A. Appendix

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Appendix A. Appendix

The Devil is in the details—and in the case of Access, it’s in the technical appendix. Here you’ll find behind-the-scenes particulars about maintaining your Access installation; tips on Access newsgroups that you can turn to for help; dozens of tables detailing Access functions, controls, actions, events; and more.

Installation Checklist

When casual users install Access, they generally run the installer and when it’s done, they assume that’s that. But Access power users and professional developers know that keeping Access healthy means going beyond what comes out of the box. With some simple preventive maintenance—installing service packs, re-registering DLLs, and so on—you can avoid headaches and mysterious failures too numerous to list. Here are the essentials to keeping Access healthy.

Keep Windows Up-to-Date

Whatever version of Windows you’re running, make sure that you have applied the latest security patches and updates. The easiest way to do this is by pointing Internet Explorer at http://windowsupdate.microsoft.com.

Keep Office Up-to-Date

Same deal for Microsoft Office. Office updates can be found at http://office.microsoft.com/officeupdate.

Keep Jet 4.0 Up-to-Date

Jet is the database engine under Access’s hood, and to minimize bugs, it’s essential you apply the latest Jet service packs. (See MSKB 239114 for detailed instructions.) To find out what version of Jet you have, locate the Msjet40.dll file; it’s usually in the WindowsSystem32 or WindowsSystem folder. Right-click it, choose Properties, and look on the Version tab. If your version is earlier than 4.0.8618.0, it is not up-to-date. Even if you have just purchased and installed the latest version of Access, you can’t assume that Jet is up-to-date. (On the other hand, if you have applied the latest service packs, and then upgraded to a new version of Access, you should be fine.)

Install All Access Features

By default, Setup leaves out some Access and Office features you might want later—such as some Wizards or certain Visual Basic Help files. The idea is that you can install them the first time you need them, but that’s kind of a pain, having to fetch the install CD over and over. To see what you’re missing, run the Add or Remove Programs control panel, click the Microsoft Office entry, then the Change button. This brings up the Maintenance Mode screen. Click the “Add or Remove Features” button, open the Microsoft Access for Windows item, and look for features with a “1” on them. These are features that are installed on “first use.” Save yourself time—click each feature’s icon and select “Run from My Computer.” When you’re done, click the Update Now button and you’ll install everything you’ve selected.

Re-Register DLLs

In addition to keeping your software up-to-date, you may occasionally need to re-register DLLs. A DLL file is an external library of functions that Access needs to work properly. DLLs can be shared among different programs, and it’s all too easy for one version of a DLL to be inadvertently replaced by another, or for a DLL’s listing in the Windows Registry to become corrupted. If this happens, you’ll lose the functionality provided by that DLL (for example, importing and exporting text depends on Mstext40.dll). Throughout this book we’ve pointed out how to recognize this situation; here we’ll just explain how to fix it.

To re-register a DLL (in this example, Mstext40.dll):

Find the regsvr32.exe utility. It should be on your system, typically in Windowssystem32. If not, do a file search for it. If you can’t find it, download it from Microsoft (see MSKB 267279 for the details).
Click Start → Run, and type something like:
```
	C:Windowssystem32
egsvr32.exe C:Windowssystem32Mstext40.dll
```
and press Enter (see Figure A-1).

Figure A-1. RegSvr32 gives a confirmation message when it runs without error.

Install ODBC Drivers

If you’re using Access as a frontend to another database (such as SQL Server, Oracle, or MySQL), you’ll need ODBC drivers specific to that database. (If you’re connecting to SQL Server, you can also connect via OLEDB.) ODBC drivers for Oracle and SQL Server come standard with Access, but it’s a good idea to update those drivers by getting the latest version of MDAC (Microsoft Data Access Components) for your version of Windows. Point your browser to http://www.microsoft.com/downloads and search for MDAC. For more info about MDAC, see MSKB 190463. For ODBC drivers for other databases, consult the database vendor.

Access Newsgroups

As you can see in Table A-1, there are quite a few newsgroups devoted to various aspects of Microsoft Access. You’ll generally get better results if you search or post questions in the appropriate group. Comp.databases.msaccess is the only general-purpose group, although microsoft.public.access.gettingstarted is also a great place to post newbie or non-specific questions. The most popular groups are those devoted to forms and form coding (i.e., VB code for forms), queries, and reports. To find these newsgroups, go to http://www.google.com, click the Groups link, and type the newsgroup name in the box and click the Search Groups button.

