CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SECTION 1: BACKGROUND TO THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK

1 PLANNING FUNDAMENTALS

What is Planning?

Components of Planning

Planning in Today’s Business Environment

The Increasing Speed of Business and Globalisation

The Increasing Complexity of Business

The Decreasing Planning Time Horizon

Planning Challenges

Dissatisfaction With the Planning Process

Issues With the Planning Culture

Need for a Holistic Approach

Need for Better Planning Technologies

Planning Principles

Principle 1: Planning Connects Inputs and Outputs and is Therefore Directly Related to Organisational Activities

Principle 2: Planning is About Maintaining a Shared Understanding of the Economics of a Business

Principle 3: Planning is About Shifting Focus From the Past and Onto the Future

Principle 4: Planning is About Aligning Budgets With Strategy to Achieve Corporate Objectives

Principle 5: Planning is a Continuous Process

Principle 6: Planning is a Learning Process

Objectives of the Planning Framework

2 PLANNING METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES

Planning: Who, What, When, and How

Planning Within a Sole Trader

Planning as a Small Manufacturer

Planning as a Listed Company

Planning as an International Group

The Rise of Management Frameworks and Methodologies

Popular Management Methodologies

Budgetary Control

Quality Management Movement

Lean Management

Balanced Scorecard

Beyond Budgeting

Planning and Success

Planning Process Maturity

Planning Objectives

Planning and Forecasting Maturity Levels

Basic Planning

Financial Integration

Partial Integration

Matrix Planning

Dynamic Planning

3 PLANNING TECHNOLOGIES

Supporting the Decision-Making Process

Planning Technologies: The Spread Sheet

Two or Three Dimensional

Cell Meaning

Limited Business View

Single User

Lack of Workflow Capabilities

Planning Technologies: Multi-Dimensional Databases

Multi-Dimensional

Business Hierarchies

Name-Based Rules

Multi-User, Role-Based Security

Unlimited Size

Financial Intelligence

Spread Sheet Access

Multi-Dimensional System Issues

Comprehension

Complexity

Data Uniformity

Effort and Price

Modelling Tools

SECTION 2: BUSINESS PLANNING FRAMEWORK

4 BUSINESS PLANNING FRAMEWORK

Logical Overview of the Framework

Framework Components

Operating Activity Model (OAM)

Cash Funding Model (CFM)

Detailed History Models (DHM)

Target Setting Model (TSM)

Detailed Forecasting Model (DFM)

Optimise Resources Model (ORM)

Performance Measures Model (PMM)

Strategy Improvement Model (SIM)

Management Processes

Knowledge

Reporting From the Planning Framework

Case Study Overview

About the Case Study Organisation

Company Structure

Company Strategy

Versions and Other Information

5 OPERATIONAL ACTIVITY MODEL

Overview

Model Structure

Measurement Types and Relationships

Step 1: Define High-Level Objectives

Step 2: Define Core Business Processes and Assumptions

Step 3: Identify Core Business Process Activities

Step 4: Identify Support Activity Measures

Step 5: Define Profit and Loss and Other Financial Measures

Putting the Model Together

Measures and Attributes

Model Dimensions

Model Rules

Reporting From the OAM

Departmental Outcomes, Activity, and Resources

Outcome Versus Activity

Outcome Versus Assumptions and Resources

6 CASH FUNDING MODEL

Model Purpose

Defining the Model

Model Content

Additional Data Requirements Within the OAM

Identifying Cash Payment Profiles Within the OAM

Defining Payment Profiles Within the CFM

Other Cash Measures and Rules

Reporting From the CFM

Displaying Cash Requirements by Department

Evaluating Sources of Cash

Scenario Analysis

7 DETAILED HISTORY AND PERFORMANCE MEASURES MODELS

Reporting Past and Future Performance

Relevance

Context

Data Issues

Reporting Performance From the Planning Framework

Identifying DHMs

Case Study—DHMs

Sales Analysis

HR

General Expenses

Defining the PMM

PMM Content

PMM Business Dimensions

Case Study Measures for XYZ, Inc.

Reporting From the PMM

8 PREDICT AND OPTIMISE PLANNING MODELS

Predicting the Future

Target Setting Model (TSM)

Driver-Based Modelling

TSM Content for XYZ, Inc.

Using the TSM

Detailed Forecast Model (DFM)

Overview

Developing the DFM

Linking the DFM to the OAM

Optimise Resources Model (ORM)

Overview

Case Study Example

9 STRATEGY IMPROVEMENT MODEL

Responding to Change

Model Focus

Link to the OAM and CFM

Defining SIM Content

Linking SIM Content to Management Methodologies

Planning Capabilities

Communicate Goals

Propose and Validate Projects

Select and Approve Projects

Monitor and Forecast Projects

Assess Alternatives

10 THE PLANNING AND MONITORING PROCESS

Defining Processes

Components of a Process

Performance Management Processes and Tasks

Strategic Planning

Purpose

Tasks: Inputs, Outputs, and Sequence

People and Planning Models

Tactical Planning

Purpose

Tasks: Inputs, Outputs, and Sequence

People and Planning Models

Financial Planning

Purpose

Tasks: Inputs, Outputs, and Sequence

Forecasting

Purpose

Tasks: Inputs, Outputs, and Sequence

Management Reporting

Purpose

Tasks: Inputs, Outputs, and Sequence

Moving Toward Continuous Planning

SECTION 3: IMPLEMENTING A PLANNING FRAMEWORK

11 LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANNING AND ANALYTICS TECHNOLOGIES

Corporate Performance Management (CPM) Applications

The Rise of Business Analytics

The Next Competitive Edge

BI Versus Analytics Versus Decisions

Business Analytics, Big Data, and Decision Management

Predictive Business Analytics: The Next New Wave

Game-Changer Wave: Automated Decision-Based Management

Application Integration

Cloud-Based Applications

In-Memory Chip Technology

12 IMPLEMENTING THE PLANNING FRAMEWORK

Planning and the Role of the Chief Executive

Entrenched Beliefs Concerning Performance

Organisational Culture

The Unwritten Rules of Budgeting

Rewarding Bad Behaviour

Failure to Execute

Implementing Change

Agree on the Role of Planning

Model Existing Processes

Establish Improvement Themes

Plan-and Resource-Specific Change Programmes

Monitor Implementation

Use Technology to Support Change

Continually Develop the Planning Models Within the Framework

APPENDIX I: CGMA BUDGET AND PLANNING SURVEY RESULTS

APPENDIX II: REQUIREMENTS OF A PLANNING SYSTEM

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