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The Discipline of Organizing
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The Discipline of Organizing
by Robert J. Glushko
The Discipline of Organizing: Professional Edition, 4th Edition
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Abstract
1. Foundations for Organizing Systems
1.1. The Discipline of Organizing
1.2. The “Organizing System” Concept
1.3. The Concept of “Resource”
1.4. The Concept of “Collection”
1.5. The Concept of “Intentional Arrangement”
1.6. The Concept of “Organizing Principle”
1.7. The Concept of “Agent”
1.8. The Concept of “Interactions”
1.9. The Concept of “Interaction Resource”
1.10. Organizing This Book
2. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems
2.1. Introduction
2.2. What Is Being Organized?
2.3. Why Is It Being Organized?
2.4. How Much Is It Being Organized?
2.5. When Is It Being Organized?
2.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized?
2.7. Where is it being Organized?
2.8. Key Points in Chapter Two
3. Activities in Organizing Systems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Selecting Resources
3.2.1. Selection Criteria
3.2.2. Looking “Upstream” and “Downstream” to Select Resources
3.3. Organizing Resources
3.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources
3.3.1.1. Organizing with Properties of Physical Resources
3.3.1.2. Organizing with Descriptions of Physical Resources
3.3.2. Organizing Places
3.3.2.1. Organizing the Land
3.3.2.2. Organizing Built Environments
3.3.2.3. Orientation and Wayfinding Mechanisms
3.3.3. Organizing Digital Resources
3.3.3.1. Organizing Web-based Resources
3.3.3.2. “Information Architecture” and Organizing Systems
3.3.4. Organizing With Descriptive Statistics
3.3.4.1. Exploratory Analysis to Understand Data
3.3.4.2. Detecting Errors and Fraud in Data
3.3.5. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties
3.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions
3.4.1. Affordance and Capability
3.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation
3.4.2.1. Value Creation with Physical Resources
3.4.2.2. Value Creation with Digital Resources
3.4.2.3. Accessibility
3.4.3. Access Policies
3.5. Maintaining Resources
3.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources
3.5.2. Preservation
3.5.2.1. Digitization and Preserving Resources
3.5.2.2. Preserving the Web
3.5.2.3. Preserving Resource Instances
3.5.2.4. Preserving Resource Types
3.5.2.5. Preserving Resource Collections
3.5.3. Curation
3.5.3.1. Institutional Curation
3.5.3.2. Individual Curation
3.5.3.3. Social and Web Curation
3.5.3.4. Computational Curation
3.5.3.5. Discarding, Removing, and Not Keeping
3.5.4. Governance
3.5.4.1. Governance in Business Organizing Systems
3.5.4.2. Governance in Scientific Organizing Systems
3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three
4. Resources in Organizing Systems
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. What Is a Resource?
