Index

A

ABCD matrices, 123–127, 132–139

 astronomical telescope, 127, 129

 Galilean telescope, 127, 129

 multiple-prism beam expander, 127, 131, 134, 137

 multiple-return pass beam divergence, 139

 single-prism, 123–133

 telescopes in series, 135–136

 unstable resonators, 140

Airy formula, 264–265

Alexandrite lasers, 218

Allowable mismatch, 194

Amici prism, 91–94

 dispersion of, 91–93

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), 159

Angle of refraction, 51, 55

Angular dispersion, 54–56

Ar⁺ lasers, 211

Astronomical telescopes, 127, 129

Astronomy, beam divergence, 66–68

Atmospheric turbulence, 244

 interferometric detection of, 244

Attenuation of laser intensity, 115

B

Beam divergence, 53–54, 64–70, 86, 88, 136, 156

 astronomy and, 66–68

 laser guide star and, 69

 multiple-return pass, 138–139, 153, 160, 195

 uncertainty principle and, 64, 65

Beam expanders

 polarization in double-prism, 111–112

 tunable laser oscillators, 86–91

 zero-dispersion multiple-prsim, 88–91

Beam propagation in N-slit laser interferometers, 231–234

Birefringent filters, 177

 Lyot filter, 178

Birefringent polarization rotators, 116–117

Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), 163, 223

Bragg gratings, 172–173

Bra–ket notation, 31–34

Bra vectors, 31

Brewster’s angle, 105

Broadband interferograms, 249–251, 268–270

Broadband prismatic rotators, 117–120

C

Cassegrainian telescopes, 127, 130, 140

Cavity linewidth equation, 53–56

 dispersion and linewidth narrowing, 84, 86–88

Chemical lasers, 225

Clear air turbulence, 242

 interferometric detection of, 242

Closed cavity design, 152

CO₂ lasers, 208

Coherence length, 64, 192

Coherence time, 64

Colliding pulse mode (CPM) locking, 30

Color center lasers, 219

Comb, 203

Communications in free space, secure, 236–246

Continuous-wave (CW)

