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Notes

Preface

1. Philips P. Moulton, ed., The Journal and Major Essays of John Woolman (Richmond, VA: Friends United, 1989).

2. Boulding described the earth as a spaceship as follows:

“In the imagination of those who are sensitive to the realities of our era, the earth has become a space ship, and this, perhaps, is the most important single fact of our day. . . . It is not only that man’s image of the earth has changed; the reality of the world social system has changed. . . .

The consequences of earth becoming a space ship for the social system are profound and little understood. It is clear that much human behavior and many human institutions in the past, which were appropriate to a [seemingly] infinite earth, are entirely inappropriate to small closed space ship.

The closed earth of the future requires economic principles which are somewhat different from those of the open earth of the past. . . . I am tempted to call the open economy the “cowboy economy,” the cowboy being symbolic of the illimitable plains and also associated with reckless, exploitative, romantic, and violent behavior. . . . The closed economy of the future might similarly be called the “spaceman” economy, in which the earth has become a single space ship without unlimited reservoirs of anything, either for extraction or pollution . . .

Man is finally going to have to face the fact that he is a biological system living in an ecological system, and that his survival power is going to depend on his developing symbiotic relationships of a closed cycle character with all the other element and populations of the world of ecological systems.”

“Earth as a Space Ship,” a presentation made to the Committee on Space Sciences, Washington State University, on May 10, 1965: Kenneth Boulding Papers, Archives (Box #38), University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries. “The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth,” in Environmental Quality in a Growing Society (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), pp. 253 ff.

Introduction

1. Peter Woodford, “Health Canada Muzzles Oils Sands Whistle-blower,” National Review of Medicine 4, no. 6 (March 30, 2007): 2; Christopher Hatch and Matt Price, Canada’s Toxic Tar Sands: The Most Destructive Project on Earth (Toronto: Environmental Defence, February 2008), www.environmentaldefence.ca/reports/pdf/TarSands_TheReport.pdf (accessed June 1, 2008).

2. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949), 224–25.

3. Albert Schweitzer, Out of My Life and Thought (New York: Henry Holt, 1933), 186–88.

4. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Guide to the Millennium Assessment Reports,” www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx (accessed June 26, 2008).

5. Robert Kuttner, The Squandering of America: How the Failure of Our Politics Undermines Our Prosperity (New York: Knopf, 2007).

6. This is the basic principle of ecological economics. See generally, for example, works by Herman Daly and Robert Costanza.

7. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 220–23.

8. Stefan Baumgärtner and others, “Joint Production,” Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics, International Society of Ecological Economics (February 2003).

9. William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point, 2002).

10. Herman Daly, Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development (Boston: Beacon, 1996), 31-44.

11. Paul R. Ehrlich and John P. Holdren, “Impact of Population Growth,” Science 171, no. 3977 (1971): 1212–17.

12. Kenneth Boulding, “Love and Lifeboats” (chapel talk, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, November 18, 1975), www.colorado.edu/econ/Kenneth.Boulding/quotes/q.body.21.html (accessed June 26, 2008).

13. Global Issues, “Causes of Poverty,” www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Facts.asp (accessed June 26, 2008).

14. Perry Anderson, “Depicting Europe,” London Review of Books 29, no. 18 (2007), www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n18/ande01_.html (accessed June 26, 2008).

Chapter 1: What’s the Economy For?
A Flourishing Commonwealth of Life

1. Epigraph. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Savior 1920–37 (New York: Viking Penquin, 1994), xxiii.

2. The background for this discussion can be found in two modern classics of political economy: Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957); and Ellen Meiksins Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View (London: Verso, 2002).

3. Robert Lekachman, The Age of Keynes: The Life, Times, Thought and Triumph of the Greatest Economist of Our Age (New York: Random House, 1966).

4. The standard assumptions include perfect competition, no externalities, and accurate information, and apply only to private goods, such as automobiles, not public ones, like clean air.

5. Peter G. Brown, Restoring the Public Trust: Fresh Vision for Progressive Government in the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 49–66 for why the theory of market failures itself fails as a theory of government legitimacy.

