A
AC/AC converters, 1
AC/DC converters/rectifiers, 1
Auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP), 87, 103
B
Binary hybrid multilevel DC/AC inverters, 149–150
Binary laddered inverters (BLIs), 217–218. See also Modified binary laddered inverters (MBLIs)
Brushless DC motor (BDCM), 87, 88
commutation logical circuit, 95, 99
drive systems, 104
inductance, 126
C
Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters overview, 145
switching combinations, 145, 147
Cascaded equal voltage multilevel inverter (CEMI), 139, 149
Converters
definition, 1
Current source inverters, 17, 29
boost function, 53
L-C filter, with, 57
three-phase full-bridge current source inverters; See Three-phase full-bridge current source inverters
D
DC voltage ripple, 8
DC/AC converters, 1
DC/AC inverters, 1. See also specific inverters
categorizing, 18
circuits, 30
history of use, 17
multilevel; See Multilevel DC/AC inverters
multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters; See Multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters
pulse width modulation (PWM); See Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters
soft-switching methods; See Soft-switching DC/AC inverters
square form, 21
updating of, 18
DC/DC converters, 1
Diode-clamped multilevel inverters, 139, 140
five-level, 141
output levels, 143
seven-level, 141
staircase voltage synthesis, 143
three-level, 141
waveforms, 143
E
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, 64
Equal-phase (EP) method of determining switch angle, 264
Even-square waveform, 13
F
Fast Fourier transform (FFT) central symmetrical period function, 10
odd function, 10
oscilloscope, for measuring
modulation, 183
special angles, 11
trigometric formulae, 11
waveform analysis, 9
Feed-forward (FF) method of determining switch angle, 265
Flying capacitor inverters. See Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters
Fourier coefficients, 9, 12, 16
Fundamental harmonics, 13, 14, 15
G
GTOs, 21
H
H-bridge multilevel inverters, 139 149, 147–148
structure, 147
trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI); See Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI)
Half-equal-phase (HEP) method of determining switch angle, 265
Half-height (HH) method of determining switch angle, 265
Hall effect sensor, 105
Harmonic factor (HF), 6
I
Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), 21
Impedance source inverters (ZSIs), 17, 30
anti-noise function, 64
boost factor, 68
buck-boost factor, 69
capacitors, 64
inductance, 66
inductors, 64
inverter bridge, 68
output peak phase voltage, 68–69
overview, 6
quasi-impedance source inverters; See Quasi-impedance source inverters
topology, 74
zero state, 67
Inverters
definition, 1
L
Laddered multilevel DC/AC inverters band switch, 213–214
binary laddered inverters (BLIs); See Binary laddered inverters (BLIs)
binary progressions, 210
change-over switch, 213
comparisons between types of, 221–223
linear laddered inverters (LLIs); See Linear laddered inverters (LLIs)
Luo progressions, 211
natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs); See Natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs)
natural number progressions, 209
odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs); See Odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs)
odd number progressions, 209
trinary progressions, 210, 221
unit progressions, 209
Ye progressions; See Ye laddered inverters (YPLIs)
Linear laddered inverters (LLIs), 214–215
Luo converters, 211, 223, 231, 235, 296–297
M
Modified binary laddered inverters (MBLIs), 218–220
MOSFET, 21
capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters; See Capacitor-clamped multilevel inverters
cascaded; See Cascaded equal voltage multilevel inverter (CEMI)
diode-clamped; See Diode-clamped multilevel inverters
equal-phase (EP) method of determining switch angle, 264
feed-forward (FF) method of determining switch angle, 265
generalized, 139 generalized multilevel inverters, 151–152
H-bridge; See H-bridge multilevel inverters
half-equal-phase (HEP) method of determining switch angle, 265
half-height (HH) method of determining switch angle, 265
history of use, 140
laddered; See Laddered multilevel DC/AC inverters
mixed-level multilevel inverters, 152–153
output voltage waveforms, 277
overview, 137
quasi-linear multilevel inverters, 150
soft-switched, 139
switched capacitor multilevel DC/ AC inverters; See Switched capacitor multilevel DC/AC inverters
switching angle, determining, 263, 272, 277
switching angle, main, 264
three-phase two-level inverters, 153–154
total harmonic distortion, 263, 267
trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI); See Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI)
Multilevel modulation (MLM) inverters, 17
N
