^[1] Semiconductor Industry Association, "Global Chip Sales Hit $225.6 Billion in 2007," (February 1, 2008), http://www.sia-online.org/cs/papers_publications/press_release_detail? pressrelease.id=1497 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[2] Semiconductor Industry Association, "Worldwide Market Billings," (September 2008), http://www.sia-online.org/galleries/Statistics/GSR1976-September08.xls (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[3] Ibid.

^[4] iSuppli Applied Market Intelligence, "Notebook PC Shipments Exceed Desktop for First Time in Q3," (December 29, 2008), http://www.isuppli.com/MarketWatchDetail.aspx?ID=318 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[5] IBM, "Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics," (July 2006), http://publibz.boulder.ibm.com/zoslib/pdf/zosbasic.pdf?bcsi_scan_408DE456E3075246=1 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[6] Blade.org, "Blade Server Technology Overview," http://www.blade.org/techover.cfm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[7] John Markoff and Saul Hansell, "Hiding in Plain Sight, Google Seeks More Power," The New York Times (June 14, 2006), http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/technology/14search.html?_r=1 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[8] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency Public Law 109–431," (August 2, 2007), http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/EPA_Datacenter_Report_Congress_Final1.pdf?bcsi_scan_408DE456E3075246=1 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[9] IDC, "The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe," (March 2008), http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[10] GSM World, "Market Data Summary," http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/market-data/market_data_summary.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[11] Ibid.

^[12] Peter Kaplan, "Verizon and AT&T Dominate Airwaves Auction," Reuters (March 20, 2008), http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews (accessed July 28, 2009).

^[13] Gartner, "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 6 Per Cent in 2008, But Sales Declined 5 Per Cent in the Fourth Quarter" (March 2, 2009), http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=904729 (July 21, 2009).

^[14] Computer History Museum, "First Semiconductor Effect Is Recorded," http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1833-first.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[15] Computer History Museum, "Semiconductor Rectifiers Patented as 'Cat's Whisker' Detectors," http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1901-semiconductor.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[16] Ibid.

^[17] Computer History Museum, "1954—Silicon Transistors Offer Superior Operating Characteristics," http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1954-Silicon.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[18] Nobelprize.org "The Transistor—Function," http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/transistor/function/intro.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[19] Intel, "Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits," (April 19, 1965), http://download.intel.com/museum/Moores_Law/Articles-Press_Releases/Gordon_Moore_1965_Article.pdf (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[20] Intel, "Our History of Innovation—1968, Intel Corporate Timeline," http://www.intel.com/museum/corporatetimeline/index.htm?iid=intel_info+rhc_history (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[21] Intel, "The Intel 4004 Microprocessor," http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/4004facts.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[22] Ibid.

^[23] Wade Warner, "Great Moments in Microprocessor History," IBM (December 22, 2004), http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/pa-microhist.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[24] Cliff Edwards, "Intel: Supercharging Silicon Valley," BusinessWeek (October 4, 2004), http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_40/b3902032_mz072.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[25] Patrick Thibodeau, "Obama Lauds Intel Plan to Invest $7B in Chip Plants," Computer World (February 10, 2009), http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9127708&intsrc=news_ts_head (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[26] Mary Bellis, "Inventors of the Modern Computer," About.com, http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa060298.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[27] Computer History Museum, "Timeline of Computer History (1961)," http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[28] Otto Friedrich, "The Computer Moves In," Time (January 3 1983), http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953632-3,00.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[29] Randy Alfred, "April 3, 1973: Motorola Calls AT&T ... by Cell," Randy Alfred, Wired (April 3, 2008), http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/04/dayintech_0403 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[30] CTIA, "History of Wireless Communications From Building the Wireless Future to Expanding the Wireless Frontier," http://www.ctia.org/media/index.cfm/AID/10390 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[31] Symbian Freak, "History of Nokia," (October 19, 2008), http://www.symbian-freak.com/news/008/10/history_of_nokia_corporation.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[32] National Science Foundation, "The Launch of NSFNET," http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/launch.htm (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[33] Ibid.