4.1.1.1. Resources with Parts
4.1.1.2. Bibliographic Resources, Information Components, and “Smart Things” as Resources
4.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names
4.2. Four Distinctions about Resources
4.2.1. Resource Domain
4.2.2. Resource Format
4.2.3. Resource Agency
4.2.3.1. Passive or Operand Resources
4.2.3.2. Active or Operant Resources
4.2.4. Resource Focus
4.2.5. Resource Format x Focus
4.2.5.1. Physical Description of a Primary Physical Resource
4.2.5.2. Digital Description of a Primary Physical Resource
4.2.5.3. Digital Description of a Primary Digital Resource
4.2.5.4. Physical Description of a Primary Digital Resource
4.3. Resource Identity
4.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources
4.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources
4.3.3. Identity and Information Components
4.3.4. Identity and Active Resources
4.4. Naming Resources
4.4.1. What’s in a Name?
4.4.2. The Problems of Naming
4.4.2.1. The Vocabulary Problem
4.4.2.2. Homonymy, Polysemy, and False Cognates
4.4.2.3. Names with Undesirable Associations
4.4.2.4. Names that Assume Impermanent Attributes
4.4.2.5. The Semantic Gap
4.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers
4.4.3.1. Make Names Informative
4.4.3.2. Use Controlled Vocabularies
4.4.3.3. Allow Aliasing
4.4.3.4. Make Identifiers Unique or Qualified
4.4.3.5. Distinguish Identifying and Resolving
4.5. Resources over Time
4.5.1. Persistence
4.5.1.1. Persistent Identifiers
4.5.1.2. Persistent Resources
4.5.2. Effectivity
4.5.3. Authenticity
4.5.4. Provenance
4.6. Key Points in Chapter Four
5. Resource Description and Metadata
5.1. Introduction
5.2. An Overview of Resource Description
5.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing
5.2.2. “Description” as an Inclusive Term
5.2.2.1. Bibliographic Descriptions
5.2.2.2. Metadata
5.2.2.3. Tagging of Web-based Resources
5.2.2.4. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
5.2.2.5. Aggregated Information Objects
5.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description
5.3. The Process of Describing Resources
5.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus
5.3.1.1. Describing Instances or Describing Collections
5.3.1.2. Abstraction in Resource Description
5.3.1.3. Scope, Scale, and Resource Description
5.3.2. Determining the Purposes
5.3.2.1. Resource Description to Support Selection
5.3.2.2. Resource Description to Support Organizing
5.3.2.3. Resource Description to Support Interactions
5.3.2.4. Resource Description to Support Maintenance
5.3.2.5. Resource Description for Sensemaking and Science
5.3.3. Identifying Properties
5.3.3.1. Intrinsic Static Properties
5.3.3.2. Extrinsic Static Properties
5.3.3.3. Intrinsic Dynamic Properties
5.3.3.4. Extrinsic Dynamic Properties
5.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary
5.3.4.1. Principles of Good Description
5.3.4.2. Who Uses the Descriptions?
5.3.4.3. Controlled Vocabularies and Content Rules
5.3.4.4. Vocabulary Control as Dimensionality Reduction
5.3.5. Designing the Description Form
5.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions
5.3.6.1. Resource Description by Professionals
5.3.6.2. Resource Description by Authors or Creators
5.3.6.3. Resource Description by Users
5.3.6.4. Automated and Computational Resource Description
5.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.1. Evaluating the Creation of Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.2. Evaluating the Use of Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.3. The Importance of Iterative Evaluation
5.4. Describing Non-text Resources
5.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources
5.4.2. Describing Images
5.4.3. Describing Music
5.4.4. Describing Video
5.5. Key Points in Chapter Five
6. Describing Relationships and Structures
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview
6.3. The Semantic Perspective
6.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships
6.3.1.1. Inclusion
6.3.1.2. Attribution
6.3.1.3. Possession
6.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships
6.3.2.1. Symmetry
6.3.2.2. Transitivity
6.3.2.3. Equivalence
6.3.2.4. Inverse
6.3.3. Ontologies
6.4. The Lexical Perspective
6.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings
