Endnotes

  1. Griggs, Lewis Brown and Lente-Louise Louw. “Diverse Teams: Breakdown or Breakthrough,” Training and Development, October 1995, pp. 22–29.

  1. Milliken, Francis and Luis Martins. “Searching for Common Threads: Understanding the Multiple Effects of Diversity in Organizational Groups,” Academy of Management Review (1996): 21, pp. 402–433.

  1. Cox, Taylor, Sharon Lobel and Poppy McLeod. “Effects of Ethnic Group Cultural Differences on Cooperative and Competitive Behavior on a Group Task,” Academy of Management Journal (1991): 34, pp. 827–847; Jackson, Susan. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in S. Worchel, W. Wood and J. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1991; Watson, Warren, Kamalesh Kumar and Larry Michaelsen. “Cultural Diversity's Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal (1993): 36, pp. 590–602; Williams, Kathleen and Charles O'Reilly. “Forty Years of Diversity Research: A Review,” in Barry Staw and Larry Cummings (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior (1998): 20, pp. 77–140.

  1. Williams, Kathleen and Charles O'Reilly. “Forty Years of Diversity Research: A Review,” in Barry Staw and Larry Cummings (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior (1998): 20, pp. 77–140.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Williams, Katherine and Charles O'Reilly. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research,” in Barry Staw and Larry Cummings (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior (1998): 20, pp. 77–140; citing Byrne, D. The Attraction Paradigm. Academic Press, New York, 1971; Byrne, D., G. Clore and P. Worchel. “The Effect of Economic Similarity-Dissimilarity as Determinants of Attraction,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1996): 4, pp. 220–224.

  1. Gutek, Barbara. Sex and the Workplace. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1985; Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York, 1977b; Pettigrew, Thomas and Joanne Martin. “Shaping the Organizational Context for Black American Inclusion,” Journal of Social Issues (1987): 43, pp. 41–78; cited in Elsass, Priscilla and Laura Graves. “Demographic Diversity in Decision-Making Groups: The Experiences of Women and People of Color,” Academy of Management Review (1997): 22(4), pp. 946–973.

  1. Jackson, Susan. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in S. Worchel, W. Wood and J. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1991.

  1. Triandis, Harry, Eleanor Hall and Robert Ewen. “Member Heterogeneity and Dyadic Creativity,” Human Relations (1965): 18, pp. 33–55; Thomas, David, Elizabeth Ravlin and Alan Wallace. “Effect of Cultural Diversity in Work Groups,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations (1996): 14, pp. 1–33.

  1. Morris, Betsy. “If Women Ran the World It Would Look a Lot like Avon,” Fortune, July 21, 1997, pp. 74–79.

  1. Nemeth, C. and J. Kwan. “Minority Dissent as a Stimulant to Group Performance,” in S. Worchel, W. Wood and J. A. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1992; cited in Thomas, David, Elizabeth Ravlin and Alan Wallace. “Effect of Cultural Diversity in Work Groups,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations (1996): 14, pp. 1–33.

  1. Ancona, Deborah and Caldwell, David. “Beyond Boundary Spanning: Managing External Dependence in Product Development Teams,” Journal of High-Technology Management Research (1990): 1, pp. 119–135.

  1. Jackson, Susan. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in Stephen Worchel, Wendy Wood and Jeffrey Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1991; citing Simon Herbert. The Science of the Artificial, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979.

  1. Thomas, David, Elizabeth Ravlin and Alan Wallace. “Effect of Cultural Diversity in Work Groups,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations (1996): 14, pp. 1–33.

  1. Watson, Warren E., Kamalesh Kumar and Larry Michaelsen. “Cultural Diversity's Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal (1993): 36, pp. 590–602.

  1. Andre, Rae. “Diversity Stress as Moral Stress,” Journal of Business Ethics (1995): 14, pp. 489–496.

  1. Jackson, Susan E. “Team Composition in Organizational settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in Stephen Worchel, Wendy Wood and Jeffrey Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1991.

  1. McCain, B., C. O'Reilly and Jeffrey Pfeffer. “The Effects of Departmental Demography on Turnover,” Academy of Management Journal (1983): 26, pp. 626–641; O'Reilly, Charles, David Caldwell and William Barnett. “Work Group Demography, Social Integration, and Turnover,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1989): 34, pp. 21–37.

  1. Hood, Jacqueline N. and Christine S. Koberg. “Patterns of Differential Assimilation and Acculturation for Women in Business Organizations,” Human Relations (1994): 47, pp. 159–181; Elsass, Priscilla and Laura M. Graves. “Demographic Diver-sity in Decision-Making Groups: The Experiences of Women and People of Color,” Academy of Management Review (1997): 22 (4), pp. 946–973.