^[34] European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), "How the Web Began," http://public.web.cern.ch/Public/en/About/WebStory-en.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[35] Free Encyclopedia of Ecommerce, "Internet Service Provider (ISP)—History And Development," http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/623/Internet-Service-Provider-ISP-HISTORY-DEVELOPMENT.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[36] Cisco, "Cisco Systems Corporate Timeline," http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/timeline/2001_index.shtml (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[37] Free Encyclopedia of Commerce, "Internet Service Provider (ISP)—Proliferation and Consolidation," http://ecommerce.hostip.info/pages/624/Internet-Service-Provider-ISP-PROLIFERATION-CONSOLIDATION.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[38] Paul Taylor, "Does IT Work?: IT-Related Productivity Gains in Decline," Financial Times (October 21, 2008), http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto102120081037417526 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[39] Kent German, "Top 10 Dot-Com Flops," CNET, http://www.cnet.com/1990-11136_1-6278387-1.html?tag=cnetfd.sd (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[40] Source: MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form, and may not be used to create any financial instruments or products or any indices. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates, and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing, or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits), or any other damages; Thomson Reuters, as of 3/31/2000 and 3/31/2003.

^[41] DatacenterDynamics, "Global Vertical Market IT Spending Remains Stable," (February 23, 2009), http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=news&mod=News&mid=9A02E3B96F2A415ABC72CB5F516B4C10&tier=3&nid=9510AC6198BA4EE79AF7AD65DBF5A4CD (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[42] Thomson Reuters.

^[43] Eric Mah, "Hard-Disk Drive Market Rebounds in 2H07, Says iSuppli," Digitimes (November 9, 2007), http://www.digitimes.com/NewsShow/NewsSearch.asp?DocID=00000000000000000000000000008341&query=HDD+ASP (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[44] Bloomberg Finance L.P.

^[45] See note 2.

^[46] Barry Jaruzelski and Kevin Dehoff, "Beyond Borders: Global Innovation 1000," strategy+business, Issue 53 (Winter 2008), http://www.strategy-business.com/press/16635507/08405 (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[47] World Trade Organization, "Information Technology Agreement—Introduction," http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_E/inftec_e/itaintro_e.htm (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[48] Ibid.

^[49] Thomson Reuters, quarterly year-over-year price return data.

^[50] Source: MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form, and may not be used to create any financial instruments or products or any indices. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates, and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing, or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits), or any other damages.

^[51] Thomson Reuters, Total Return for S&P COMP.

^[52] Source: MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form, and may not be used to create any financial instruments or products or any indices. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates, and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing, or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits), or any other damages.

^[53] Ibid.

^[54] Ibid.

^[55] Ibid.

^[56] Ibid.

^[57] Ibid.

^[58] Ibid.

^[59] Thomson Reuters, MSCI, Inc. as of 12/31/08; MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form, and may not be used to create any financial instruments or products or any indices. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates, and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing, or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability, and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits), or any other damages.

^[60] See note 1.

^[61] Ibid.

^[62] See note 9.

^[63] See note 1.

^[64] Ibid.

^[65] Ibid.

^[66] Ibid.

^[67] Ibid.

^[68] See note 1.

^[69] See note 9.

^[70] See note 1.

^[71] See note 1.

^[72] See note 9.

^[73] IDC, "PC Shipments to Drop 4.5% in 2009, According to IDC," (March 5, 2009), http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS21725509 (accessed July 21, 2009); "PC Market Continues to Resist Economic Pressures With a Boost From Low Cost Portable PCS, According to IDC," (September 10, 2008), http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS21420408 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[74] SEC, "Apple 1999 10-K," http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/320193/0000912057-99-010244.txt, page 10 (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[75] Apple, "Apple Sells One Millionth iPhone," (September 10, 2007), http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/09/10iphone.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[76] Chris Kanaracus, "IDC: Oracle Maintains Lead in Database Market, PC World," PCWorld (June 27, 2008), http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/147684/idc_oracle_maintains_lead_in_database_market.html (accessed July 21, 2009).

^[77] SEC, "Oracle 1996 10-K," http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/777676/0000950109-96-004650.txt (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[78] Bloomberg Finance L.P.