6.4.1.1. Hyponymy and Hyperonymy
6.4.1.2. Metonymy
6.4.1.3. Synonymy
6.4.1.4. Polysemy
6.4.1.5. Antonymy
6.4.2. Thesauri
6.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms
6.4.3.1. Derivational Morphology
6.4.3.2. Inflectional Morphology
6.5. The Structural Perspective
6.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure
6.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource
6.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources
6.5.3.1. Hypertext Links
6.5.3.2. Analyzing Link Structures
6.5.3.3. Bibliometrics, Shepardizing, Altmetrics, and Social Network Analysis
6.6. The Architectural Perspective
6.6.1. Degree
6.6.2. Cardinality
6.6.3. Directionality
6.7. The Implementation Perspective
6.7.1. Choice of Implementation
6.7.2. Syntax and Grammar
6.7.3. Requirements for Implementation Syntax
6.8. Relationships in Organizing Systems
6.8.1. The Semantic Web and Linked Data
6.8.2. Bibliographic Organizing Systems
6.8.2.1. Tillett’s Taxonomy
6.8.2.2. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
6.8.2.3. RDA and the Semantic Web
6.8.3. Integration and Interoperability
6.9. Key Points in Chapter Six
7. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The What and Why of Categories
7.2.1. Cultural Categories
7.2.2. Individual Categories
7.2.3. Institutional Categories
7.2.4. A “Categorization Continuum”
7.2.5. Computational Categories
7.3. Principles for Creating Categories
7.3.1. Enumeration
7.3.2. Single Properties
7.3.3. Multiple Properties
7.3.3.1. Multi-Level or Hierarchical Categories
7.3.3.2. Different Properties for Subsets of Resources
7.3.3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Properties
7.3.4. The Limits of Property-Based Categorization
7.3.5. Probabilistic Categories and “Family Resemblance”
7.3.6. Similarity
7.3.6.1. Feature-based Models of Similarity
7.3.6.2. Geometric Models of Similarity
7.3.6.3. Transformational Models of Similarity
7.3.6.4. Alignment or Analogy Models of Similarity
7.3.7. Goal-Derived Categories
7.3.8. Theory-Based Categories
7.4. Category Design Issues and Implications
7.4.1. Category Abstraction and Granularity
7.4.2. Basic or Natural Categories
7.4.3. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
7.4.4. Category Audience and Purpose
7.5. Implementing Categories
7.5.1. Implementing Enumerated Categories
7.5.2. Implementing Categories Defined by Properties
7.5.3. Implementing Categories Defined by Probability and Similarity
7.5.3.1. Probabilistic Decision Trees
7.5.3.2. Naïve Bayes Classifiers
7.5.3.3. Categories Created by Clustering
7.5.3.4. Neural networks
7.5.4. Implementing Goal-Based Categories
7.5.5. Implementing Theory-Based Categories
7.6. Key Points in Chapter Seven
8. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories
8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Classification vs. Categorization
8.1.2. Classification vs. Tagging
8.1.3. Classification vs. Physical Arrangement
8.1.4. Classification Schemes
8.1.5. Classification and Standardization
8.1.5.1. Institutional Taxonomies
8.1.5.2. Institutional Semantics
8.1.5.3. Specifications vs. Standards
8.1.5.4. Mandated Classifications
8.2. Understanding Classification
8.2.1. Classification Is Purposeful
8.2.1.1. Classifications Are Reference Models
8.2.1.2. Classifications Support Interactions
8.2.2. Classification Is Principled
8.2.2.1. Principles Embodied in the Classification Scheme
8.2.2.2. Principles for Assigning Resources to Categories
8.2.2.3. Principles for Maintaining the Classification over Time
8.2.3. Classification Is Biased
8.3. Bibliographic Classification
8.3.1. The Dewey Decimal Classification
8.3.2. The Library of Congress Classification
8.3.3. The BISAC Classification
8.4. Faceted Classification
8.4.1. Foundations for Faceted Classification
8.4.2. Faceted Classification in Description
8.4.3. A Classification for Facets
8.4.4. Designing a Faceted Classification System
8.4.4.1. Design Process for Faceted Classification
8.4.4.2. Design Principles and Pragmatics
8.5. Classification by Activity Structure
8.6. Computational Classification
8.7. Key Points in Chapter Eight
9. The Forms of Resource Descriptions
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Structuring Descriptions
9.2.1. Kinds of Structures
9.2.1.1. Blobs