Table A-1. Alphabetical list of Access newsgroups

comp.databases.ms-access

microsoft.public.access.3rdpartyusrgrp

microsoft.public.access.activexcontrol

microsoft.public.access.commandbarsui

microsoft.public.access.conversion

microsoft.public.access.developers.toolkitode

microsoft.public.access.devtoolkits

microsoft.public.access.externaldata

microsoft.public.access.forms

microsoft.public.access.formscoding

microsoft.public.access.gettingstarted

comp.databases.ms-access

microsoft.public.access.internet

microsoft.public.access.interopoledde

microsoft.public.access.macros

microsoft.public.access.modulesdaovba

microsoft.public.access.multiuser

microsoft.public.access.odbcclientsvr

microsoft.public.access.queries

microsoft.public.access.replication

microsoft.public.access.reports

microsoft.public.access.security

microsoft.public.access.setupconfig

microsoft.public.access.tablesdbdesign

Visual Basic Functions

Programmers use functions and statements the way carpenters use hammers and nails. Visual Basic has nearly 150 functions that you can use in expressions or code. It behooves you to become familiar with these off-the-shelf power tools. If you’re writing code, you should also familiarize yourself with Visual Basic statements, which are listed in Access Help. (Click the Help button, then the Contents tab, then open Visual Basic Language Reference → Statements.) Statements can’t be used in expressions because they don’t return a value, but they do useful stuff, such as writing to a file or changing the current directory.

In addition to these built-in functions, every menu and toolbar command can be run from VB code using the RunCommand method. For example, you can perform the equivalent of View → Zoom → Zoom 100% by calling RunCommand with the acCmdZoom100 constant, like this: DoCmd.RunCommand acCmdZoom100. (To find the constant you need, search for “RunCommand” in VB Help and click the acCommand link or the RunCommand Method Constants item. )

In the following tables (Table A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7, A-8, A-9, A-10, through A-11) VB functions are grouped by category. The lists are mostly alphabetical, but occasionally we group related functions. Once you find the function you need, look it up in VB Help for details about its arguments and usage. The 10 categories that we use are:

String manipulation and character functions
Math functions
Date and time functions
Data type conversion and formatting functions
Files, directories, and environment functions
Tests and conditional expressions
Domain aggregate functions (those that operate on sets of records)
Interactive and process control functions
Accounting and financial functions
Other functions for use in Visual Basic code

Table A-2. String manipulation and character functions

Function	Description
`Asc`	Returns ASCII character code of first character in string, e.g., `Asc("A") = 65`
`AscB`	Returns first byte of binary data contained in string
`AscW`	Returns unicode character code of first character in string
`Chr`	Returns string corresponding to character code of argument, e.g., `Chr(65) = "A"`
`ChrB`	Returns first byte of binary data corresponding to character code
`ChrW`	Returns unicode character corresponding to character code of argument
`InStr`	Finds position of first occurrence of substring within a given string
`InStrB`	Used with binary data, returns byte position of substring within a given string
`InStrRev`	Finds position of last occurrence of substring within a given string
`Lcase`	Returns lowercase version of string
`Ucase`	Returns uppercase version of string
`Len`	Returns number of characters in string
`LenB`	Returns number of bytes in string
`Replace`	Replaces some or all occurrences of substring in a string with another substring
`Left`	Returns leftmost character(s) from string
`LeftB`	Returns leftmost bytes
`Mid`	Returns middle character(s) from string
`MidB`	Returns middle bytes
`Right`	Returns rightmost character(s) from string
`RightB`	Returns rightmost bytes
`Trim`	Trims trailing and leading spaces from string
`LTrim`	Trims leading spaces from string
`RTrim`	Trims trailing spaces from string
`Space`	Returns a string consisting of x number of spaces
`Split`	Splits a string into substrings based on a delimiter. Returns an array.
`StrConv`	Performs various case and character set related conversions
`StrComp`	Compares two strings using alphabetical or other order
`String`	Returns a string consisting of x number of repeating characters
`StrReverse`	Reverses the characters in a string

