Subject Index

Notes: Terms and page numbers in bold relate to the titles of respective overview articles or keyword entries, terms in regular text to the content of other contributions. Terms with →arrows indicate related terms in the Index or point towards another keyword or overview article that deals more precisely with the matter. INTR refers to the Editor’s Introduction, PREF1 or PREF2 to the two prefaces.

For the sake of clarity, this Index does not list court cases or names of authors – which can be found on the project website www.culture-rights.net – and only exceptionally other personalities. As well, research projects, institutions, companies or products are only registered if they are highlighted in an article. Similarly, human rights treaties or other legal instruments and respective courts or treaty bodies are listed only where they are first introduced or specified in the text with regard to important consequences for an issue at stake. The latter limitation is particularly relevant for the ECHR and the ECtHR (as they are referenced in most of the articles), similarly for instruments such as the UDHR, the ICESCR or the CFR and related treaty bodies.

2005 UNESCO Convention 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 1, 2, 3, 4

4 Tier Approach 1

A

Aarhus Convention 1, 2

aboriginals →indigenous peoples

access

– and copyright 1, 2, 3, 4

→Internet access

→Internet content suppression

→parents (rights)

– to culture / arts (institutions) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21

– to education 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

– to→information

– to heritage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

– to courts / remedy 1, 2

– to (digital) media 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

– to resources or services 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

access control technologies (digital rights management) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development 1

activists, social 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Adelphi Charter 1

Adhikara 1

administration 1, 2, 3

– cultural administration 1, 2

– staff 1, 2, 3

admissions (to cultural services) 1, 2

affirmative action 1, 2, 3, 4

→discrimination

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 1, 2, 3, 4

African Commission on Human Rights 1

African human rights system 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

African Union 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

African Youth Charter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

ageing →demography

age limits / ratings 1, 2, 3

agriculture INTR, 1, 2, 3

à-la-carte approach 1

Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Ahmad 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Albania 1, 2, 3

albinism 1

Alevism 1

Algiers Declaration of the Rights of Peoples 1

Alliance of Civilisations 1, 2

American Convention on Human Rights 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

anthropology 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

antisemitism 1, 2, 3

apostasy 1, 2

Appolinaire, Guillaume 1, 2

appropriateness, cultural 1

Arab Charter on Human Rights 1, 2

Arab countries INTR, 1, 2

Arab–Israel conflict 1

Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) 1

archaeological heritage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

architectural heritage 1

architecture 1, 2

archives 1, 2, 3, 4

armed conflict 1, 2

– cultural property protection in 1, 2, 3, 4

Armenia 1, 2, 3

arm’s length principle 1, 2

ars erotica 1

art, works of 1, 2, 3

Article 1 (NGO) 2, 3, 4, 5

artists

– artistic creation 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

– associations 1, 2

→dissidents

→freedom of expression 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

–mobility of 1, 2, 3

– rights of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

→status of artists

arts councils 1, 2

arts education 1, 2, 3

→education

Arts Rights Justice (NGO) 1, 2

ASEAN 1, 2

Asia (human rights in) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Asian values 1

assembly and association (freedom of) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

→NGO

assimilation 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Astana Commemorative Declaration 1

asylum (seekers) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

atheists / agnostics 1, 2, 3, 4

audio-visual services 1, 2, 3

→broadcasting

→media content

Australia 1, 2

Austria 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

autochthonous minorities 1, 2

authors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

→writers

authors’ rights / copyright 1, 2

→disability and copyright

– duration of 1

– exceptions 1, 2, 3, 4

– fair use doctrine 1, 2, 3

– human rights context INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4

→moral rights

→InfoSoc Directive

– infringement 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

→intellectual property

– licenses / licensing society 1, 2

–music sampling 1

→WIPO

–work for hire 1

autocratic regimes 1, 2

autonomy

→cultural autonomy

– individual autonomy 1, 2

– of religious groups/churches 1, 2

– of the press 1

– territorial autonomy 1

Azerbaijan 1, 2

B

balancing (of rights) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Bangkok Declaration 1, 2