9.2.1.2. Sets
9.2.1.3. Lists
9.2.1.4. Dictionaries
9.2.1.5. Trees
9.2.1.6. Graphs
9.2.2. Comparing Metamodels: JSON, XML and RDF
9.2.2.1. JSON
9.2.2.2. XML Information Set
9.2.2.3. RDF
9.2.2.4. Choosing Your Constraints
9.2.3. Modeling within Constraints
9.2.3.1. Specifying Vocabularies and Schemas
9.2.3.2. Controlling Values
9.3. Writing Descriptions
9.3.1. Notations
9.3.2. Writing Systems
9.3.3. Syntax
9.4. Worlds of Description
9.4.1. The Document Processing World
9.4.2. The Web World
9.4.3. The Semantic Web World
9.5. Key Points in Chapter Nine
10. Interactions with Resources
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Determining Interactions
10.2.1. User Requirements
10.2.2. Socio-Political and Organizational Constraints
10.3. Reorganizing Resources for Interactions
10.3.1. Identifying and Describing Resources for Interactions
10.3.2. Transforming Resources for Interactions
10.3.2.1. Transforming Resources from Multiple or Legacy Organizing Systems
10.3.2.2. Modes of Transformation
10.3.2.3. Granularity and Abstraction
10.3.2.4. Accuracy of Transformations
10.4. Implementing Interactions
10.4.1. Interactions Based on Instance Properties
10.4.1.1. Boolean Retrieval
10.4.1.2. Tag / Annotate
10.4.2. Interactions Based on Collection Properties
10.4.2.1. Ranked Retrieval with Vector Space or Probabilistic Models
10.4.2.2. Synonym Expansion with Latent Semantic Indexing
10.4.2.3. Structure-Based Retrieval
10.4.2.4. Clustering / Classification
10.4.3. Interactions Based on Derived Properties
10.4.3.1. Popularity-Based Retrieval
10.4.3.2. Citation-Based Retrieval
10.4.3.3. Translation
10.4.4. Interactions Based on Combining Resources
10.4.4.1. Mash-Ups
10.4.4.2. Linked Data Retrieval and Resource Discovery
10.5. Evaluating Interactions
10.5.1. Efficiency
10.5.2. Effectiveness
10.5.2.1. Relevance
10.5.2.2. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
10.5.3. Satisfaction
10.6. Key Points in Chapter Ten
11. The Organizing System Roadmap
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The Organizing System Lifecycle
11.3. Defining and Scoping the Organizing System Domain
11.3.1. Scope and Scale of the Collection
11.3.2. Number and Nature of Users
11.3.3. Expected Lifetime
11.3.4. Physical or Technological Environment
11.3.5. Relationship to Other Organizing Systems
11.4. Identifying Requirements for an Organizing System
11.4.1. Requirements for Interactions
11.4.2. About the Nature and Extent of Resource Description
11.4.3. About Intentional Arrangement
11.4.4. Dealing with Conflicting Requirements
11.5. Designing and Implementing an Organizing System
11.5.1. Choosing Scope- and Scale-Appropriate Technology
11.5.2. Architectural Thinking
11.5.3. Distinguishing Access from Control
11.5.4. Standardization and Legacy Considerations
11.6. Operating and Maintaining an Organizing System
11.6.1. Resource Perspective
11.6.2. Properties, Principles and Technology Perspective
11.7. Key Points in Chapter Eleven
12. Case Studies
12.1. A Multi-generational Photo Collection
12.2. Knowledge Management for a Small Consulting Firm
12.3. Smarter Farming in Japan
12.4. Single-Source Textbook Publishing
12.5. Organizing a Kitchen
12.6. Earth Orbiting Satellites
12.7. CalBug and its Search Interface Redesign
12.8. Weekly Newspaper
12.9. The CODIS DNA Database
12.10. Honolulu Rail Transit
12.11. The Antikythera Mechanism
12.12. Autonomous Cars
12.13. IP Addressing in the Global Internet
12.14. The Art Genome Project
12.15. Making a Documentary Film
12.16. The Dabbawalas of Mumbai
12.17. Managing Information About Data Center Resources
12.18. Neuroscience Lab
12.19. A Nonprofit Book Publisher
Afterword
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
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The Discipline of Organizing
The Discipline of Organizing
Table of Contents
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Abstract
1. Foundations for Organizing Systems
1.1. The Discipline of Organizing
1.2. The
“Organizing System”
Concept
1.3. The Concept of
“Resource”
1.4. The Concept of
“Collection”
1.5. The Concept of
“Intentional Arrangement”
1.6. The Concept of
“Organizing Principle”
1.7. The Concept of
“Agent”
1.8. The Concept of
“Interactions”
1.9. The Concept of
“Interaction Resource”