Natural number laddered inverters (NNLIs), 215–216
Notched DC link inverters, 87–88
O
Odd number laddered inverters (ONLIs)216, 216–217
P
Psim simulation software, 99
Pulse amplitude modulations (PAM), 22
Pulse phase modulation (PPM), 22
Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters, 17. See also specific inverters
asynchronous, 27
carrier-based, 31, 38; See also specific inverters
current source inverters; See Current source inverters
DC/AC conversion, use with, 18
impedence source inverters (ZSIs); See Impedence source inverters (ZSIs)
linear range, 24
modulation ratios, 23–24, 25–26
multilevel, 47
pulse height, 137
single-phase half-wave, 17
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM); See Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
solar panel based systems, use in, 298–299
subharmonics, 27
synchronous, 26
triangular waveform frequency, 26
unipolar voltage switching; See Unipolar voltage switching
voltage source inverters; See Voltage source inverters
Q
Quasi-impedance source inverters
capacitor-assisted boost, 74, 79, 81
diode-assisted boost, 74, 76, 77–79
overview, 73
Quasi-linear multilevel inverters, 151
R
Rectifiers
definition, 1
applications, 104
design considerations, 111–118
magnetic core material, 112
rotor positions, 113
switching frequency, 104, 112, 114
transformer current, 110
turn ratios, 111
S
Single-phase half-bridge DC/AC inverter, 28, 33–34
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), 28
Soft-switching DC/AC inverters, 19
capacitance, 94
design considerations, 94
notched DC link inverters; See Notched DC link inverters
overview, 87
resonant pole inverter; See Resonant pole inverter
rotor-position sensors, 99
simulation results, 99, 102–103
transformer-based resonant DC link inverters; See Transformer-based resonant DC link inverters
Solar panel energy systems
closed-loop control, 297
Luo converters; See Luo converters
objectives of, 295
panels, composition of, 223
pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters, use of, 298–299
renewable, 283
simulations of, laddered multilevel inverter use, 225
simulations of, super-lift inverter use, 238
simulations of, switched capacitor mulltilevel DC/AC inverters use, 248–249, 252
simulations of, switched inductor mulltilevel DC/AC inverters use, 257–259, 261
technical features of, 296
voltage units, 225
Static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs), 140
Super-lift converter multilevel DC/AC inverters
fifteen-level SL inverters, 234–235
Luo converters, 231, 235, 296–297 overview, 231
seven-level SL inverters, 233
simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 238
twenty-one-level SL inverters, 235, 236–238
Switched capacitor multilevel DC/AC inverters fifteen-level, 246–247
overview, 243
simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 248–249, 252
Switched inductor multilevel DC/AC inverters
higher-level, 257
overview, 253
simulations, solar energy panel system uses, 257–259, 261
Symbols, AC power systems, 5–7
Symbols, DC power systems, 8–9
T
Three-phase full-bridge current source inverters, 53
Three-phase full-bridge voltage source inverters, 38
Thyristor, 21
TMS320F240 controller cards, 201
Total harmonic distortion (THD), 6, 13, 14
Transformer-based resonant DC link inverters
control scheme, 129
design considerations, 126
full duty cycle operation, 130–131
gate signals, 128
load currents, 128
PWM operation, 131
switching frequencies, 127–128
Triacs, 21
Trinary hybrid multilevel inverters (THMI), 151
ABS, 157
comparisons to other inverters, 160–161
controlled bridge rectifiers, 175
DC bus power injection, 175–177
output voltage, 155, 158, 159–160
regenerative power, 177–178, 181–183
regenerative power, avoiding, 179–181
regenerative power, eliminating, 186–188
space vector modulation, 192–193, 195–196
subharmonic PWM strategies, 173
total harmonic distortion, 201
virtual stage modulation, 167–169, 171, 183–186
Trinary laddered inverters (TLIs), 210, 221
U
Unipolar voltage switching, 26, 44
advantages, 45
applications, 45
ma measurement, 45
modulation methods, 45
regulation methods, 45
V
Voltage source inverters, 17, 29
applications, 31
control chips, 31
multistage PWM, 47
single-phase full-bridge, 34–35, 37
single-phase half-bridge, 31–32
three-phase full-bridge; See Three-phase full-bridge voltage source inverters
W
Waveforms, pure sinusoidal, 6
Weibull probability, 285
Weighted total harmonic distortion (WTHD), 7, 13, 14, 15, 17
Wind turbine power, 283
converters, 293
friction coefficient, 288
output voltage, 293
overview, 285
power extraction by turbine, 286, 287–288
rotor area, 287
wind speed, determining, 285, 286, 288, 293
Y
Ye laddered inverters (YPLIs), 211–212, 220–221, 223
Z
Zero voltage transition (ZVT), 87
ZSIs. See Current source inverters