Table A-3. Math functions

Function	Description
`Abs`	Returns absolute value
`Atn`	Returns arctangent
`Cos`	Returns cosine
`Exp`	Returns inverse of natural logarithm, e.g., `Exp(x) = e^x`
`Fix`	Returns integer portion by truncation, e.g., `Fix(8.3) = 8, Fix(-8.3) = -8`
`Int`	Returns greatest integer less than or equal to x (a.k.a. floor function), e.g., `Int(8.3) = 8, Int(-8.3) = -9`
`Log`	Returns natural logarithm
`Partition`	Partitions a range into intervals, returning the range label for the interval into which its argument falls
`Rnd`	Returns a random number between 0 and 1
`Round`	Rounds a number to specified number of decimal places
`Sgn`	Returns the sign of the number (negative, positive, zero)
`Sin`	Returns sine
`Sqr`	Returns square root
`Tan`	Returns tangent

Table A-4. Date and time functions

Function	Description
`Date`	Returns current date
`Now`	Returns current date and time
`Time`	Returns current time
`DateAdd`	Adds or subtracts various intervals of time (days, months, years, etc.) to a given date
`DateDiff`	Computes the number of time intervals (days, months, years, etc.) between two dates
`DatePart`	Returns an integer value representing some part of a date, e.g., `DatePart("m", #2004-09-30#) = 9`
`DateSerial`	Constructs a date value from year, month, and day values, e.g., `DateSerial(2004,9,30)`
`TimeSerial`	Constructs a time value for hour, minute, and second values
`Day`	Description Day Returns day of the month for a given date, e.g., `Day(#2004-09-22#) = 22`
`Weekday`	Returns day of the week for a given date, expressed in range (1-7); default treats Sunday as first day of week, but this can be modified
`Month`	Returns month of the year for a given date, expressed in range (1-12)
`Year`	Returns year for a given date, e.g., `Year(#2004-09-11#) = 2004`
`Hour`	Returns hour of the day, expressed in range (0-23), e.g., `Hour("September 22, 2003 3:11 pm") = 15`
`Minute`	Returns minute of the hour, expressed in range, e.g., (0-59) `Minute("September 22, 2003 3:11 pm") = 11`
`Second`	Returns second of the minute, expressed in range (0-59)
`MonthName`	Returns name of month as string for numeric month, e.g., `MonthName(1) = "January"`
`WeekdayName`	Returns name of day of week for numeric value; `WeekdayName(1) = "Sunday"` by default, but you can set a different first day of week

Table A-5. Data type conversion and formatting functions

Function	Description
`CBool`	Coerces expression to Boolean data type
`CByte`	Coerces number (0-255) to Byte data type
`CCur`	Coerces number to Currency data type
`CDate`	Coerces date expressions and date strings to Date data type
`DateValue`	Converts date expressions and date strings to Variant (Date) data type
`TimeValue`	Converts time expressions and time strings to Variant (Date) data type
`CDbl`	Coerces numbers to Double data type
`CDec`	Coerces numbers to Decimal data type
`CInt`	Coerces numbers to Integer data type, rounding if necessary
`CLng`	Coerces numbers to Long data type, rounding if necessary
`CStr`	Converts dates, booleans, numbers, etc. to string
`Str`	Converts number to numeral string, e.g., `Str(7) = "7"`
`Val`	Converts numeral string to number, e.g., `Val("7") = 7`
`FormatCurrency`	Formats number or numeric string to currency, with various display options; returns a string
`FormatDateTime`	Formats date or date string as date, with various display options; returns a string
`FormatNumber`	Formats number or numeric string as number, with various display options; returns a string
`FormatPercent`	Formats number or numeric string as percent, with various display options, e.g., `FormatPercent(.15) = 15.00%`; returns a string
`Hex`	Returns a string representing the hex value of a number, e.g., `Hex(255) = "FF"`
`Oct`	Returns a variant representing the octal value of a number, e.g., `Oct(255) = "377"`