Barakat Galleries 1, 2

beef ban (India) 1

Behzti (play) 1

Belgium 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

beliefs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

→freedom of religion or belief

Bennoune, Karima 1

Berne Convention 1

Big Data 1, 2

biodiversity 1, 2

blasphemy 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Blue Shield 1

Böhmermann, Jan 1

book publishing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1, 2, 3

Brazil 1

Brecht, Bertolt 1

Brexit 1, 2

broadcasting 1

– access to broadcasting services 1, 2

– diversity of programmes 1, 2, 3

– freedom of expression in 1

→public broadcasting

– regulation of 1, 2, 3

– rights of broadcasting organisations 1, 2

Bulgaria 1

Burra Charter 1

burkini INTR

burqa 1, 2, 3

C

CAHMIN (ad hoc Committee for the Protection of National Minorities) →ECHR Cultural Protocol Debates / CAHMIN

Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 1, 2

Canada 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

caricature/cartoons 1, 2, 3

censorship 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

→internet content suppression

– private-party 1, 2, 3, 4

→self-censorship

Chaos Computer Club (NGO) 1

Charlie Hébdo 1, 2, 3

Charter 1 (Czechoslovakia) 2

Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24

→common values (EU)

→European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)

→values

Charter of Paris for a New Europe ( OSCE) 1

Charter of Public Space 1

children 1, 2, 3, 4

– abuse of 1, 2, 3

– cultural rights of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

→education

– rights of parents 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

– traditional practices 1, 2, 3, 4

chilling effect (on media, free speech) 1, 2, 3, 4

China 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

choreography 1

Christianity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

churches (and human rights) 1

– Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster 1

– Orthodox churches 1

– Protestant Churches 1, 2, 3, 4

– Roman Catholic Church 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

CIRCLE (NGO) INTR

circumcision 1, 2, 3

citizenship 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

civilisation(s) 1, 2

→Alliance of Civilisations

civil liberties 1, 2

clash of civilisations 1, 2

codes of ethics 1, 2

coffee shops 1

Cold War 1, 2, 3, 4

collective / community rights 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

– individual vs. collective rights 1, 2, 3. 4, 5, 6

→peoples’ rights

Colombia 1

colonialism (post-) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women 1, 2, 3, 4

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 1, 2, 3

common values (of the EU) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

communicative action INTR

community identification (Free choice of identity) 1, 2, 3

Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe (CoE/ERICarts) INTR, 1, 2, 3

composers 1, 2

Confucianism 1

conscience, freedom of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

– conscientious objection (to military service) 1

constitutional identity 1, 2

constitutional law courts 1, 2, 3

constitutions 1, 2, 3, 4,

– Asian constitutions 1

– church rights in 1, 2, 3

– cultural rights in 1, 2, 3, 4

– EU Constitution (failed) 1

– French Constitution 1, 2, 3

– gender issues in 1

– German constitution 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

– minority rights in 1, 2

– right to Internet access 1, 2

– US Constitution 1, 2

Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO Convention 169) 1, 2, 3, 4

Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data 1

Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe 1

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH Convention) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Convention on Biological Diversity 1, 2

Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 1

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1, 2

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions →2005 UNESCO Convention

Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict →Hague Convention

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH) 1

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951 Refugee Convention) 1, 2

conversion 1

conviction, personal 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Council of Europe (CoE) PREF1, PREF2, INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21

– Committee of Ministers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

→European Committee of Social Rights

– Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

– Steering Committee for Culture, Heritage and Landscape (CDCPP) 1

Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

– copyright cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

– freedom of expression/information cases 1, 2, 3, 4

– language diversity cases 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

– media pluralism cases 1, 2, 3, 4

– privacy cases 1

Creative Commons 1

Creative Europe (EU) 1

creative/cultural industries 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Creative Scotland 1

creativity

→artists (artistic creation)

