Index
Note: Page numbers with “f” denote figures; “t” tables; “b” boxes.
A
Above-ground biomass (AGB),
287b
effect on bending moment,
62–63
Absorption flasks sampler method,
342
Actinomycetes
abundance and biomass,
123t
Administrative Evaluation Bureau (AEB),
350
Agricultural Cooperative S,
368
Agricultural machinery,
144
Algae
abundance and biomass,
123t
Alkylimidazolium salts,
209
α-
L-Arabinofuranosidase,
237
Ammonia fiber/freeze explosion (AFEX),
190
action and structure of,
235f
changes in cellobiohydrolases,
238f
RothC modification for,
120
Animal feeds
enrichment with metallic elements,
303
Antirrhinum majus MYB308 (AmMYB308),
78–79
Arabidopsis thaliana MYB61 (AtMYB61),
78–79
abundance and biomass,
123t
research on population,
32
Artificial substances,
290
Atmosphere
human activity effects,
1–2
surface organic matter decomposition effect,
20
Atomic force microscopy (AFM),
185
B
abundance and biomass,
123t
free-living nitrogen-fixing,
130t
role in cellulolytic material degradation,
229–230
Basic Law on the Promotion of Biomass Utilization,
fundamental principles and governmental policies,
4t
Basic Plan for Promotion of Biomass Utilization,
semi-batch fermentation,
254
β-1,3-oligosaccharides,
236
β-
D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-
D-glucose,
251
cellobiose hydrolysis,
236
Biodiversity
land-use change effect,
334
maintenance in paddy fields,
45–47
of paddy fields in Japan,
43–45
goal and scope definition,
311
life cycle inventory,
324t
production
target in 2020 in Japan,
13t
sustainability indicators,
322t
by global bioenergy partnership,
321–322
large-scale biomass production,
317–320
social, economic, and ecological factors,
320–321
sustainability indicators,
322t
by global bioenergy partnership,
321–322
large-scale biomass production,
317–320
social, economic, and ecological factors,
320–321
Bioethanol
evaluation from rice straw,
323b
LCI of indicators for,
324t
Forage cultivar leaf star biomass,
256t,
256b
cyclic food production systems,
290
use in crop production,
291
forage rice leaf star production,
292
in BNS,
from inedible biomass,
206
liquid,
Biogas
M&T automatic biogas stirring system,
300f
in methane fermentation tank,
299
carbon and undesirable elements in,
303
effect on CH
4 emissions,
305f
availability,
available quantity for use in Japan,
10
characteristics,
energy advantages,
fuel solidification
material flows
potential amount,
10,
11t
resource
categories,
end-products,
supply chain
of biomass material flows,
13
stage of economic development,
14–15
target of bioenergy production,
13t
utilization technology
carbonization and gasification,
271f
full-scale model of co-generation system,
270
promotion in local community,
270f
Biomass Nippon Strategy (BNS),
3–5,
348
biomass town plan development,
350
goals,
Biomass production
in AAD, HS, and CT plants,
56t
direct sowing of rice,
55b
dry matter production affecting characteristics,
54t
farm machinery for converted fields and uplands,
147–148
farm machinery for low land
direct drill seeder,
147f
pulverization of soil rate,
146–147
farming land management
abandoned agricultural land in Japan,
334–335
forest biomass harvesting
biomass harvesting system,
170
harvesting technology,
161
forest certification schemes,
325
forestry production
information systems in crop production
farm operations optimization,
152
personal digital assistant,
151–152
precision agriculture,
148
machinery for production
agricultural machinery,
144
photosynthetic efficiency of crop,
54–55
CO
2 diffusion into canopy,
57
leaf photosynthesis rates,
57–58
light penetration into canopy,
55,
57
characteristics of varieties,
58–61
light-intercepting characteristics of canopy,
62
lodging resistance,
62–63
photosynthesis rate in fully expanded young leaves,
62
as potential plant in Japan,
58
reduced rates of leaf photosynthesis,
62
solar radiation interception,
53–54
sustainable forest management
forest certification,
325
Biomass Research Center,
69–70
in conversion stage,
13–14
creation
German legislative framework,
369
lack of profitability,
369
primary energy supply,
369
biofuel price influence,
16
limited profitability,
16
location-specific conditions,
15
optimal biomass system,
14–15
priority of using biomass resources,
15
establishment
local municipalities,
348
cereal crops and sugar cane,
349–350
location-specific characteristics,
349
unsuccessful performance
lack of profitability,
351
Biomass-degrading enzymes
changes in cellobiohydrolases,
238f
BGL
hydrolysis of cellobiose,
236
α-
L-Arabinofuranosidase,
237
Acetylxylan esterases,
237
Endo-1,4-β-
D-xylanases,
237
hemicellulose degradation,
237
[C
2mim]-type IL’s physicochemical properties,
219t
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts use,
219
Brönsted-type solid acids,
196
1-
n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride,
207
C
Cable logging system,
174
Caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid
O-methyltransferase (COMT),
76–77
down-regulated alfalfa plants,
78
down-regulation of,
79–80
Caffeoyl CoA 3-
O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT),