1.10. Organizing This Book
2. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems
2.1. Introduction
2.2. What Is Being Organized?
2.3. Why Is It Being Organized?
2.4. How Much Is It Being Organized?
2.5. When Is It Being Organized?
2.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized?
2.7. Where is it being Organized?
2.8. Key Points in Chapter Two
3. Activities in Organizing Systems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Selecting Resources
3.2.1. Selection Criteria
3.2.2. Looking
“Upstream”
and
“Downstream”
to Select Resources
3.3. Organizing Resources
3.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources
3.3.1.1. Organizing with Properties of Physical Resources
3.3.1.2. Organizing with Descriptions of Physical Resources
3.3.2. Organizing Places
3.3.2.1. Organizing the Land
3.3.2.2. Organizing Built Environments
3.3.2.3. Orientation and Wayfinding Mechanisms
3.3.3. Organizing Digital Resources
3.3.3.1. Organizing Web-based Resources
3.3.3.2.
“Information Architecture”
and Organizing Systems
3.3.4. Organizing With Descriptive Statistics
3.3.4.1. Exploratory Analysis to Understand Data
3.3.4.2. Detecting Errors and Fraud in Data
3.3.5. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties
3.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions
3.4.1. Affordance and Capability
3.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation
3.4.2.1. Value Creation with Physical Resources
3.4.2.2. Value Creation with Digital Resources
3.4.2.3. Accessibility
3.4.3. Access Policies
3.5. Maintaining Resources
3.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources
3.5.2. Preservation
3.5.2.1. Digitization and Preserving Resources
3.5.2.2. Preserving the Web
3.5.2.3. Preserving Resource Instances
3.5.2.4. Preserving Resource Types
3.5.2.5. Preserving Resource Collections
3.5.3. Curation
3.5.3.1. Institutional Curation
3.5.3.2. Individual Curation
3.5.3.3. Social and Web Curation
3.5.3.4. Computational Curation
3.5.3.5. Discarding, Removing, and Not Keeping
3.5.4. Governance
3.5.4.1. Governance in Business Organizing Systems
3.5.4.2. Governance in Scientific Organizing Systems
3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three
4. Resources in Organizing Systems
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. What Is a Resource?
4.1.1.1. Resources with Parts
4.1.1.2. Bibliographic Resources, Information Components, and
“Smart Things”