Table A-6. Files, directories, and environment functions

Function	Description
`CurDir`	Returns full path of current working directory
`CurrentUser`	Returns username of user currently logged into database (not a VB function…but it’s useful, and we refer to it in the text)
`Dir`	Searches for files or directories matching a given string and attribute set; returns first match
`Environ`	Returns value of a given environment variable
`EOF`	Tests file for end of file condition
`FileAttr`	Returns long value representing mode in which file was opened
`FileDateTime`	Returns last modified date of file
`FileLen`	Returns length of file in bytes; use `LOF` if file is open for editing
`LOF`	Returns length of file in bytes, for a file that is currently open
`FreeFile`	Returns integer value representing next file number available for use
`GetAttr`	Retrieves system attributes of a file or directory
`Input`	Reads characters from a file; returns a string.
`InputB`	Reads byte data from a file
`Loc`	Returns the current read/write position within an open file
`Seek`	Returns the next read/write position within an open file

Table A-7. Tests and conditional expressions

Function	Description
`Choose`	Selects from a list of choices based on value of an index expression that ranges from 1 to the number of choices. For example, `Choose(index, "First", "Second", "Third")` equals “Second” when index = 2.
`IIf`	Stands for immediate If; Selects from two choices based on a Boolean expression. If the expression is true, returns the first choice; if the expression is false, returns second choice (e.g., `IIf([accountBalance] <= 0, "You're broke", "You've got cash")`).
`Switch`	Selects from a list of choices based on a list of conditions, returning the first choice whose condition is true, e.g., `Switch([accountBalance] <= 0, "You're broke", [accountBalance] < $250, "You're poor", [accountBalance] >= $250, "Yippee!")`.
`IsDate`	Tests whether an expression can be interpreted as a date.
`IsError`	Tests whether an expression returns an error.
`IsNull`	Tests whether an expression has no value.
`IsNumeric`	Tests whether an expression can be interpreted as a number.

Table A-8. Domain aggregate functions

Function	Description
`DAvg`	Returns average of values.
`DCount`	Returns number of records.
`DLookup`	Returns value of first record that meets criteria.
`DFirst, DLast`	Despite the names, not very useful: returns the first (or last) record based on the order in which the records are stored, which is usually meaningless. According to Help, they should be used when you want a “random” record.
`DMin, DMax`	Returns minimum and maximum values.
`DStDev, DStDevP`	Returns standard deviation (sample) and estimated standard deviation (population).
`DSum`	Returns sum of values.
`DVar, DVarP`	Returns variance (sample) and estimated variance (population).

Domain aggregate functions let you perform calculations on sets of records in a single expression. For example, suppose you want a calculated expression in a text box that shows the average salary of all employees in the employees table. The DAvg function makes it easy. You could do something like this: DAvg("salary", "tblEmployees"). Domain functions have an optional criteria argument so, for instance, to compute the average salary of employees managed by Bob, you could use DAvg("salary", "tblEmployees", "manager='Bob'").

Note that applying domain functions to large numbers of records can slow Access to a crawl. If that’s the case, do the work directly in VB code.

Table A-9. Interactive and process control

Function	Description
`DoEvents`	Yields process control, allowing Windows to process events such as key presses or mouse clicks in the middle of a long computation. Does not return until all events in the queue are processed.
`InputBox`	Displays a prompt that accepts user input in a text box.
`MsgBox`	Displays a message prompt with various button options (Okay/Cancel, Yes/No/Cancel, etc.).
`Shell`	Runs an executable program from code.
`Timer`	Returns elapsed time.

Table A-10. Accounting and financial functions

Function	Description
`DDB`	Returns depreciation (double-declining balance)
`FV`	Returns future value of an annuity
`Ipmt`	Returns interest payment of an annuity
`IRR`	Returns internal rate of return
`MIRR`	Returns modified internal rate of return
`NPer`	Returns number of periods for an annuity
`Pmt`	Returns payment for an annuity
`PPmt`	Returns principal payment for an annuity
`PV`	Returns present value of an annuity
`Rate`	Returns interest rate per period for an annuity
`SLN`	Returns depreciation (straight-line)
`SYD`	Returns depreciation (sum-of-year’s digits)