97–98
Carbohydrate esterase (CE),
228,
237
Carbohydrate-
Active en
Zymes (CAZy database),
228
Carbohydrate-binding module (CBM),
229
Carbon monoxide (CO),
273
Carbon sequestration
soil organic carbon sequestration change,
121f,
121b
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC),
226,
234b
Catalyst preparation
experimental apparatus for,
264f
using impregnation method,
264
Cation exchanged capacity (CEC),
114
Cell wall
degradation enzyme production
cellulase production in plants,
86–88
lignin degradation enzyme production,
86
formation process
cellulose microfibrils,
91
phloem or xylem cells,
90
Cellobiohydrolase (CBH),
226,
228
cellulose-binding domain of,
228f
conformational changes in,
238f
Cellulases
biomass-degrading enzymes
intra-and intermolecular bonds,
226
properties
hydrolyze glucan chains,
226
processivity mechanism,
227
structure and function
subsite and catalytic residues,
232
T. reesei and
C. thermocellum,
229,
230
enzymatic hydrolysis,
184
intra- and intermolecular bonds,
226
Cellulose extraction
from bran with phosphinate-type ILs,
221t
from bran with phosphonate-type ILs
degree of polysaccharide extraction,
219,
220f
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts,
219
Cellulose-binding domain (CBD),
227–228
of cellobiohydrolase I,
228f
Trichoderma reesei Cel6A and Cel7A,
230–231
road map of research,
67–68
Charcoal
Chemical fertilizer (CF),
34,
303
long-term field studies using,
136
for soybean production,
292
Chemical oxygen demand (COD),
340
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H),
76–77
Clostridium phytofermentans (
C. phytofermentans),
250
Clostridium thermocellum (
C. thermocellum),
229
Colony-forming unit (CFU),
34
of soil actinomycetes,
35f
downflow system incinerator,
272f
using livestock manure by
using ash after combustion,
277
manure-fired power plant processing,
277
treatment of exhaust,
277
problems in biomass combustion,
273
Conifenyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),
76–77
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP),
257
enzymetic hydrolysis,
257
saccharolytic enzymes,
257
Continuous cropping, injury by,
42–43
aerobic microorganisms,
43
Japanese paddy field system,
43
soil in upland fields,
43
microbial cells immobilization,
254–255
Corn production
Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum),
250
4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL),
76–77
down-regulation in grasses,
78
Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H),
76–77
Cradle-to-grave concept,
310
Crop growth rate (CGR),
53,
53f
Crop production
balancing crop production
environmentally sound crop production,
285f
bioenergy production and nutrients,
280f
eco-friendly agriculture,
282
nutrients fates
in Germany and France,
283
large-scale agricultural activities,
282–283
nitrogen loading to watershed,
283t
soil surface nitrogen balance estimation,
282t
purpose of agriculture,
280
Crop protection, soil organism role in,
31
Cultivated fields in Japan,
29
injury by continuous cropping,
29
organism-preserving ability,
29–31
paddy–upland rotation,
29
proliferation of microorganisms in soil,
31
soil fauna in upland ecosystems,
31–32
soil-dwelling animals role,
31
D
Decomposable plant material (DPM),
119
Degradable crop residues,
304
fertilization influence,
32
prey and predator individuals,
33f
Diameter at breast height (DBH),
335–336
complete enumeration method,
335–336
1,3-dialkylimidazolium carboxylates,
213
1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride salts,
213
Differential GPS (DGPS),
339
tank process retention time,
302t
Digital elevation map (DEM),
176
Dimethylphosphate ((MeO)
2PO
2),
214
Domestic fuel cells
domestic CHP systems,
261
operating characteristics,
260t
Downflow system incinerator,
272f
Dry milling
bioethanol production,
251
Dry tropical ecosystems,
137
E
Earth observation satellites,
338–339
Earth Summit,
international forest certification schemes,
326–327
abundance and biomass,
123t
Ectomycorrhiza
concentration in symbiosis,
30b
Hartig net of
Konara root,
24f
Electrical conductivity (EC),
340
Electricity Feed-in Act (EFA),
370
Embden–Meyerhof Pathway (EM Pathway),
244
carbohydrates anaerobic degradation,
244
Endo-1,4-β-
D-xylanases,
237
cellulase production,
86–88
GH6 Cellobiohydrolases,
234b
lignocellulosic biomass,
184
woody or herbaceous biomass,
144
Energy production
from livestock wastes
using ash after combustion,
277
livestock manure compost,
276
manure-fired power plant processing,
277
treatment of exhaust,
277
Energy-saving biomass processing
cellulose dissolution,
206
chloride-based salts,
207
energy-related devices,
206
hydrogen-bonding characteristics,
208–209
ion selection flexibility,
207
Environmental change with human activities,
1–2
average carbon dioxide concentration, ,
2f
conference in Villach, Austria,
Earth Summit,
temperature variations,
2f
cellulosic components conversion,
192
OECD agri-environmental indicators,
331t
Escherichia coli (
E. coli),
250
xylose catabolic enzymes,
249
Ethanol fermentation,
243
alcoholic fermentation,
244
conversion rate calculation,
265