6. Robert H. Nelson, Reaching for Heaven on Earth: The Theological Meaning of Economics (New York: Littlefield Adams, 1993); Economics as Religion: From Samuelson to Chicago and Beyond (State College: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001).

7. Peter Victor, Managing Without Growth (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008).

8. Walter K. Dodds, Humanity’s Footprint: Momentum, Impact, and Our Global Environment (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 111.

9. Lewis Mumford, The Transformations of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1956).

10. Paul Raskin and others, Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead (Boston: Stockholm Environment Institute, 2002), www.tellus.org/Documents/Great_Transitions.pdf (accessed June 26, 2008).

11. Melissa K. Nelson, Original Instructions: Indigenous Teachings for a Sustainable Future (Rochester, VT: Bear, 2008).

12. Jean Briggs, Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo Family (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970).

13. Stephen Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).

14. Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006).

15. Pare Lorentz, Dir., The Plow That Broke the Plains (U.S. Resettlement Administration, 1936), documentary film.

Chapter 2: How Does It Work? Putting the Economy in Its Place

1. Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).

2. James Gustave Speth, The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 37–38.

3. Thomas Berry and Brian Swimme, The Universe Story: From the Primordial Flaring Forth to the Ecozoic Era (New York: Harper & Row, 1994).

4. Thomas Berry, The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Bell Tower, 1999).

5. Stuart Kauffman, At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity and Investigations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

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6. Lynn Margulis, Microcosmos: Four Billion Years of Evolution from Our Microbial Ancestors (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

7. Eric Chaisson, The Life Era: Cosmic Selection and Conscious Evolution (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com,1987).

8. Fritjof Capra, The Hidden Connections: Integrating the Biological, Cognitive, and Social Dimensions of Life into a Science of Sustainability (New York: Doubleday, 2002).

9. Melissa K. Nelson, Original Instructions: Indigenous Teachings for a Sustainable Future (Rochester, VT: Bear, 2008).

10. Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard Divinity School, www.hds.harvard.edu/cswr/ (accessed June 26, 2008).

11. Michel Serres, The Natural Contract and Genesis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995).

12. Thomas Berry, The Great Work: Our Way into the Future (New York: Bell Tower, 1999).

13. In the second half of the twentieth century, the field of environmental ethics blossomed. Two of the most promising people in that field are Bryan Norton and Paul Taylor. But many authors failed to engage seriously with evolutionary biology and ecology.

14. Albert Schweitzer, Out of My Life and Thought (New York: Henry Holt, 1933), 185.

15. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949).

16. Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, 224–25.

17. The highly significant work of architect William McDonough and his associates in pioneering the use and reuse of “cradle-to-cradle” materials in manufacturing are examples of this kind of thinking. The book Cradle to Cradle, which he cowrote, is now a classic in this rapidly emerging field of industrial design and manufacturing planning. William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point, 2002).

18. Karl-Henrik Robèrt, The Natural Step Story: Seeding a Quiet Revolution (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2008).

19. Some of the companies using the Natural Step methodology include Ikea, Electrolux, Nike, Starbucks, Du Pont, Alcan, and The Cooperators. See Natural Step Society, “The Natural Step,” www.naturalstep.ca (accessed June 26, 2008).

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20. See page vii.

Chapter 3: How Big Is Too Big?
Boundaries on Consumption and Waste

1. Epigraph. James Gustave Speth, The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), x.

2. Economists and others initially considered the impacts of resource scarcity on economic growth, with the initial prevailing view that “resource scarcity did not yet, and probably would not soon, and conceivably might not ever, halt growth.” More recently, the concept of a “new scarcity” that examines the limits on ecological systems to handle waste, ecosystem loss, pollution, greenhouse gases, and so on has been recognized as being of paramount importance. R. D. Simpson, M. A. Toman, and R. U. Ayres, eds., Scarcity and Growth Revisited: Natural Resources and the Environment in the New Millennium (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2005), 1 (discussing Harold J. Barnett and Chandler Morse, Scarcity and Growth [Washington, DC: RFF, 1965]).