Table A-11. Other functions for use in Visual Basic code

Function	Description
`Array`	Creates an array from a list of values—but returns a Variant type, not a true array
`CallByName`	Invokes a method on an object using a string name
`Command`	Command-line arguments
`CreateObject`	Creates an ActiveX object, based on object class
`GetObject`	Creates an ActiveX object, based on path to component
`CVErr`	Returns a custom error number
`Error`	Returns error message that corresponds to a given error number
`Filter`	Filters an array of strings based on criteria
`GetAllSettings`	Returns windows Registry settings for an application
`GetSetting`	Returns windows Registry setting for a specific key and application
`IMEStatus`	Current Input Method Editor mode for East Asian languages
`IsArray`	Tests for array type
`IsEmpty`	Tests whether a variable has been initialized
`IsMissing`	Tests whether an optional argument has been supplied to a procedure
`IsObject`	Tests whether an identifier refers to an object
`Join`	Concatenates an array of strings
`LBound`	Finds start value for range of an array index
`UBound`	Finds end value for range of an array index
`MacID`	Macintosh constants function
`MacScript`	Runs an Apple script
`QBColor`	Converts color codes (0-15) representing standard colors into RGB values
`RGB`	Constructs RGB value from Red, Green, and Blue values (0-255)
`Spc`	Returns number of spaces to insert in Print statement
`Tab`	Specifies tab position for Print statement
`TypeName`	Returns a string representing the data type of a variable
`VarType`	Returns an integer constant representing the data type of a variable

Macro Actions

Access has over 50 different actions that can be specified in a macro. (In addition to these built-in actions, every menu and toolbar command can be run from a macro using the RunCommand action.) In the following tables (Tables A-12, A-13, A-14, A-15, A-16, through A-17), the actions are grouped by category. The lists are mostly alphabetical, but occasionally we group related actions. Once you find the action you need, look it up in Access Help for details about its arguments and usage. (An easy way to do this is to select the action in the macro design window and press F1.)

The six categories are:

Work with database objects
Work with data
Import, export, and linking
User interface
Printing, email, and external applications
Macro programming

Table A-12. Work with database objects

Action	Description
`Close`	Closes an open object (query, form, and so on).
`DeleteObject`	Deletes an object (query, form, and so on).
`OpenDataAccessPage`	Opens a data access page in page view or design view.
`OpenDiagram`	Opens a database diagram in design view.
`OpenForm`	Opens a form in any of various views. You can apply filters, where conditions, data entry, and window modes.
`OpenModule`	Opens a Visual Basic module to a specific procedure.
`OpenQuery`	Runs a query, or opens it in design view or print preview.
`OpenReport`	Opens a report in any of various views. You can apply filters and where conditions.
`OpenStoredProcedure`	Opens a stored procedure in any of various views.
`OpenTable`	Opens a table in any of various views. You can set data mode.
`OpenView`	Opens a view in any of various views. You can set data mode.
`Quit`	Quits Microsoft Access.
`Rename`	Renames a database object. (Note: You can’t rename an open object.)
`Save`	Saves the specified object (form, query, etc.), or the active object if none is specified.
`SelectObject`	Selects the specified object (form, query, etc.), making it visible and enabling subsequent actions such as `Maximize, GoToControl`, and so on.

Table A-13. Work with data

Action	Description
`ApplyFilter`	Applies a filter, a query, or an SQL `WHERE` clause to a table, form, or report.
`FindNext`	Finds the next record; used after `FindRecord`.
`FindRecord`	Finds a record matching certain criteria.
`GoToRecord`	Moves to a specific record (by record number) in a set of records, or moves to Previous, Next, First, Last, New or (using offset) jumps back by N or jumps forward by N.
`RepaintObject`	Forces pending screen updates on an object (form, datasheet, etc.), e.g., shows values that have been set in a macro but haven’t yet appeared.
`Requery`	Requeries the specified control (or the active object, if no control is specified). This updates the result set, taking into account new, changed, or deleted records.
`RunSQL`	Runs an SQL statement. You can’t run select or crosstab queries this way (use `OpenQuery`), only action or data definition queries. SQL statement is limited to 256 characters.
`ShowAllRecords`	Removes any filters from the active table, query, or form.

Table A-14. Import, export, and linking

Action	Description
`CopyObject`	Copies an object (query, form, and so on) from one MDB to another.
`OutputTo`	Exports data in table, query, and so on, to specified format (HTML, text, RTF, ASP, DAP, IIS, Excel ’98). You can autostart an appropriate application for the output file. Note: Use `TransferSpreadsheet` for current Excel format; use `TransferText` to include an import/export specification.
`TransferDatabase`	Imports, exports, or links database objects between two databases.
`TransferSpreadsheet`	Imports, exports, or links an Excel or 1-2-3 worksheet.
`TransferText`	Imports, exports, or links a text file.