ethanol-producing microorganisms
methods
fermentation process,
255
principles
pentose phosphate pathway,
245
batch or fed-batch fermentation,
254
cellulose microfibrils,
97
fermentable sugars,
74–75
flocculent yeast fermentation,
254
lignocellulosic biomass,
248
Ethanol steam reforming reaction
Ethanol-producing microorganisms
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (C
2mim),
214
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate,
216–217
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium phosphinate,
221,
221f
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium salts,
219
Eucalyptus gunnii MYB2 (EgMYB2),
78–79
F
Family 1 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM1),
227–228
Farm machinery
for converted fields and uplands
tilling and ridging implementation,
148,
148f
for low land
direct drill seeder,
147f
pulverization of soil rate,
146–147
Farm operation
information services,
152
Farming land management
abandoned agricultural land
municipal government in Yamagata prefecture,
334–335
environmental indicators
changes of cropping pattern,
330
OECD agri-environmental indicators,
331t
monitoring system
closed chamber for measuring gas emissions,
341f
nutrient runoff from biomass production fields,
333
biofuel crop production,
333
Mississippi river basin,
334f
nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich fertilizer,
333
Farmland fertility maintenance system,
23f
Feed-in tariff (FIT),
369
Fermentation
Ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H),
76–77
Field monitoring server
field sensor network monitoring system,
343f
IT field monitoring system,
342
Field sensor network monitoring system,
343f
First generation bioenergy crops,
63–64See also Second generation bioenergy crops
starch crops
Flame ionized detector (FID),
264–265
Fluorescent
Pseudomonas,
129
Fodder rice production
using BS
carbon sequestration in rice soil,
305
global agricultural field,
303
methane emissions
Forage rice leaf star production
with nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
292
fields and mountains harvesting,
153
firewood transportation by sledding,
155f
forest management prescription
regeneration cutting,
160
forest planning system
Forest Management Plan,
158
forest road network
average yarding distance,
169
forest management infrastructure,
167
forest road regulations,
169
road network density,
169
spur road construction scene,
168f
forestry working seasonality,
160–161
harvesting technology
Japanese forestry situation
forestry worker accidents,
158
Japanese forests status
national and non-national forest,
157
measurement units
square-a-shorter diameter method,
155–156
productivity
thinning or regeneration cutting,
153
Forest certification schemes,
325
Forest ecosystems
forest biomass utilization,
20–21
forest productivity,
19–20
growth stage and public function relationships,
20,
21f
nutrient circulation of
Sugi,
20f
self-fertilization,
19–20
Forest land management
forest certification schemes,
325
monitoring system
forest resource monitoring surveys,
339–340
sustainable forest management
forest certification,
325
Forest Management Plan,
158
regeneration cutting,
160
Forest resource monitoring surveys,
339–340
Forest Stewardship Council A. C. (FSC),
326–327
Forestry production
geographic data management,
175
GPS positioning method,
175
site index and yarding distance,
175
information
cable logging system,
174
commercialization requirements for reformer
long durability and reliability,
262
PEMFC domestic systems,
261
roadmap for domestic PEMFC system,
261t
design and operation,
259
domestic fuel cells
domestic CHP systems,
261
operating characteristics,
260t
abundance and biomass,
123t
role in cellulolytic material degradation,
229–230
G
Gas chromatograph equipped with flame ionization detector (GC/FID),
341
Gas emission
adverse environmental effects,
341
Gas engine-driven power generation,
275f
Gas lifted stirring system, automatic,
299
Gasification
high-calorific gas converted from biomass,
275t
suspension/external heat-type high-calorie,
274f
methanol synthesis
gas engine-driven power generation,
275f
Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS),
247
Geographic information system (GIS),
153,
174
geographic data management,
175
GPS positioning method,
175
site index and yarding distance,
175
German legislative framework,
369
Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP),
321–322
sustainability indicators,
322t
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS),
339
Global positioning system (GPS),
175,
339
precision agriculture,
148
Global warming potential (GWP),
304,
313
starchy raw materials,
251
D-glucose-6-phosphate,
244
D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate,
244
Glycoside hydrolase (GH),
228
Glycoside transferase (GT),
228
Good agricultural practice (GAP),
286–290
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria,
125
Greenhouse gases (GHGs),
1–2
Ground survey method
complete enumeration method,
335–336
expansion factor, root to shoot ratio, and wood density,
338t
parameters for
forest biomass calculation,
337