as Resources
4.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names
4.2. Four Distinctions about Resources
4.2.1. Resource Domain
4.2.2. Resource Format
4.2.3. Resource Agency
4.2.3.1. Passive or Operand Resources
4.2.3.2. Active or Operant Resources
4.2.4. Resource Focus
4.2.5. Resource Format x Focus
4.2.5.1. Physical Description of a Primary Physical Resource
4.2.5.2. Digital Description of a Primary Physical Resource
4.2.5.3. Digital Description of a Primary Digital Resource
4.2.5.4. Physical Description of a Primary Digital Resource
4.3. Resource Identity
4.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources
4.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources
4.3.3. Identity and Information Components
4.3.4. Identity and Active Resources
4.4. Naming Resources
4.4.1. What’s in a Name?
4.4.2. The Problems of Naming
4.4.2.1. The Vocabulary Problem
4.4.2.2. Homonymy, Polysemy, and False Cognates
4.4.2.3. Names with Undesirable Associations
4.4.2.4. Names that Assume Impermanent Attributes
4.4.2.5. The Semantic Gap
4.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers
4.4.3.1. Make Names Informative
4.4.3.2. Use Controlled Vocabularies
4.4.3.3. Allow Aliasing
4.4.3.4. Make Identifiers Unique or Qualified
4.4.3.5. Distinguish Identifying and Resolving
4.5. Resources over Time
4.5.1. Persistence
4.5.1.1. Persistent Identifiers
4.5.1.2. Persistent Resources
4.5.2. Effectivity
4.5.3. Authenticity
4.5.4. Provenance
4.6. Key Points in Chapter Four
5. Resource Description and Metadata
5.1. Introduction
5.2. An Overview of Resource Description
5.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing
5.2.2.
“Description”
as an Inclusive Term
5.2.2.1. Bibliographic Descriptions
5.2.2.2. Metadata
5.2.2.3. Tagging of Web-based Resources
5.2.2.4. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
5.2.2.5. Aggregated Information Objects
5.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description
5.3. The Process of Describing Resources
5.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus
5.3.1.1. Describing Instances or Describing Collections
5.3.1.2. Abstraction in Resource Description
5.3.1.3. Scope, Scale, and Resource Description
5.3.2. Determining the Purposes
5.3.2.1. Resource Description to Support Selection
5.3.2.2. Resource Description to Support Organizing
5.3.2.3. Resource Description to Support Interactions
5.3.2.4. Resource Description to Support Maintenance
5.3.2.5. Resource Description for Sensemaking and Science
5.3.3. Identifying Properties
5.3.3.1. Intrinsic Static Properties
5.3.3.2. Extrinsic Static Properties
5.3.3.3. Intrinsic Dynamic Properties
5.3.3.4. Extrinsic Dynamic Properties
5.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary
5.3.4.1. Principles of Good Description
5.3.4.2. Who Uses the Descriptions?
5.3.4.3. Controlled Vocabularies and Content Rules
5.3.4.4. Vocabulary Control as Dimensionality Reduction
5.3.5. Designing the Description Form
5.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions
5.3.6.1. Resource Description by Professionals
5.3.6.2. Resource Description by Authors or Creators
5.3.6.3. Resource Description by Users
5.3.6.4. Automated and Computational Resource Description
5.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.1. Evaluating the Creation of Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.2. Evaluating the Use of Resource Descriptions
5.3.7.3. The Importance of Iterative Evaluation
5.4. Describing Non-text Resources
5.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources
5.4.2. Describing Images
5.4.3. Describing Music
5.4.4. Describing Video
5.5. Key Points in Chapter Five
6. Describing Relationships and Structures
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview
6.3. The Semantic Perspective
6.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships
6.3.1.1. Inclusion
6.3.1.2. Attribution
6.3.1.3. Possession
6.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships
6.3.2.1. Symmetry
6.3.2.2. Transitivity
6.3.2.3. Equivalence
6.3.2.4. Inverse
6.3.3. Ontologies