 dye lasers, 216–217

 excitation, 210

 gas lasers, 209–212

 semiconductor lasers, 222–225

Conversion optical quantities, 288

Copper vapor lasers (CVLs), 209

Coumarin 545

 tetramethyl, 5, 6

Cross sections, 5, 11

Cryptography, quantum, 71–76

Czerny–Turner spectrometer, 283

D

 de Broglie, 59

Degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM), 198–199

Difference frequency generation, 192

Diffraction, 42–50

 generalized equation, 49–50

 grating equation, 50

 grating spectrometer, 280–283

 limit, 66

 order, 46

 spider web fiber, 243–245

 superimposed on interferograms, 243–245

 uncertainty principle and, 64–66

 wide single-slit, 43, 147, 253

Diffractive tuning, 168–171

Digital laser microscope (DLM), 246–249

Diode laser arrays, 222

Diode laser-pumped fiber lasers, 219–220

Diode lasers, 222–225

Dipole moment, 15

Dirac optics, 31–57

 angular dispersion, 54–56

 generalized diffraction, 50–51

 generalized refraction, 50–51

 interference, 34–42

 notation, 31–34

 reflection, 51–52

Dirac, P. A. M., 2, 3, 31

 and the laser, 56–57

Dispersion, generalized multiple-prism, 78–85

 double-pass (return-pass), 81–83

 linewidth narrowing, 86–88

 pulse compression, 94–99

 single-pass equation, 79–81

 zero-dispersion, 88–91

Dispersion, generalized single-prism, 85

Dispersive wavelength meters, 283–285

Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, 165–167

∂n/∂T of optical materials, 291

Double longitudinal mode (DLM), 148–150

Double-pass (return-pass) dispersion, 81–83

Double-prism beam expanders, 88, 90

 polarization, 111–112

Double-refraction polarizers, 112–114

Duffendack reaction, 210

Dye lasers

 continuous wave (CW), 216–217

 nanoparticle, 215

 polymer, 215

 pulsed, 212–215

 solid-state, 215–216

E

Effective finesse of etalons, 267

Electric susceptibility, 187

Electric vector, 101

Electronic states, 8–10

Emission characteristics

 in additional lasers, 225–226

 in diode lasers, 222–225

 in dye lasers, 212–217

 in fiber lasers, 219–220

 in gas lasers, 206–212

 in semiconductor lasers, 222–225

 in solid-state lasers, 217–221

Entanglement

 interferometric approach, 71–73

 polarization, 71–76

Etalon, 151, 154–155, 266–268

Excimer lasers, 206–208

Excitation mechanisms

 cross sections, 5, 11

 multiple-level system, 7–11

 rate equations, 7–12

 transition probabilities, 5, 14

External cavity semiconductor lasers (ECSLs), 223–225

F

Fabry–Perot etalons, 151, 154, 266–268

Fabry–Perot interferometers, 262–266

Far-infrared lasers, 226

Femtosecond lasers, 95, 98, 217–218

 dye, 217

 prismatic pulse compression, 94–99

 solid-state, 219

Feynman Lectures on Physics, The, 2, 268

Feynman, R. P., 2, 12–14, 19

Fizeau configuration, 273–275

Flashlamp-pumped dye laser, 214, 215

Fluorescence spectrum of I₂, 279

 laser excited, 279

Forced oscillator (FO), 4

 configurations, 183–184

Franck–Condon factor, 15

Frat-mirror resonators, 25–26

Free-electron lasers (FELs), 225

Free-space, secure communications, 242, 246

Free spectral range (FSR), 267–268

Fresnel formulae, 104–105

Fresnel number, 146

Fresnel rhoms, 116

G

Gain, 12, 15

Galilean telescopes, 127, 129

Gas lasers, emission in

 continuous wave, 209–212

 copper vapor, 209

 pulsed atomic, 209

 pulsed molecular, 207–208

Glan–Thompson prism, 114–115

 laser intensity control with, 114–115

Granularity, 246

Grating efficiency, 153

Grating equation

 generalized, 49–50

 Littrow configuration, 50

Grating mirror resonators, 151

Grazing-incidence cavity, 152

 hybrid multiple-prism (HMPGI), 158, 159, 161, 164

H

Haken, H., 5, 16

Half-wave plate, 116–117

Hamiltonian, 13, 15, 18, 71

Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer, 261

He–Cd lasers, 210

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 59–63

He–Ne lasers, 210

He–Zn lasers, 210

Higher-order propagation matrices, 140–142

Hybrid multiple-prism grazing-incidence (HMPGI) grating laser oscillators, 69, 88, 158–161, 164, 208, 214