sample plot method
by non-random selection,
336
H
apparent mineralization patterns,
287f
Hansenula polymorpha (
H. polymorpha),
249
Harmful sulfur compounds,
115
Stroke-type harvester,
163f
Harvesting technology, Forest biomass
self-propelled carriages,
166
acetylxylan esterases,
237
α-
L-Arabinofuranosidase,
237
endo-1,4-β-
D-xylanases,
237
hemicellulose degradation,
237
cellulose microfibrils,
94–95
lignocellulosic materials,
75–76
Herbaceous energy crops,
63
biomass and bioethanol production,
72t
research for energy crop production technology,
73–74
current status of technology,
67–70
comparison
Nanohana project
cascading utilization,
360
city’s resource circulation cycle,
360–361
profitability analyses
Agricultural Cooperative S,
368
rapeseed cultivation,
366
rapeseed cultivation
financial assistance programs,
363t
High-yield corn production,
287b
direct sowing of rice,
55b
dry matter production affecting characteristics,
54t
in non-cultivation rice paddy,
46
Hot water treatment (HWT),
263
flow-through reactor,
191
subcritical and supercritical water,
188
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH),
340
through ethanol steam reforming
carbon deposition in catalysts,
266f
DSS test with PtNi
2Ce
2 catalyst,
267f
durability tests with Ce
2Ni
2 catalyst,
266f
and fuel cell system,
262f
nickel-impregnated alumina,
262
steam reforming of ethanol,
263
Hydrogen-bonding characteristics,
208–209
Hydrolysis
Hydroxycinnamic acid amide (HAA),
84–85
Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT),
76–77
Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR),
76–77
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF),
188
I
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA),
89–90
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP),
265
Inert organic matter (IOM),
119
Information systems in crop production
farm operations optimization,
152
personal digital assistant,
151–152
precision agriculture,
148
Information technology (IT),
342
Integrated nutrient management,
286
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ,
304
Internal combustion engines (ICEs),
259
International forest certification schemes
International standards (ISO),
310–311
chloride-based salts,
207
energy-related devices,
206
hydrogen-bonding characteristics,
208–209
ion selection flexibility,
207
IT field monitoring system,
342
J
Japan Forestry Agency,
171
Japanese agricultural soils
nitrogen cycle through microbial biomass
average annual input, output and surplus,
134f
microbial biomass nitrogen,
135–136
nitrogen-supplying capacity,
133–135
Japanese biomass utilization policy,
3–5
Basic Plan for Promotion of Biomass Utilization,
BNS goals,
principles and governmental policies,
4t
promotion of biomass utilization,
3–5
Japanese cedar (
Cryptomeria japonica),
See Sugi
Japanese cypress (
Chamaecyparis obtusa),
See Hinoki
Japanese local forest certification scheme,
328
Japanese paddy field
causes of species disappearance,
44–45
development in riverside wetlands,
43–44
invertebrate species in paddy fields,
43
life cycle of species,
44
K
Kamlet–Taft parameters,
209
2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate,
244–245
Kluveromyces lactis (
K. lactis),
248
Kluveromyces marxianus (
K. marxianus),
248
Konara (
Quercus serrata),
22
Kunugi (
Quercus acutissima),
22
power generation facilities,
354–356
production and consumption,
354,
355t
gas and solid fuel energy,
356
amount of energy consumption and production,
357t
forestry-based industries,
356
issues and outlook
dissatisfaction and requests,
359
energy-related programs,
359
power generation and transmission,
359–360
using woody biomass and renewable energies,
360
localizing energy utilization,
354
Kyoto Protocol,
L
Labor-saving, direct sowing of rice,
55b
glucose and galactose,
248
Leaf area index (LAI),
53
interception of solar radiation,
53–54
Leaf photosynthesis
Leaf Star
with nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
292
as raw material for bioenergy,
73b
Life cycle assessment (LCA),
310–311
on bioenergy
criteria on biomass
greenhouse gas emissions,
317
input and output energy,
319f
woody biomass energy,
316f
material and energy balance,
312
characterization factors,
313
procedures for conducting,
314f
and scientific framework,
315
and input–output flows,
311f
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA),
313
Life cycle inventory (LCI),
312
indicators for bioethanol
material and energy balance,
312
composition alternation,
79
CAD gene expression reduction,
81
CCR down-regulation,
81–82
coniferyl alcohol radical,
82f
G lignin and S lignin structures,
80f
G unit composition enrichment,
79
lignin digestibility,
80–81
S unit content reduction,
79–80
substrate-oxidizing site addition,
86b
targeting plant peroxidase,
82
COMT down-regulated alfalfa,
78
through down-regulation of genes,
76–77
4CL down-regulation in grasses,
78
5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde methylation,
78
lignification modification,
78–79
monolignols and related molecules,
77f
partial pathway model,
76f
transgenic aspen trees,
77–78