Table A-15. User interface

Action	Description
`AddMenu`	Creates custom/global menus (deprecated).
`SetMenuItem`	Sets state (enabled/disabled, and so on) of items on menus created with `AddMenu` (deprecated).
`Beep`	Returns the system beep
`Echo`	Turns echo off to hide macro output while it runs (does not hide message boxes or errors).
`GoToControl`	Moves the cursor (sets focus) to a particular field or control on a datasheet or form.
`GoToPage`	Moves the cursor to the first control on a specific page, in a form with multiple pages.
`Hourglass`	Displays hourglass while macro is running.
`Maximize`	Maximizes the active window.
`Minimize`	Minimizes the active window.
`MoveSize`	Moves and/or resizes the active window.
`MsgBox`	Displays a warning or informational message box.
`Restore`	Restores a window that has been minimized or maximized. Note: Use the `SelectObject` action to specify the window.
`SetWarnings`	Enables or disables system messages (typically used to disable confirmation messages for action queries). Messages are turned back on automatically when macro finishes.
`ShowToolbar`	Displays or hides a built-in toolbar or a custom toolbar.

Table A-16. Printing, email, and external applications

Action	Description
`PrintOut`	Prints a report, datasheet, and so on, specifying page range, number of copies, etc.
`RunApp`	Runs an external application, such as Word or FTP.
`SendObject`	Sends database object (form, report, and so on) in the body of an email message. You can specify various output formats for objects (XLS, TXT, HTML, RTF), subject line, message, and so on.

Table A-17. Macro programming

Action	Description
`CancelEvent`	Cancels the event that triggered the macro.
`RunCode`	Calls a Visual Basic function. Note: You must include parentheses, even if there are no arguments, like this: `myFunction()`.
`RunCommand`	Runs a built-in Microsoft Access command (e.g., from a menu or toolbar).
`RunMacro`	Runs a macro. You can specify the number of times to repeat, or that it repeats until a condition is satisfied.
`SendKeys`	Types keystrokes as if input by user (e.g., to fill in a dialog box or send to an external application). Maximum of 256 characters. Timing is unreliable.
`SetValue`	Sets value of a field, control, or property of a form, report, or control. Note: You must not begin your expression with an equals sign.
`StopAllMacros`	Stops all macros currently running.
`StopMacro`	Stops this macro.

Note

There are over 15 events that are specific to PivotTables and PivotCharts. Technically, these are not Access events; they’re part of the Office Web Components library. But you will see them listed at the bottom of the Event tab of a form or report. To get more info on these pivot events, place the cursor in that event field and press F1.

Events

Forms include about 45 different event hooks (Open, Close, AfterUpdate, and so on), each of which allows you to run your own code or macro at a certain point in Access’s program flow. For example, every time a form is opened, Access sees if any code has been added to the form’s Open event, and if it has, it runs it. Writing code in event procedures is a powerful way to customize the way Access behaves.

In the following tables (Tables A-18, A-19, A-20, A-21, through A-22), events are grouped by category. The lists are mostly alphabetical, but occasionally we’ll group related events. Note that only forms allow you to use control events; there are no events for controls on reports. The tables also indicate whether an event can be canceled (usually by setting a Cancel parameter equal to True), returning control to the user.

Once you find the event you need, look it up in Access Help for details about its usage. If you need precise information about the order of events, search for “order of events” or look under Programming in Access. The five categories that we use are:

Window and focus events
Data events
Keyboard and mouse events
Report layout and printing events
Other events

Table A-18. Window and focus events

Event	Applies to	Description	Cancel?
Open	form, report	Form/report is about to open.	Y
Close	form, report	Form/report is about to close.
Load	form	Form’s record source is about to load.
Unload	form	Form’s record source is about to unload.	Y
Resize	form	Form window is about to resize.
Activate	form, report	Form/report window is about to become the active window.
Deactivate	form, report	A different Access window is about to become active. This event doesn’t fire if some other application becomes active.
Enter	controls	Control is about to receive focus from another control on the same form.
Exit	controls	Control is about to lose focus to another control on the same form.	Y
GotFocus	form, controls	Control is about to receive focus. A form can get focus only if it does not contain any visible, enabled controls.
LostFocus	form, controls	Control is about to lose focus. A form can lose focus only if it does not contain any visible, enabled controls.