6.4. The Lexical Perspective
6.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings
6.4.1.1. Hyponymy and Hyperonymy
6.4.1.2. Metonymy
6.4.1.3. Synonymy
6.4.1.4. Polysemy
6.4.1.5. Antonymy
6.4.2. Thesauri
6.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms
6.4.3.1. Derivational Morphology
6.4.3.2. Inflectional Morphology
6.5. The Structural Perspective
6.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure
6.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource
6.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources
6.5.3.1. Hypertext Links
6.5.3.2. Analyzing Link Structures
6.5.3.3. Bibliometrics, Shepardizing, Altmetrics, and Social Network Analysis
6.6. The Architectural Perspective
6.6.1. Degree
6.6.2. Cardinality
6.6.3. Directionality
6.7. The Implementation Perspective
6.7.1. Choice of Implementation
6.7.2. Syntax and Grammar
6.7.3. Requirements for Implementation Syntax
6.8. Relationships in Organizing Systems
6.8.1. The Semantic Web and Linked Data
6.8.2. Bibliographic Organizing Systems
6.8.2.1. Tillett’s Taxonomy
6.8.2.2. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
6.8.2.3. RDA and the Semantic Web
6.8.3. Integration and Interoperability
6.9. Key Points in Chapter Six
7. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The What and Why of Categories
7.2.1. Cultural Categories
7.2.2. Individual Categories
7.2.3. Institutional Categories
7.2.4. A
“Categorization Continuum”
7.2.5. Computational Categories
7.3. Principles for Creating Categories
7.3.1. Enumeration
7.3.2. Single Properties
7.3.3. Multiple Properties
7.3.3.1. Multi-Level or Hierarchical Categories
7.3.3.2. Different Properties for Subsets of Resources
7.3.3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Properties
7.3.4. The Limits of Property-Based Categorization
7.3.5. Probabilistic Categories and
“Family Resemblance”
7.3.6. Similarity
7.3.6.1. Feature-based Models of Similarity
7.3.6.2. Geometric Models of Similarity
7.3.6.3. Transformational Models of Similarity
7.3.6.4. Alignment or Analogy Models of Similarity
7.3.7. Goal-Derived Categories
7.3.8. Theory-Based Categories
7.4. Category Design Issues and Implications
7.4.1. Category Abstraction and Granularity
7.4.2. Basic or Natural Categories
7.4.3. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
7.4.4. Category Audience and Purpose
7.5. Implementing Categories
7.5.1. Implementing Enumerated Categories
7.5.2. Implementing Categories Defined by Properties
7.5.3. Implementing Categories Defined by Probability and Similarity
7.5.3.1. Probabilistic Decision Trees
7.5.3.2. Naïve Bayes Classifiers
7.5.3.3. Categories Created by Clustering
7.5.3.4. Neural networks
7.5.4. Implementing Goal-Based Categories
7.5.5. Implementing Theory-Based Categories
7.6. Key Points in Chapter Seven
8. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories
8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Classification vs. Categorization
8.1.2. Classification vs. Tagging
8.1.3. Classification vs. Physical Arrangement
8.1.4. Classification Schemes
8.1.5. Classification and Standardization
8.1.5.1. Institutional Taxonomies
8.1.5.2. Institutional Semantics
8.1.5.3. Specifications vs. Standards
8.1.5.4. Mandated Classifications
8.2. Understanding Classification
8.2.1. Classification Is Purposeful
8.2.1.1. Classifications Are Reference Models
8.2.1.2. Classifications Support Interactions
8.2.2. Classification Is Principled
8.2.2.1. Principles Embodied in the Classification Scheme
8.2.2.2. Principles for Assigning Resources to Categories
8.2.2.3. Principles for Maintaining the Classification over Time
8.2.3. Classification Is Biased
8.3. Bibliographic Classification
8.3.1. The Dewey Decimal Classification
8.3.2. The Library of Congress Classification
8.3.3. The BISAC Classification
8.4. Faceted Classification
8.4.1. Foundations for Faceted Classification
8.4.2. Faceted Classification in Description
8.4.3. A Classification for Facets
8.4.4. Designing a Faceted Classification System
8.4.4.1. Design Process for Faceted Classification