degradation enzyme production,
86
acylated lignin units,
85–86
increasing linkages,
84–85
monolignols radicalization,
83f
sinapyl alcohol polymerizing activities,
87f
Lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC),
190
Lignocarbohydrate complex (LCC),
75–76
chemical composition,
183t
composition and structure,
184f
bioconversion process,
187
bioethanol production costs,
191
dilute sulfuric acid-based chemical pretreatment,
188–190
physical pretreatment methods,
188
uncatalyzed steam explosion,
188
saccharification
solid acid catalysts,
192
sugar building block,
182
Local resource recycling system,
349–350
M
Manure application
microorganisms and protozoa,
33–36
Manure-fired power plant processing,
277
Mechanical thinning
line thinning or zone thinning,
160
Melle–Boinot Method,
253f
Mercury cadmium telluride (MCT),
341–342
Methane emissions
Methane fermentation
equipment
M&T methane fermentation plant,
299
P-works methane fermentation plant,
301
single-tank system for,
299
in Europe
development of natural energies,
297
in Japan
for economic reasons,
297
Fukusima First Nuclear Power Station,
297
number of biogas plants,
298t
renewable energy from biomass disposal,
296
Methanesulfonate (MeSO
3),
214
Methanol synthesis
gas engine-driven power generation,
275f
Methylsulfate (MeOSO
3),
214
5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo{3,4-b}benzothiazole,
See Tricyclazole
Microbial functions, soil microorganisms
anaerobic respiration
strictly anaerobic bacteria,
127
free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolation,
130t
potential under land uses,
129t
in terrestrial regions,
128
plant growth-promoting microorganisms,
129
Microorganisms
nutrient supply and cycling,
40
nutrients as organic matter,
41–42
ciliate and flagellate species proliferation,
34
fungus biomass effect,
34
substrate through fertilization,
35–36
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF),
10
Miscanthus (
Miscanthus spp.),
70
Miscanthus x
giganteus,
70
cultivation and breeding,
71
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (
M. sacchariflorus),
70
Miscanthus sinensis (
M. sinensis),
70
Miscanthus x giganteus,
70
cultivation and breeding,
71
Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin,
333
Molecular breeding for tailoring lignocellulose,
95
fitting Saccharification
cellulose microfibrils,
97
woody biomass
bioethanol production,
95
biomasses chemical composition,
96t
Monitoring system
for farm management
for forest management
forest resource monitoring surveys,
339–340
Monsi and Saeki equation,
55
Mori group & Taguchi (M&T),
299
methane fermentation plant,
299
automatic biogas stirring system,
300f
Most probable number (MPN),
34
MTSAT Satellite-based Augmentation System (MSAS),
339
Multi-stage methanol synthesis system,
275f
N
Nanohana project
cascading utilization,
360
city’s resource circulation cycle,
360–361
Near-infrared light (NIR light),
338–339
Nematodes
abundance and biomass,
123t
individuals in treatment plot,
123b
populations in soils,
123b
Net primary production (NPP),
9–10
Nickel-impregnated alumina,
262
Nitrification
nitrogen microbial transformation,
303
Nitrogen cycles
average annual input, output and surplus,
134f
in Japanese agricultural soils
microbial biomass nitrogen,
135–136
nitrogen-supplying capacity,
133–135
through microbial biomass
free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolation,
130t
potential under land uses,
129t
in terrestrial regions,
128
Nitrogen supply test,
287b
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
130t,
290
leaf star production,
292
Non-edible plant parts,
52
Non-leguminous plants,
128
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NVDI),
338–339
Novel pretreatment process,
193–194
Novel solid acid catalysts,
198–199
Nutrient balance improvement
AGB grain yield and nitrogen uptake,
289t
dry matter production and nitrogen concentration,
288t
good agricultural practice,
286–290
incorporated green manure,
287f
integrated nutrient management,
286
Nutrient cycling
applied to crop fields
in Germany and France,
283
large-scale agricultural activities,
282–283
nitrogen loading to watershed,
283t
soil surface nitrogen balance estimation,
282t
bioenergy production and nutrients,
280f
environmental conservation
crop for fertilizer application,
285
sound crop production,
285f
food products and bioenergy,
280
nutrient balance improvement
AGB grain yield and nitrogen uptake,
289t
dry matter production and nitrogen concentration,
288t
good agricultural practice,
286–290
incorporated green manure,
287f
integrated nutrient management,
286
reasonable pathway
eco-friendly agriculture,
282
fertilizer use efficiency,
281
O
Ohbayashabusi (
Alnus sieboldiana),
22
Oil crops
energy conversion technologies,
63–64
Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (OP/FT-IR spectrometry),
341–342
long-term applications,
136
on microbial biomass nitrogen
nematode densities in soils amended with,
124f
nitrogen cycle through microbial biomass
NO
3-N leaching and nitrogen uptake,
139
under upland soil conditions,
138–139
organic residue additions,
304