^[79] SEC, "Oracle Corporation Annual Filing Form 10-K," (2008), http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095013408012257/f41477e10vk.htm (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[80] Ibid.

^[81] See note 6.

^[82] Ibid.

^[83] Thomson Reuters.

^[84] IBM, "History of IBM," (1990s), http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1990.html (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[85] Louis V. Gerstner, "Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?" (Harper Paperbacks, 2002).

^[86] See note 6.

^[87] See note 12.

^[88] See note 13.

^[89] See note 6.

^[90] Ibid.

^[91] Ibid.

^[92] Ibid.

^[93] See note 11.

^[94] Ibid.

^[95] See note 6.

^[96] Ibid.

^[97] Ibid.

^[98] Bloomberg News, "Software Piracy Cost $53b, Study Says," (May 13, 2009), http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2009/05/13/software_piracy_cost_53b_study_says/ (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[99] Ibid.

^[100] CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and the American Chemical Society, "Silicon," http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/14.html (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[101] SEMI, "SEMI Announces Mid-Year Consensus Forecast for Chip Equipment Industry" (July 14, 2008), http://www.semi.org/en/Press/P044189 (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[102] Ibid.

^[103] Aaron Hand, "High-Index Lenses Push Immersion Beyond 32 nm," Semiconductor International (4/1/2006), http://www.semiconductor.net/article/207786-High_Index_Lenses_Push_Immersion_Beyond_32_nm.php (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[104] Mark LaPedus, "EUV Woes Fuel Double-Patterning Race," EE Times (07/18/2008), http://www.eetimes.com/conf/sw/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=209101258 (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[105] Aaron Hand, "Double Patterning Battles Cost, Complexity," Semiconductor International (7/17/2008), http://www.semiconductor.net/article/203668-Double_Patterning_Battles_Cost_Complexity.php (July 29, 2009).

^[106] Intel, "Intel's Transistor Technology Breakthrough Represents Biggest Change to Computer Chips In 40 Years" (1/27/07), http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20070128comp.htm (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[107] Intel, "High-k and Metal Gate Research," http://www.intel.com/technology/silicon/high-k.htm (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[108] Manek Dubash, "Moore's Law Is Dead, Says Gordon Moore," Techworld (April 13, 2005), http://www.techworld.com/opsys/news/index.cfm?newsid=3477 (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[109] US Environmental Protection Agency, "Nanotechnology: Basic Information," National Center for Environmental Research, http://www.epa.gov/ncer/nano/questions/index.html (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[110] See note 9.

^[111] eWEEK, "What Is the Difference Between Data Deduplication, File Deduplication, and Data Compression?" (08/15/2007), http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Database/What-Is-the-Difference-Between-Data-Deduplication-File-Deduplication-and-Data-Compression/ (accessed July 29, 2009).

^[112] Matthew Kalman, "Einstein Letters Reveal a Turmoil Beyond Science," Boston Globe (July 11, 2006), http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/07/11/einstein_letters_reveal_a_turmoil_beyond_science/ (accessed May 9, 2008).

^[113] Michael Michalko, "Combinatory Play," Creative Thinking, http://www.creativethinking.net/DT10_CombinatoryPlay.htm?Entry=Good (accessed May 9, 2008).

^[114] Gary P. Brinson, Brian D. Singer, and Gilbert L. Beebower, "Determinants of Portfolio Performance II: An Update," The Financial Analysts Journal 47 (1991 [3]): 40–48.

^[115] Source: MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form and may not be used to create any financial instruments or products or any indices. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits) or any other damages.

^[116] Ibid.

^[117] Ibid.

^[118] Ibid.

^[119] Ibid.

^[120] Ibid.

^[121] National Venture Capital Association, "Venture Capital 101: What Is Venture Capital?" http://www.nvca.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=357&Itemid=93 (accessed July 22, 2009).

^[122] Reuters, "Global Economic Crisis Weighs Heavily on Venture-Backed Exits in 2008," (January 2, 2009), http://www.nvca.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=381&Itemid=317 (accessed July 22, 2009).