (ohm)

235

δ

Greek small letter Delta

236

Infinity

237

ø

Latin small letter o with stroke

238

Є

Cyrillic capital letter Ukrainian IE

239

Intersection

240

Identical to

241

±

Plus–minus

242

Greater than or equal to

243

Less than or equal to

244

Top half integral

245

Bottom half integral

246

÷

Division

247

Almost equal to

248

White bullet

249

Bullet

250

.

Decimal point

251

Square root

252

η

Greek small letter Eta

253

²

Superscript two

254

Black square

255

 

 

APPENDIX B

Data Types in C++

Data Type Size in Bytes Range

char

1

–128 to 127

unsigned char

1

0 to 255

signed char

1

–128 to 127

int

2

–32768 to 32767

unsigned int

2

0 to 65535

signed int

2

–32768 to 32767

short int

2

–32768 to 32767

unsigned short int

2

0 to 65535

signed short int

2

–32768 to 32767

long int

4

–2147483648 to 2147483647

signed long int

4

–2147483648 to 2147483647

unsigned long int

4

0 to 4294967295

float

4

3.4E –38 to 3.4E + 38

double

8

1.7E –308 to 1.7E + 308

long double

10

3.4E –4932 to 1.1E + 4932

enum

2

–32768 to 32767

bool

1

true / false

APPENDIX C

Precedence of Operators in C++

# Group Operator Operation

1. Top

()

Function call

[]

Array subscript

->

C++ indirect component selector

::

C++ scope access/resolution

.

C++ direct component selector

2. Unary

!

Logical negation (NOT)

~

Bitwise (1’s) complement

+

Unary plus

Unary minus

++

Pre-increment or post-increment

--

Pre-decrement or post-decrement

&

Address

*

Indirection

size of

Returns size of operand in bytes

new

Dynamically allocates C++ storage

delete

Dynamically deallocates C++ storage

3. Multiplicative

 

 

*

Multiply

/

Divide

%

Remainder (modulus)

4. Member Access

 

.*

C++ deference

->*

C++ deference

5. Additive

 

+

Binary plus

Binary minus

6. Shift

 

<<

Shift left

>>

Shift right

7. Relational

 

 

 

<

Less than

<=

Less than or equal to

>

Greater than

>=

Greater than or equal to

8. Equality

 

==

Equal to

!=

Not equal to

9. Bitwise

 

 

&

Bitwise AND

^

Bitwise XOR

|

Bitwise OR

10. Logical

 

&&

Logical AND

||

Logical OR

11. Conditional

?:

(a ? x : y means “if a then x, else y”)

12. Assignment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=

Simple assignment

*=

Assign product

/=

Assign quotient

%=

Assign remainder (modulus)

+=

Assign sum

–=

Assign difference

&=

Assign bitwise AND

^=

Assign bitwise XOR

|=

Assign bitwise OR

<<=

Assign left shift

>>=

Assign right shift

13. Comma

,

Evaluate

APPENDIX D

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

APPENDIX E

Scan Codes of Keyboard Keys

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