sugar cane and energy sugar cane,
64
Organic wastes
biomass resources,
Oxidized soil layer,
42–43
P
P-works methane fermentation plant,
301
experimental outlook,
301f
retention time of tank process,
302t
Paddy field ecosystems,
39–40
abandoned paddy fields,
45–46
in mountainous and hilly areas,
45f
in residential or business areas,
46f
biodiversity in Japan,
43
causes of species disappearance,
44–45
development in riverside wetlands,
43–44
invertebrate species in paddy fields,
43
life cycle of species,
44
Satochi-Satoyama landscape,
44
increasing non-cultivation,
45–46
in mountainous and hilly areas,
45f
in residential or business areas,
46f
mineral nutrition balance,
41t
rice production
injury by continuous cropping,
42–43
irrigation water, nutrient supply by,
40
microorganisms, nutrient supply and cycling by,
40–42
nitrogen metabolism during flooding season,
42
water quality comparison,
40t
high-yielding rice production,
47
Paddy rice
nitrogen-fixing potential,
41
paddy–upland rotation,
29
soil-borne plant pathogens,
129–131
Paddy soils
nutrients for rice plants in,
41–42
RothC modification for
Pentose phosphate pathway,
245
xylose metabolism pathway,
247f
Pentose-fermenting yeast,
248
hansenula polymorpha,
249
lignin polymerization,
83–84
Personal digital assistant
OECD agri-environmental indicators,
331t
rice cultivation practices,
47
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),
76–77
canopy photosynthesis,
54t,
59
efficiency of crop,
54–55
CO
2 diffusion into canopy,
57
individual leaf photosynthesis rates,
57–58
light penetration into canopy,
55,
57
light energy in plant tissues,
270
plants grow by,
rate in fully expanded young leaves,
62
Pichia stipitis (
P. stipitis),
248–249
Pinus taeda MYB4 (PtMYB4),
78–79
Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF),
129
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR),
129
Plant molecular breeding,
74
cell wall degradation enzyme production
cellulase production in plants,
86–88
lignin degradation enzyme production,
86
energy crop transformation,
75
lignin composition alternation,
79
CAD gene expression reduction,
81
CCR down-regulation,
81–82
coniferyl alcohol radical,
82f
G lignin and S lignin structures,
80f
G unit composition enrichment,
79
lignin digestibility,
80–81
S unit content reduction,
79–80
substrate-oxidizing site addition,
86b
targeting plant peroxidase,
82
lignin content reduction,
75–76
COMT down-regulated alfalfa,
78
through down-regulation of genes,
76–77
4CL down-regulation in grasses,
78
5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde methylation,
78
lignification modification,
78–79
monolignols and related molecules,
77f
partial pathway model,
76f
transgenic aspen trees,
77–78
plant material development,
75
projects of fermentable sugars,
74–75
Plants,
biomass,
cellulase production in,
86–88
COMT down-regulated alfalfa plants,
78
free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
130t
with high productivity,
58
inorganic components,
33–34
isoamylase and pullulanase,
239
large-scale methane fermentation,
296
rice direct seeded with AAD,
55b
soil,
store light energy in plant tissues,
270
transgenic tobacco plants,
84–85
alkylimidazolium salts,
209
carboxylate
alkyl phosphonate and alkyl phosphite,
214
tertiary amines and alkyl esters,
214
novel formate salts,
212t
alkylphosphonate salts structure,
217f
requirement
1,3-dialkylimidazolium carboxylates,
213
1,3-dialkylimidazolium chloride salts,
213
halide and carboxylate salts,
213f
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC),
260–261
domestic CHP systems,
261
operating characteristics,
260t
Pore widening treatment (PWT),
263
Power take-off (PTO),
154b
Precision agriculture,
148
comprehensive trials
regional commutation tool,
151
site specific management,
151,
151f
yield monitoring system
hybrid yield monitoring system,
150,
150f
Pretreatment
bioethanol production costs,
191
dilute sulfuric acid-based chemical pretreatment,
188–190
Amberlyst 35 dry catalyst,
197t
hydrolysis mechanism
sulfonated mesoporous silica-based solid acid catalyst,
202f
water-soluble oligosaccharides,
200–202
bioconversion process,
187
physical pretreatment methods,
188
uncatalyzed steam explosion,
188
novel solid acid catalysts,
198–199
enzymatic saccharification,
194
hydrothermal pretreatment,
194
novel pretreatment process,
193–194
saccharification
catalytic characteristics,
199
XRD patterns and CrI index,
200,
201f
sulfonated carbon materials,
198
Procurement cost
feedstock,
Production Cost of Rapeseed and Buckwheat,
366–368
Productivity
biomass production in,
330
and environmental impacts
self-fertilization,
19–20
Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC),
325
forest certification schemes,
326–327
Protozoa
abundance and biomass,
123t
heterotrophic and autotrophic species,
33
microorganisms and,
33–34
ciliate and flagellate species proliferation,
34
fungus biomass effect,
34
substrate through fertilization,
35–36
free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
130t
corynebacterium glutamicum,
250
zymomonas mobilis genes,
250
Q
Qualitative thinning,