8.4.4.2. Design Principles and Pragmatics
8.5. Classification by Activity Structure
8.6. Computational Classification
8.7. Key Points in Chapter Eight
9. The Forms of Resource Descriptions
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Structuring Descriptions
9.2.1. Kinds of Structures
9.2.1.1. Blobs
9.2.1.2. Sets
9.2.1.3. Lists
9.2.1.4. Dictionaries
9.2.1.5. Trees
9.2.1.6. Graphs
9.2.2. Comparing Metamodels: JSON, XML and RDF
9.2.2.1. JSON
9.2.2.2. XML Information Set
9.2.2.3. RDF
9.2.2.4. Choosing Your Constraints
9.2.3. Modeling within Constraints
9.2.3.1. Specifying Vocabularies and Schemas
9.2.3.2. Controlling Values
9.3. Writing Descriptions
9.3.1. Notations
9.3.2. Writing Systems
9.3.3. Syntax
9.4. Worlds of Description
9.4.1. The Document Processing World
9.4.2. The Web World
9.4.3. The Semantic Web World
9.5. Key Points in Chapter Nine
10. Interactions with Resources
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Determining Interactions
10.2.1. User Requirements
10.2.2. Socio-Political and Organizational Constraints
10.3. Reorganizing Resources for Interactions
10.3.1. Identifying and Describing Resources for Interactions
10.3.2. Transforming Resources for Interactions
10.3.2.1. Transforming Resources from Multiple or Legacy Organizing Systems
10.3.2.2. Modes of Transformation
10.3.2.3. Granularity and Abstraction
10.3.2.4. Accuracy of Transformations
10.4. Implementing Interactions
10.4.1. Interactions Based on Instance Properties
10.4.1.1. Boolean Retrieval
10.4.1.2. Tag / Annotate
10.4.2. Interactions Based on Collection Properties
10.4.2.1. Ranked Retrieval with Vector Space or Probabilistic Models
10.4.2.2. Synonym Expansion with Latent Semantic Indexing
10.4.2.3.
Structure-Based Retrieval
10.4.2.4. Clustering / Classification
10.4.3. Interactions Based on Derived Properties
10.4.3.1. Popularity-Based Retrieval
10.4.3.2. Citation-Based Retrieval
10.4.3.3. Translation
10.4.4. Interactions Based on Combining Resources
10.4.4.1. Mash-Ups
10.4.4.2. Linked Data Retrieval and Resource Discovery
10.5. Evaluating Interactions
10.5.1. Efficiency
10.5.2. Effectiveness
10.5.2.1. Relevance
10.5.2.2. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
10.5.3. Satisfaction
10.6. Key Points in Chapter Ten
11. The Organizing System Roadmap
11.1. Introduction
11.2. The Organizing System Lifecycle
11.3. Defining and Scoping the Organizing System Domain
11.3.1. Scope and Scale of the Collection
11.3.2. Number and Nature of Users
11.3.3. Expected Lifetime
11.3.4. Physical or Technological Environment
11.3.5. Relationship to Other Organizing Systems
11.4. Identifying Requirements for an Organizing System
11.4.1. Requirements for Interactions
11.4.2. About the Nature and Extent of Resource Description
11.4.3. About Intentional Arrangement
11.4.4. Dealing with Conflicting Requirements
11.5. Designing and Implementing an Organizing System
11.5.1. Choosing Scope- and Scale-Appropriate Technology
11.5.2. Architectural Thinking
11.5.3. Distinguishing Access from Control
11.5.4. Standardization and Legacy Considerations
11.6. Operating and Maintaining an Organizing System
11.6.1. Resource Perspective
11.6.2. Properties, Principles and Technology Perspective
11.7. Key Points in Chapter Eleven
12. Case Studies
12.1. A Multi-generational Photo Collection
12.2. Knowledge Management for a Small Consulting Firm
12.3. Smarter Farming in Japan
12.4. Single-Source Textbook Publishing
12.5. Organizing a Kitchen
12.6. Earth Orbiting Satellites
12.7. CalBug and its Search Interface Redesign
12.8. Weekly Newspaper
12.9. The CODIS DNA Database
12.10. Honolulu Rail Transit
12.11. The Antikythera Mechanism
12.12. Autonomous Cars
12.13. IP Addressing in the Global Internet
12.14. The Art Genome Project
12.15. Making a Documentary Film
12.16. The Dabbawalas of Mumbai
12.17. Managing Information About Data Center Resources
12.18. Neuroscience Lab
12.19. A Nonprofit Book Publisher
Afterword
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
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