Hybrid telescope grazing incidence (HTGI) grating configuration, 220

I

Idler frequency, 193

Illumination

 extremely elongated Gaussian, 229–233

 light-sheet, 229

 selective plane, 229

Indistinguishable photons, 34, 37, 56, 268

 ensemble, 56

Intensity control of laser beams, 114–115

Intensity interferometer, 261

Interference, 34–42

Interferograms

 catastrophic interception, 240–243

 coherent, 40–46, 266, 268–270

 distorted by clear air turbulence, 243–244

 semicoherent, 269

 superimposed diffraction pattern on, 243

Interferometers

 intensity, 261

 multiple-beam, 260–268

 two-beam, 255–259

Interferometric

 computer, 234–236

 emitter, 269

 entanglement, 71–73

 tuning techniques, 173–177

 visibility, 268

 wavelength meters, 270–275

Interferometric characters, 237–245

 destructive interception, 240–241, 243

 nondestructive interception, 245

Interferometric equation, generalized

 explicit, for N = 7, 37

 in one dimension, 35

 in three dimensions, 36

 in two dimensions, 36

Intracavity beam expansion

 tunable laser oscillators with, 155–162

 tunable laser oscillators without, 151–155

Intracavity linewidth, 84, 86

Intracavity return pass, 84, 86

Intrinsic linewidth, 195

Ionic solid-state lasers, 218

J

Jones calculus, 106–109, 116–117, 119

K

Kerr effect, 197

Kerr lens mode (KLM) locking, 197

Ket vectors, 31

L

Laser

 amplifier, 182–185

 cavity, 27–29

 defined, 3–4

 historical developments, 2

 oscillator, 151–162, 164–165

Laser cooling, 115

Laser guide star, 69

Laser linewidth, 84, 86, 148, 154, 156, 160–162, 181, 183–185

 Bragg grating, and, 172–173

Laser optics, definition, 4

Laser oscillators, 69, 87–88, 90, 114, 136–137, 156–161, 164–165, 184, 195, 208, 214, 216, 223

Laser printer, 251–253

Laser-pumped

 CW dye lasers, 216–217

 fiber lasers, 220

 pulsed dye lasers, 213, 214–216

 solid-state lasers, 217–219

Laser resonators, see Resonators

Laser, types

 Ar⁺, 211

 CO₂, 208

 color center, 219

 copper vapor, 209

 diode, 222–225

 dye, 212–217

 emerald, 219

 excimer, 207–208, 213

 fiber, 219–220

 gold vapor, 209

 He–Cd, 211

 He–I, 211–212

 He–Ne, 210

 He–Zn, 211

 Kr⁺, 211

 Nd, 218

 nitrogen, 207

 organic, 212–216

 polymer, 215–216

 quantum cascade, 23–24, 223

 quantum dot, 24–25, 225

 ruby, 219

 semiconductor, 222–225

 solid-state, 217–220

Ti:sapphire, 219

Law of reflection, 52

Law of refraction, 51

Light modulation, 249

Linear polarization

 Maxwell equations, 101–102

 prisms and, 109–112

 reflection and, 104–105

 rotators and, 115–120

Linear resonators, 28

Linewidth conversion, 287–288

Linewidth narrowing, 86–88

Littrow configuration, 151

 diffractive tuning, 170–171

 dispersion equation, 153

 grating equation, 170

 multiple-prism Littrow (MPL) grating laser oscillator, 157

Longitudinal mode, 148–150

Longitudinal tuning techniques, 175–177

Long-pulse MPL grating laser oscillator, 157

M

Mach–Zehnder interferometers, 257, 258

 prismatic, 258

 probability amplitude, 257, 258

Maiman, T. H., 2

Master oscillator (MO), 183–184

 configurations, 184

 power-amplifier (MOPA) chains, 182

Maxwell equations, 101–102, 189

Maxwell’s formula, 103

Michelson interferometers, 259

Microcavity, 175–177

Microdensitometer, 246

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS), 177, 224

Micromeasurements, 246–249

Microscope, digital laser, 246–249

Miniature lasers, 175–177

Mode beating, 148–149

Mode hopping, 171

Modulation measurements, 249

Momentum equation, 59

Monochromatic, 37, 56

Multiple-beam interferometers, 260–268

Multiple-level system, 8

Multiple-prism arrays

 applications, 99–100

 dispersion, 78–84

 introduction of, 77

 transmission efficiency, 110–112

 zero-dispersion multiple-prism beam expanders, 88–91

Multiple-prism dispersion

 generalized, 78–84

 linewidth narrowing, 86–88

 return-pass, 81–83

 single-pass, 78–81

Multiple-prism Littrow (MPL) grating laser oscillators, 69, 87, 90, 114, 136–137, 157–161, 164–165, 184, 214, 216, 223