– human 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

– Internet 1

– of disabled people 1

criticism 1, 2/3, 4, 5, 6

Croatia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

cross-cultural dialogue 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Crucifix 1

cultural autonomy 1, 2, 3, 4

Cultural Awareness Clause (TFEU) 1, 2

cultural cooperation protocol 1, 2

cultural dimensions of human rights INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

cultural diversity INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

– and identity 1, 2, 3, 4

→diversity

→dynamics

–governance of / policies for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

– limits of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

→pluralism

cultural expressions 1, 2, 3

→2005 UNESCO Convention

– artistic expression 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

– definition 1, 2, 3

→cultural diversity

→freedom of expression

→literary expressions

– oral/traditional expressions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

– restrictions/control of 1, 2, 3, 4

– shared 1, 2

cultural genocide 1, 2, 3, 4

cultural goods and services 1, 2, 3

cultural heritage 1

→archaeological heritage

→architectural heritage

– common cultural heritage 1, 2

→cultural property

→Faro Convention

→intangible cultural heritage

– definition 1, 2

→landscapes

– of humanity 1, 2

– of minorities / communities 1, 2, 3, 4

– protection of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

→underwater cultural heritage

cultural identity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

– African identity 1, 2, 3

– children’s 1, 2, 3, 4

→community identification

– European INTR, 1, 2

– ethnic / racial identity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

– gender / sexual identity 1, 2

→hybridity

→indigenous peoples

– individual identity /self-identity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

→Internet identity

→migrants

→multiple identities

→national identity

→national minorities

– of refugees 1

– of Roma / Gypsies 1

– religious identity 1, 2, 3, 4

→values

cultural institutions / infrastructure 1, 2, 3, 4

→access to culture

→public broadcasting

– public financing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

cultural participation →participation in cultural life

cultural policy INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

cultural property 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

→armed conflict (protection in)

– states’ role 1

Cultural Protocol, proposal for a (ECHR) PREF1, INTR, 2, 3, 4

cultural relativism INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

cultural rights PREF1, PREF2, INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38

→Right to Culture

Culture-Action-Europe (NGO) 1

culturalisation (of human rights) INTR, 1, 2

Culture, concepts of PREF1, INTR, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28

culture of diversity 1, 2, 3

Cusanus, Nicolaus 1

Cyprus 1, 2

Czech Republic 1

– Czechoslovakia 1, 2

D

dance 1

Danish cartoons conflict 1, 2, 3

data protection 1, 2

Declaration of Freedom of Communication on the Internet 1

Declaration of the World Conference on Cultural Policies 1, 2, 3

Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice 1

Declaration on the Rights of Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Living in Rural Areas 1

defamation 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

degrading treatment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

democracy PREF1, INTR, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

– democratic society 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22

– free market D. 1

→liberal democracy

demography 1, 2, 3, 4

Denmark 1, 2, 3, 4

denominational teaching 1

De Sousa Santos, Boaventura 1

despotism 1

Devadasi (system in India) 1

development (culture and development) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8

→2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

– cultural development 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

– democratic development 1, 2

– economic development 1, 2, 3

– human development 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

– individual/personal development 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

– of human rights law 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

– policies / projects 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

→sustainability

Dharma 1

Diab, Khalid 1

differentiation (vs. discrimination) 1

digital age 1, 2, 3, 4

Digital Agenda (EU) 1

digital media INTR, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

→access to 1, 2

– freedom of 1, 2

digital rights management →access control technologies

digitisation / digital technologies 1, 2, 3, 4

Dink, Hrant 1

disabilities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

– authors’ rights of persons with 1

– children with 1, 2, 3, 4

– cultural rights of persons with 1, 2, 3

disability and copyright 1

discrimination 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

→affirmative action

– by association 1

– disabilities-based 1, 2

→equality

– gender-/sex-based 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

→hate crimes

– language-based 1, 2, 3

→marginalisation

– non-discrimination (economic) 1, 2

– positive/reverse D. 1, 2

– race-based 1, 2, 3, 4

– of minorities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

– religion-based 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6