160
Quantitative thinning,
160
Quantitative trait locus analysis (QTL analysis),
72,
95–96
Quercus acutissima,
See Kunugi
R
R2R3-MYB transcription factors,
78–79
Rainfall
rain gages and water quantity,
340
Rapeseed cultivation
financial assistance programs,
363t
under financial assistance programs,
363t
Raw materials, ethanol fermentation
biomass resources,
lignocellulosic biomass
agricultural residues,
251
saccharides
starch-based raw materials,
251
starch
Reaction tests, hydrogen production,
265–267
Red pine (
Pinus densiflora),
See Akamatu
Reduced soil layer,
42–43
Reduced tillage (RT),
31–32
phytophagous insect pests,
39
prey and predator in,
33f
Reformer, commercialization requirements for,
261
long durability and reliability,
262
PEMFC domestic systems,
261
roadmap for domestic PEMFC system,
261t
Regeneration cutting
Japanese labor productivity,
171
shelter wood cutting,
160
Remote sensing method
Renewable Energy Law in China,
69
Renewable Energy Road Map in EU,
68–69
Resistant plant material (RPM),
119
Rice (
Oryza sativa L.),
66
leaf photosynthesis reduced rates,
62
light-intercepting characteristics,
62
lodging resistance,
62–63
photosynthesis rate in fully expanded young leaves,
62
cultivation and breeding
high biomass production,
73
improved commercial rice characteristics,
58–59
as potential plant in Japan,
58
self-sufficient feed supply,
73
Takanari characteristics,
59
accumulated nitrogen comparison,
60f
photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrogen,
61f
water potential of flag leaf,
61
Amberlyst 35 dry catalyst,
197t
hydrolysis mechanism
sulfonated mesoporous silica-based solid acid catalyst,
202f
water-soluble oligosaccharides,
200–202
novel solid acid catalysts,
198–199
saccharification
catalytic characteristics,
199
XRD patterns and CrI index,
200,
201f
using solid acid catalysts
enzymatic saccharification,
194
hydrothermal pretreatment,
194
novel pretreatment process,
193–194
sulfonated carbon materials,
198
Rothamsted Carbon model (RothC model),
119
modification
for Andosols and paddy soils,
120
soil organic carbon sequestration change
S
S-adenosyl-methionine caffeoyl-CoA/5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA
O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT),
76–77
lignocellulosic biomass
cellulose to glucose,
198
novel solid acid catalysts,
198–199
using solid acid catalysts,
197–198
lignocellulosic materials,
74–75
microbial lignin degradation enzymes,
86
modification of hemicellulose,
97
advantages and disadvantages,
192
Saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF),
257
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (
S. cerevisiae),
246–247
beneficial characteristics,
247
bioethanol production from rice straw,
323b
by non-random selection,
336
Satochi-Satoyama landscape,
44
Ectomycorrhiza’s Hartig net of
Konara root,
24f
and farmland fertility,
24–25
farmland fertility maintenance system,
23f
harvesting wood and coppicing,
22
nutrient acquisition strategy,
24
trees growing in secondary natural environment,
22
understory managed and unmanaged site comparison,
27,
27f
underuse of Satoyama situation,
26f,
27
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (
S. pombe),
248
Second generation, herbaceous energy crops,
64
current status of technology
Seed-shooting seeder
direct seeding methods,
154b
types of seeders for,
148
Selective availability (SA),
175
change in composition,
197t
using solid acid catalysts,
157
Self-fertilization,
19–20
Self-propelled carriages,
166
ethanol fermentation
Melle–Boinot method,
253f
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF),
255
enzymatic hydrolyses,
255
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF),
255
ammonia and ionic liquid treatment,
323b
enzymatic hydrolysis,
255
hexoses and pentoses,
257
Sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SAD),
73b,
76–77
Sinapyl alcohol polymerizing activities,
87f
M&T methane fermentation plant,
299
automatic biogas stirring system,
300f
P-works methane fermentation plant,
301
experimental outlook,
301f
retention time of tank process,
302t
environmental factors,
173
Site specific management,
151,
151f
Snow-break preservation,
159
Soil capacity classifications,
108–109
no tillage or reduced tillage,
32
regulators of decomposition,
133
in upland ecosystems,
31–32
capability classification, factors affecting,
109
content of available nutrients,
114,
115t
gravel content of topsoil,
110,
110t
inherent fertility of the soil,
114,
114t
permeability under submerged conditions,
111,
112t
rating of dependent factors,
115t
state of oxidation–reduction potentiality,
111–113,
112t
microbially mediated
management of microbial biomass nitrogen,
136–139
nitrogen cycles through microbial biomass,
132–136
productivity and environmental impacts,
131–132
productive capability class expression,
117
soil potential productivity,
108
capacity classifications,
109
Soil macro-arthropods,
39
Soil macrofauna
chemical fertilizer application,
39
phytophagous insect pests,
39
soil macro-arthropods,
39
Soil management
carbon dynamics
factors in
RothC model