Table A-19. Data events

Event	Applies to	Description	Cancel?
BeforeInsert	form	New record is about to be created.	Y
AfterInsert	form	New record has just been created.
BeforeUpdate	form, controls	Data is about to be updated (applies to new/existing records).	Y
AfterUpdate	form, controls	Data has just been updated (applies to new/existing records).
Change	text box, combo box, tab	User types into a text or combo box, or moves between pages in a tab control.
Current	form	Some record is about to become the current record. This event fires when a form is first opened, when the user navigates to a different record, or when data is refreshed or requeried.
Delete	form	A record is about to be deleted. If multiple records are selected for deletion, this event fires once for each record.	Y
Dirty	form, text box, combo box	User is making a change in a bound form or control—typing in a text box, clicking in a combo box, and so on—which would cause the underlying field or record to become "dirty” (edited). (Dirty=unsaved.) Occurs before the change is allowed (and before the Dirty property is set to True). Does not occur for an unbound form or control.	Y
NotInList	combo box	User enters a value that isn’t in the list (and LimitToList property is set to Yes). Cannot be canceled, but Response argument determines whether an error message is displayed.
Undo	form, text box, combo box	User is undoing a change in a bound form or control—clicking Undo or pressing the Escape key. Occurs before the change is undone (and before the Dirty property is set to False). Does not occur for an unbound form or control.	Y

Table A-20. Keyboard and mouse events

Event	Applies to	Description	Cancel?
KeyDown KeyPress KeyUp	form, controls	KeyDown occurs when a key is pressed; KeyUp occurs when it is released; KeyPress occurs when a key is pressed and released. Both KeyDown and KeyPress also occur every time a key repeats due to being held down. When they both occur, KeyPress precedes KeyUp. Keystrokes that are attributed to SendKeys actions or statements also trigger these key events. Key events are received by the control that currently has focus, or (if there’s no control available to receive focus) by the form. If the form’s KeyPreview property (on the Event tab) is set to Yes, it will receive all key events before they are sent to the control where they originated.	Y
Click DblClick	form, controls	Click/DblClick occurs when the user clicks/double-clicks the mouse on the control. Forms receive this event if a user clicks/double-clicks the record selector or a blank space in the form that is not within any control or section.	Y
MouseDown MouseMove MouseUp	form, controls	MouseDown occurs when a mouse button is pressed; MouseUp occurs when it is released; MouseMove occurs when the mouse is moved but no button is pressed. Unlike click events, these events tell which button was pressed (1=left and 2=right). The mouse event is received by the control the mouse is over when the mouse button is released, regardless of which control has focus at the time. The form will receive mouse events that occur in the record selector region, and in a region that is outside of any section or control (e.g., around navigation buttons).	Y

Table A-21. Report layout and printing events

Event	Applies to	Description	Cancel?
Format	report sections	A report section is about to be formatted for printing or previewing.	Y
NoData	report	A report that has no data is about to be printed or previewed.	Y
Page	report	A report page has been formatted and is about to be printed or previewed.
Print	report sections	A report section has been formatted and is about to be printed or previewed.	Y
Retreat	report sections	A report section that cannot be formatted and printed in a single pass is about to get a second pass.

Table A-22. Other events

Event	Applies to	Description	Cancel?
Timer	form	Fires at regular intervals specified by the form’s TimerInterval property (on the Event tab). The interval is specified in milliseconds. If TimerInterval is 0, the event does not fire.
Error	form, report	Fires when a runtime error occurs. This event includes Access and Jet errors, but not Visual Basic errors.
BeforeDelConfirm	form	Fires when the delete confirm dialog box is about to be displayed.	Y
AfterDelConfirm	form	Fires when the delete confirm dialog box has just been responded to.
ApplyFilter	form	Fires when the user applies or removes a filter using Apply Filter, Remove Filter, or Filter By Selection.	Y
Filter	form	Fires when the user begins to create a filter using Filter By Form or Advanced Filter/Sort.	Y

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