  1. Zenger, Todd R. and Barbara Lawrence. “Organizational Demography: The Differential Effects of Age and Tenure on Technical Communication,” Academy of Management Journal (1989): 32, pp. 353–376.

  1. Odenwald, Sylvia. Global Solutions for Teams. Irwin, Chicago, IL, 1996.

  1. Barnlund, D. and C. Harland. “Propinquity and Prestige as Determinants of Communications Networks,” Sociometry (1963): 26, pp. 467–479; Triandis, Harry. “Cognitive Similarity and Communication in a Dyad,” Human Relations (1960): 13, pp. 279–287.

  1. Jackson, Susan E. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in S. Worchel, W. Wood and J. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, 1991.

  1. Goodman, P., E. Ravlin and M. Schminke. “Understanding Groups in Organizations,” in Larry Cummings and Barry Staw (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1987.

  1. Cummings, A., J. Zhou and Gary Oldham. “Demographic Differences and Employee Work Outcomes: Effects of Multiple Comparison Groups.” Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA, 1993; Judge, Timothy and Gerald Ferris. “Social Context of Performance Evaluation Decisions,” Academy of Management Journal (1993): 36, pp. 80–105; cited in Williams, Katherine and Charles O'Reilly. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 20, pp. 77–140.

  1. Chemers, Martin and Susan Jackson. “Leadership and Diversity in Groups and Organizations,” in Chemers, Mark, Stuart Oskamp, and Mark Constanzo (eds.) Diversity in Organizations: New Perspectives for a Changing Workplace. Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995.

  1. Thomas, David, Elizabeth Ravlin and Alan Wallace. “Effect of Cultural Diversity in Work Groups,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations (1996): 14, pp. 1–33.

  1. Jackson, Susan E. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in Stephen Worchel, Wendy Wood and Jeffrey A. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1992; Thomas, David, Elizabeth Ravlin and Alan Wallace. “Effect of Cultural Diversity in Work Groups,” Research in the Sociology of Organizations (1996): 14, pp. 1–33.

  1. Shaw, M. E. Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976; cited in Jackson, Susan E. “Team Composition in Organizational Settings: Issues in Managing an Increasingly Diverse Workforce,” in Stephen Worchel, Wendy Wood, and Jeffrey A. Simpson (eds.) Group Process and Productivity. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1992.

  1. Cummings, A., J. Zhou and Gary Oldham. “Demographic Differences and Employee Work Outcomes: Effects of Multiple Comparison Groups.” Paper Presented at the Annual Academy Meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA, 1993; Stangor, Charles, Laure Lynch and B. Glass. “Categorization of Individuals on the Basis of Multiple Social Features,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1992): 62, pp. 207–218.

  1. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York, 1977.

  1. Schrieber, C. Changing Places: Men and Women in Traditional Occupations. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979; Fairhurst, Gail and B. Kay Snavely. “A Test of the Social Isolation of Male Tokens,” Academy of Management Journal (1983): 26, pp. 353–361; cited in Williams, Katherine and Charles O'Reilly. “Demography and Diversity in Organizations: A Review of 40 Years of Research,” in Barry Staw and Larry Cummings (eds.) Research in Organizational Behavior 20, 1998, pp. 77–140.

  1. O'Farrell, B. and S. Harlan. “Craftworkers and Clerks: The Effect of Male Coworker Hostility on Women's Satisfaction with Nontraditional Jobs,” Social Problems (1982): 29, pp. 252–264; Brass, Daniel. “Men and Women's Networks: A Study of Interaction Patterns and Influence in an Organization,” Academy of Management Journal (1985): 28, pp. 327–343; Ibarra, Herminia. “Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1992): 37, pp. 422–447.

  1. Wharton, Amy and James Baron. “So Happy Together? The Impact of Gender Segregation on Men at Work,” American Sociological Review (1987): 52, pp. 574–587; Tsui, Anne, Terri Egan and Charles O'Reilly. “Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1992): 37, pp. 549–579.

  1. Wharton, Amy and James Baron. “So Happy Together? The Impact of Gender Segregation on Men at Work,” American Sociological Review (1987): 52, pp. 574–587.

  1. Chatman, Jennifer, Jeffrey Polzer and Margaret Neale. “Being Different yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1998): 43, pp. 749–780.

  1. Stewart, Greg, Charles Manz and Henry Sims. Teamwork and Group Dynamics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999; citing W.E. Watson, K. Kumar and L.K. Michaelsen. “Cultural Diversity's Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal (1993): 36, pp. 590–602.

  1. Glaman, Joan, Allan P. Jones and Richard M. Rozelle. “The Effects of Coworker Similarity on the Emergence of Affect in Work Teams,” Group and Organizational Management, 21, (2) June 1996, pp. 192–215.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Harris, Philip and Robert Moran. Managing Cultural Differences: Leadership Strategies for a New World of Business, 4th ed. Gulf Publishing, Houston, TX, 1996.