Multiple-prism pulse compression, 94–99

 generalized dispersion equations, 95–98

 higher order phase derivatives, 96–98

Multiple-return-pass beam divergence, 138–139, 153, 160, 181

Multiple (return pass) generalized dispersion, 81–84

N

Narrow-linewidth tunable lasers, see Tunable laser oscillators

Nd³⁺ lasers, 218

Newton, I., 77–78

Newtonian telescope, 68

Nitrogen lasers, 207

Nonlinear optics

 difference-frequency generation, 192–193

 optical clockworks, 202–204

 optical parametric oscillation, 192–196

 optical phase conjugation, 197–199

 optical susceptibilities, 188

Raman shifting, 200–202

 refractive index, 196–197

 second-harmonic generation, 190–191

 sum-frequency generation, 192

Nonlinear wave equation, 189

N-slit interferograms, 40–42, 44–46, 235, 238–245, 250

N-slit interferometers

 applications, 246–253

 beam propagation, 45–46

 computer, 234–236

 experiment, 39–42

 geometry of, 37–38

 microscopy, 246

 optical architecture, 229–230

Nuclear-pumped lasers, 226

O

One-dimensional beam expansion, 157

Open-cavity design, 152

Optical clockworks, 202–204

Optical communications in free space, secure, 236–246

 interferometric, 236–246

 quantum entanglement, 71–76

Optical conversion quantities, 288

Optical Kerr effect, 197

Optical materials, 290–291

Optical oscillator, see Laser oscillators

Optical parametric oscillator (OPO), 192–196, 220–221

 linewidth, 195

 multiple-prism grating configuration, 195

Optical phase conjugation, 197–199

Optical quantities, 290

Opticks (Newton), 77

Organic lasers

 dye, 212–217

 polymer, 215–216

Organic semiconductors, 269

 coherent emission, 269–270

Oscillators, see Laser oscillators;; Tunable laser oscillators

P

Particles, wave character, 59

Paschen configuration, 281

Penning reaction, 210

Permeability of free space, 288

Permittivity of free space, 288

Phase-conjugated mirror (PCM), 199

Phase matching, 192

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF), 203

Physical constants, 288

Plancks’s constant, 288

Plane of incidence, 103, 106

Plane of propagation, 103

Polarization entanglement, 71–76

Polarization matching, 178

Polarization rotators, 115–120

 broadband, 117–120

 prismatic, 117–120

Polarizer multiple-prism multiple-laser (PMPML) printer, 251–253

Power amplifier (PA), 182

Principles of Quantum Mechanics, The (Dirac), 2, 31

Prismatic tuning techniques, 167–168

Prism pulse compression, 95–99

 generalized prismatic theory, 96–99

 higher order phase derivatives, 96–99

 multiple-prism configurations, 94–95

Prism spectrometer, 277–280

Prisms, polarizing, 111–112

Probability amplitude, 12–13, 31–35, 71–76

Propagation matrices

 ABCD, 123–127, 132–139

 higher order, 140–142

Pulse compressors, multiple-prism, see Prism pulse compression

Pulsed

 atomic gas lasers, 209–212

 dye lasers, 212–216

 molecular gas lasers, 206–208

 solid-state lasers, 219

Pump frequency, 193

Q

Quantum cascade lasers (QCL), 23–24, 223

Quantum cryptography, 71–76

Quantum dot lasers, 24–25, 225

Quantum energy equation, 59

Quantum entanglement, 71–76

 interferometric approach, 71–73

 polarization, 71–76

Quantum Optics for Engineers (Duarte), 1

Quantum probability, 14–15

Quarter-wave plate, 116

R

Raman shifting, 200–202

Rate equations, 7–12

Rayleigh length, 66, 136

Ray transfer matrices, see Propagation matrices

Reflection, 103–105

 polarization and, 103–105, 115–119

 telescopes, 130, 140

 total internal, 115–119

Refraction

 double, 112–114

 generalized equation, 51

 negative, 50–51

 positive, 50–51

Refractive index, 291

 nonlinear, 196–197

Resolving power, 63