application of modification,
120–122
modification for Andosols and paddy soils,
120
decomposition of organic materials,
125–126
micropores with diameters,
123
Soil microbial biomass nitrogen,
135
during crop growth period
drying–rewetting effect on,
136–137
organic materials application effect,
137–139
nitrogen cycle
NO
3-N leaching and nitrogen uptake,
139
under upland soil conditions,
138–139
microbial functions
plant growth-promoting microorganisms,
129
organic supplement effects
nematode densities in soils,
124f
on nematode populations,
123b
soil sickness due to continuous cropping,
129–131
taxonomy
dilution plate and molecular methods,
126t,
127f
Gram-negative bacteria,
125
individuals in each treatment,
37t
relationship with plant parasite species,
38f
Soil organic carbon (SOC),
118
changes in Andosols and paddy soils,
120
sequestration change
Soil organic matter (SOM),
118
carbon dynamics on Earth scale,
118
factors in SOC decomposition rate,
118–119
RothC model
application of modification,
120–122
modification for Andosols and paddy soils,
120
Soil potential productivity,
108
capacity classifications,
109
standard and dependent factors,
109
content of available nutrients,
114,
115t
gravel content of topsoil,
110,
110t
inherent fertility of soil,
114,
114t
permeability under submerged conditions,
111,
112t
rating of dependent factors,
115t
state of oxidation–reduction potentiality,
111–113,
112t
Soil’s inherent fertility,
114,
114t
advantages and disadvantages,
192
lignocellulosic biomass saccharification
cellulose to glucose,
198
novel solid acid catalysts,
198–199
using solid acid catalysts,
197–198
rice straw hydrolysis mechanism on,
200–202
rice straw pretreatment
hydrothermal pretreatment,
194
novel pretreatment process,
193–194
amount of energy consumption and production,
357t
forestry-based industries,
356
Soybean production
organic manure inhibitory effect,
293t
Square-a-shorter diameter method,
155–156
starch-based biofuels,
333
starchy raw materials,
251
Sugar beet (
Beta vulgaris L.),
65–66
first-generation energy crops,
70
saccharification efficiencies,
75
Sugar cane (
Saccharum officinarum),
64
cultivation and breeding
nutrient circulation of,
20f
incorporated green manure,
287f
Surface runoff management,
340
in Konara secondary forests,
26f
Suspended solids (SS),
340
Suspension/external heat-type high-calorie gasification system,
274f
Sustainability indicators,
322t
for bioenergy
by global bioenergy partnership,
321–322
large-scale biomass production,
317–320
social, economic, and ecological factors,
320–321
Sustainable forest management (SFM),
328
forest certification,
325
Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC),
328–330
Sweet sorghum (
Sorghum bicolor L.),
66
chemical composition,
183t
energy conversion technologies,
63–64
chemical composition,
183t
Pv4
CL1 encodes 4
CL in,
78
T
Technological innovation
in biology and bioengineering,
17
in conversion process,
16–17
WCS and high-yielding rice production,
47
snow-break preservation,
159
tree growth stimulation,
159
Thermal conductivity detector (TCD),
264–265
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
217
stable supercool liquids,
219
Total labor productivity (TLP),
170–171
Transgenic aspen (
Populus tremuloides Michx.),
77–78
Tree breeding
targets in secondary xylem cells,
93–94
wood production in world,
94f
Tree growth stimulation,
159
Trichoderma reesei (
T. reesei),
228
Cel6A and Cel7A subsite structures,
232f
cellulolytic enzymes,
229
Two-stage methane fermentation process,
297–298
Tyramine
N-(hydroxycinnamoyl) transferase (THT),
84–85
Tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC),
84–85
U
Uncatalyzed steam explosion,
188,
189t
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED),
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
Upland fields
fertilization influence,
32
prey and predator individuals,
33f
manure application effects on Biota,
33
microorganisms and protozoa,
33–36
Upland rice straw (UR straw),
287b
US Department of Agriculture (USDA),
67
US Department of Energy (USDOE),
67
US Environment Protection Agency (EPA),
1–2
W
Wet oxidation process (WO process),
190
White-rot fungus (
Phanerochaete chrysosporium),
86
Whole crop silage (WCS),
46
high-yielding rice production,
47
self-efficiency in livestock feed,
73
Wild-type plants (WT plants),
86–88
Wireless sensor network (WSN),
342–343
Wood formation
cambial reactivation,
89–90
biomass resources,
patterns of biomass utilization,
350
Woody biomass improvement,
88
molecular breeding for tailoring lignocellulose,
95
tree breeding on wood quality,
92–93
wood and cell formation,
88
X
X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS),
198–199
pentose phosphate pathway,
245
D-ribulose-5-phosphate,
246
Y
self-propelled carriages,
166
Yarding
cable logging system,
177
Yeast
ethanol fermentation
using flocculent yeast reduces,
254
pentose-fermenting yeast,
248
Yield monitoring system
hybrid yield monitoring system,
150,
150f
Yield of plant biomass (
BY),
52–53
Z
Zymobacter palmae (
Z. palmae),
249
Zymomonas mobilis (
Z. mobilis),
249–250