  1. Triandis, Harry, Eleanor Hall and Robert Ewen. “Member Heterogeneity and Dyadic Creativity,” Human Relations (1965): 18, pp. 33–55; Finley, Joycelyn. “Communication Double Binds: The Catch-22 of Conversations about Racial Issues in Work Groups.” Dissertation Submitted to the University of Michigan 1996.

  1. Chatman, Jennifer, Jeffrey Polzer and Margaret Neale. “Being Different yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes,” Administrative Science Quarterly (1998): 43, pp. 749–780.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Armstrong, Robert and Paul Cole. Culture and Social Behavior. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.

  1. Lipnack, Jessica and Jeffrey Stamps. Virtual Teams: Reaching across Time, Space, and Technology. John Wiley, New York, 1997.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Townsend, Anthony, Samuel DeMarie and Anthony Hendrickson. “Virtual Teams: Technology and the Workplace of the Future,” Academy of Management Executive (1998): 12(3), pp. 17–29.

  1. Mercer, Graham and Matthew Barritt. “An Integrated Approach to Business Education Summary,” Michigan Business School, Global Learning Center Publication Nov. 1998, p. 3.

  1. Townsend, Anthony, Samuel DeMarie and Anthony Hendrickson. “Virtual Teams: Technology and the Workplace of the Future,” Academy of Management Executive (1998): 12(3), pp. 17–29.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Price Pridget. New Work Habits for the Next Millennium: 10 Ground Rules for Job Success. 1999; citing Bureau of Labor Statistics.

  1. Townsend, Anthony, Samuel DeMarie and Anthony Hendrickson. “Are You Ready for Virtual Teams?” HR Magazine, September 1996, pp. 122–226.

  1. Norton, Bob and Cathy Smith. Understanding the Virtual Organization. Barrons, Hauppauge, NY, 1997.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998; citing Gray, Hodson and Gopdon. Teleworking Explained. John Wiley and Sons, 1993.

  1. Smith, N., E. Bizot and T. Hill. Use of Electronic Mail in a Research and Development Organization. University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 1988; Bikson, T.K. “Understanding the Implementation of Office Technology,” in R. Kraut (eds.) Technology and the Transformation of White Collar Work. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1987.

  1. Lipnack, Jessica and Jeffrey Stamps. Virtual Teams: Reaching across Time, Space, and Technology. John Wiley, New York, 1997; citing Bernie DeKoven. Connected Executives: A Strategic Communications Plan. Institute for Better Meetings, Palo Alto, CA, 1990.

  1. Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler. Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1991.

  1. Finholt, Tom and Lee Sproull. “Electronic Groups at Work,” Organizational Science (1990): 1(1), pp. 41–64.

  1. Townsend, Anthony, Samuel DeMarie and Anthony Hendrickson. “Virtual Teams: Technology and the Workplace of the Future,” Academy of Management Executive (1998): 12(3), pp. 17–29.

  1. Mankin, Don, Susan Cohen and Tora Bikson. “Teams and Technology: Tensions in Participatory Design,” Organization Dynamics, Summer 1997, pp. 63–75.

  1. Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler. Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.

  1. McLeod, Poppy, Robert Baron, Mollie Marti and Kuh Yoon. “The Eyes Have It: Minority Influence in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Group Discussion,” Journal of Applied Psychology (1997): 82(5), pp. 706–718.

  1. Kiesler, Sara and Lee Sproull. “Group Decision-Making and Communication Technology,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (1992): 52(1), pp. 96–123.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Finholt, Tom and Lee Sproull. “Electronic Groups at Work,” Organizational Science (1990): 1(1), pp. 41–64.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Hallowell, Edward M. “The Human Moment at Work,” Harvard Business Review, January/February 1999, pp. 58–66.

  1. Fussell and Benimoff. “Social and Cog nitive Processes in Interpersonal Communication: Implications for Advanced Telecommunications Technologies,” Journal of Human Factors and Ergonomics, June 1995, p. 229; cited in Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Dubrovsky, Vitaly, Sara Kiesler and Beheruz Sethna. “The Equalization Phenomenon: Status Effects in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Decision-Making Groups,” Human-Computer Interaction (1991): 6, pp. 119–146.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Hallowell, Edward M. “The Human Moment at Work,” Harvard Business Review January/February 1999, pp. 58–66.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Baker, Wayne. Networking Smart: How to Build Relationships for Personal and Organizational Success. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1994.

  1. Finholt, Tom and Lee Sproull. “Electronic Groups at Work,” Organizational Science (1990): 1 (1), pp. 41–64; citing James Lincoln and Arne Kalleberg. “Work Organization and Workforce Commitment: A Study of Plants and Employees in the United States and Japan,” American Sociological Review (1985): 50, pp. 738–760.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Hallowell, Edward M. “The Human Moment at Work,” Harvard Business Review, January/February 1999, pp. 58–66.