Resonators linear, 28

 ring, 28–29

 unstable, 28

Return-pass dispersion, 81–83

Rhodamine 6G, 214–216

Ring resonator, 28–29

Rochon prism, 112

Rotators

 birefringent, 116–117

 broadband prismatic, 117–120

 polarization, 115–120

Rowland configuration, 281

Ruby lasers, 219

Ruler, 203

S

Sagnac interferometers, 255–257

Schäfer, F. P., 3, 8

Schrödinger equation, 16–25

 heuristic introduction, 16–18

 time independent, 19–25

 via Dirac’s notation, 18–19

Second-harmonic generation, 190

Second order index of refraction, 196–197

Second order nonlinear susceptibilities, 188

Self-focusing, 197

Sellmeier dispersion equation, 289

 first derivative, 289, 291

 second derivative, 291

Semiconductor lasers, 23–25, 222–225

Sensitometry, 251–252

Signal frequency, 193

Single-longitudinal mode (SLM) oscillation, 148–150

Single-pass dispersion, 78–81

Single-photon illumination, 34, 56

Single-prism equations, 85

Single-return pass beam divergence, 136

Single-slit diffraction, 43, 147, 253

Single-temporal mode, 150

Single-transverse mode (TEM₀₀), 27, 147

Snell’s law negative, 50–51

 positive, 50–51

Solid-state lasers

 color-center, 219

 diode laser-pumped fiber lasers, 219–220

 ionic, 218

 optical parametric oscillators, 220–221

 organic dye, 215–216

 transition metal, 218

Sorokin, P. P., 3

Spatial coherence, 3, 64, 269–270

Spectral coherence, 3, 63, 150, 266

Spectrometry

 diffraction grating, 280–283

 dispersive wavelength meters, 283–285

 prism, 277, 279–280

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), 200–202

Stokes, 200–202

Sum-frequency generation, 192

Superfluorescence, 30

Superradiant emission, 30

Synchronous tuning techniques, 171–172

T

Telescope Littrow grating oscillator, 156

TEM₀₀ laser beam, 27, 147

Temporal domain, 148–150

Ti:sapphire lasers, 219

Townes, C. H., 2

Transition metal solid-state lasers, 218

Transition probabilities, 5, 14–16

Transmission telescopes, 127, 129, 156

Transverse excitation, 26

Transverse mode, 145–148

Triplet-level, 8–11

Tunable laser oscillators, 69, 87–88, 90, 114, 136–137, 151–167, 184, 195, 208, 214, 216, 222–225

 closed cavity design, 152

 distributed feedback (DFB), 165–167

 external cavity semiconductor, 161–165, 222–225

 HMPGI grating, 69, 88, 158–161, 164, 208, 214

 with intracavity beam expansion, 155–162

 master oscillator (MO), 183–184

 MPL grating, 69, 87, 90, 114, 136–137, 157–161, 164–165, 184, 214, 216, 223

 open cavity design, 152

 polarization matching, 178–179

 single longitudinal mode (SLM), 148–150, 179

 single transverse mode (TEM₀₀), 27, 147

 tuning techniques, 167–178

 without intracavity beam expansion, 151–155

Tuning techniques, 167–178

 diffractive, 168–171

 interferometric, 173–175

 longitudinal, 175–177

 MEMS, 177, 224

 prismatic, 167–168

 synchronous, 171–172

Two-beam interferometers, 255–259, 279

Two-dimensional beam expansion, 156

U

Ultralarge telescopes, 68

Uncertainty principle, 59–70

 alternative versions, 63

 applications, 64–69

 beam divergence and, 66–69

 diffraction identity and, 62

 Heisenberg’s, 59–70

 wave character of particles, 59

Unstable resonator, 27–28

V

 van Kampen, N. G., 34

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL), 223

Very large N-slit interferometer, 242–246

Very large telescope, 68

Visibility, 268

W

Ward, J. C., 71

Wave character of particles, 71–74

Wave functions, 17–18, 35

Wavelength meters

 dispersive, 283–285

 interferometric, 271–275

Wide slit diffraction, 43, 147, 253

Wollaston prism, 114

X

X-ray radiation, 225

Z

Zero-dispersion multiple-prism beam expanders, 88–91