  1. Locke, John L. The De-Voicing of Society: Why We Don't Talk to Each Other Anymore. Simon & Schuster, New Jersey, 1998; cited in, “The Decline of Conversation,” The Futurist, February 1999, pp. 18–19.

  1. Armstrong, David and Paul Cole. “Man-aging Distances and Differences in Geographically Distributed Work Groups,” in Susan Jackson and Marian Ruderman (eds.) Diversity in Work Teams. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1995.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Geber, Beverly. “Virtual Teams,” Training, April 1995, pp. 36–40.

  1. Jarvenpaa, Sirkka and Dorothy Leidner. “Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams, Organization Science, 10(6), November–December 1999, pp. 791–815.

  1. McLeod, Poppy and Robert Baron, Mollie Marti and Kuh Yoon. The Eyes Have It: Minority Influence in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Group Discussion,” Journal of Applied Psychology (1997): 82(5), pp. 706–718.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Dubrovsky, Vitaly, Sara Kiesler and Beheruz Sethna. “The Equalization Phenomenon: Status Effects in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Decision-Making Groups,” Human-Computer Interaction (1991): 6, pp. 119–146.

  1. Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler. Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organizations. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.

  1. Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87.

  1. Mantovani, Giuseppe. “Is Computer-Mediated Communication Intrinsically Apt to Enhance Democracy in Organizations?” Human Relations (1994): 47(1), pp. 45–62.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Ibid.

  1. “UpData,” Training and Development, July 1999, p. 20.

  1. Fountain, Jane. “Constructing the Information Society: Women, Information Technology, and Design,” Technology in Society (2000): 22, pp. 45–62.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly, 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87.

  1. Mercer, Graham and Matthew Barritt. “An Integrated Approach to Business Education,” November 1998, University of Michigan Business School, Global Learning Center Publication, 1999, p. 1.

  1. McLeod, Poppy, Robert Baron, Mollie Marti and Kuh Yoon. “The Eyes Have It: Minority Influence in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Group Discussion,” Journal of Applied Psychology (1997): 82(5), pp. 706–718; Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly, 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87.

  1. “Face-to-Face: Making Networking Organizations Work,” in N. Nohria and R. Eccles (eds.) Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Harvard Business School Press, Boston.

  1. Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly, 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Sproull, Lee and Sara Kiesler. Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993.

  1. Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly, 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87.

  1. Mcgrath, J. and A. Hollinshead. Groups Interacting with Technology. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, 1994.

  1. McLeod, Poppy. “A Literary Examination of Electronic Meeting System Use in Everyday Organizational Life,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science (1999): 34(2), pp. 188–206.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Munter, Mary. “Meeting Technology: From Low-Tech to High-Tech,” Business Communication Quarterly 61(2), June 1998, pp. 80–87

  1. Townsend, Anthony, Samuel DeMarie and Anthony Hendrickson. “Virtual Teams: Technology and the Workplace of the Future,” Academy of Management Executive (1998): 12(3), pp. 17–29.

  1. Lipnack, Jessica and Jeffrey Stamps. Virtual Teams: Reaching across Time, Space, and Technology. John Wiley, New York, 1997; citing Bernie DeKoven. Connected Executives: A Strategic Communications Plan. Institute for Better Meetings, Palo Alto, CA, 1990.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Geber, Beverly. “Virtual Teams,” Training, April 1995, pp. 36–40.

  1. Hallowell, Edward M. “The Human Moment at Work,” Harvard Business Review January/February 1999, pp. 58–66.

  1. Gladstone, Bryan. “The Medium is the Message: When Old Paradigms Meet New Technology,” Journal of General Management 24(2), Winter 1998, pp. 51–68; citing Lewis, David. Shaming, Blaming, and Flaming: Corporate Miscommunication in the Information Age. Novell, Bracknell, England, 1997.

  1. Haywood, Martha, Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House: Boston, 1998.

  1. Dennis, Alan R. “Information Processing in Group Decision-Making: You Can Lead a Group to Information but You Can't Make It Think,” MIS Quarterly, 20, 1996b, pp. 433–455.

  1. Haywood, Martha. Managing Virtual Teams: Practical Techniques for High-Technology Managers. Artech House, Boston, 1998.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Ibid.

  1. Norton, Bob and Cathy Smith. Understanding the Virtual Organization. Barrons, Hauppage, NY, 1997.

  1. Lipnack, Jessica and Jeffrey Stamps. Virtual Teams: Reaching across Time, Space, and Technology. John Wiley, New York, 1997; citing Bernie DeKoven. Connected Executives: A Strategic Communications Plan. Institute for Better Meetings, Palo Alto, CA, 1990.

  1. Ibid.

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