3. One prominent assessment is NASA scientist James Hansen’s view that humans have approximately one decade to take action that will limit the rise in the earth’s average temperature to 2°C from preindustrial levels, which he believes is necessary to avoid the catastrophe associated with a 5°C increase, which would “transform the planet and would be disastrous for humans and other species.” See Jim Hansen, “The Threat to the Planet: An Exchange,” New York Review of Books 53, no. 12 (2006), www.nybooks.com/articles/19131 (accessed June 26, 2008).

4. Speth’s Bridge at the End of the World opens with a startling array of graphs showing these trend lines (in unnumbered pages preceding the Introduction).

5. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, “Guide to the Millennium Assessment Reports,” www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx (accessed June 26, 2008).

6. Ibid.

7. Jared Diamond, “Environmental Collapse and the End of Civilization,” Harpers, June 2003, 43.

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8. Brian Walker and David Salt, Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006), 75.

9. Walker and Salt, Resilience Thinking, 59, 62.

10. J. Baird Callicott and Eric T. Freyfogle, eds., Aldo Leopold: For the Health of the Land (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999), 219. Leopold describes the symptoms of land sickness as follows: “They include abnormal erosion, abnormal intensity of floods, decline of yields in crops and forests, decline of carrying capacity in pastures and ranges, outbreak of some species as pests and the disappearance of others without visible cause, a general tendency toward the shortening of species lists and food chains, and a world-wide dominance of plant and animal weeds.” We are grateful to Baird Callicott for assisting us in our understanding of Leopold’s idea of beauty.

11. Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities (Orlando, FL: Harvest, 1970).

12. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961).

13. Charles Darwin, Origin of Species (New York: Signet Classics, 2003), chapter 14.

14. Paul R. Ehrlich and John P. Holdren, “Impact of Population Growth,” Science 171, no. 3977 (1971): 1212–17.

15. Eugene A. Rosa, Richard York, and Thomas Dietz, “Footprints on the Earth: The Environmental Consequences of Modernity,” American Sociological Review, April 2003, 279–97.

16. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, World Population Program, “2007 update of probabilistic world population projections,” www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/POP/proj07 (accessed June 26, 2008).

17. Simpson, Toman, and Ayres, Scarcity and Growth Revisited, 6.

18. Enunciated in 1865 by William Stanley Jevons in his book The Coal Question.

19. George Monbiot, Heat (Toronto: Doubleday, 2006), 61. The Jevons Paradox is discussed in regard to how more efficient use of coal increased coal use overall and helped fuel the industrial revolution.

20. Barbara Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (New York: HarperCollins, 2007).

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Chapter 4: What’s Fair? Sharing Life’s Bounty

1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is part of what is informally called the International Bill of Rights, whose other two components are the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. The two covenants, completed in 1966, became international law in 1976 after a sufficient number of countries ratified them (though not, notably, the United States, which never ratified the latter covenant).

2. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 302.

3. While acknowledging the great contribution of the work, to date, on ecological footprinting, the authors view this emerging assessment tool as a work in progress. As an overall measure of ecological impact, it both understates and overstates impact in important ways that require further study and refinement.

4. Personal communication between Peter G. Brown and Wes Jackson, president of the Land Institute, Salinas, Kansas.

5. Lester Thurow, “Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good,” Quarterly Journal of Economics (1971): 327–36.

6. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, “Restoration Economics: Discounting and Time Preference,” NOAA Coastal Services Center, www.csc.noaa.gov/coastal/economics/discounting.htm (accessed June 26, 2008).

Chapter 5: Governance: New Ways to Stay in Bounds and Play Fair

1. Geoff Garver, “Tooth Decay,” The Environmental Forum 25, no. 3 (2008): 34–39.

2. National Environmental Policy Act, U.S. Code 43 (1969), § 4331.

3. World Wildlife Fund, “Living Planet Report,” www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/living_planet_report/index.cfm (accessed June 26, 2008).

4. Ibid.

5. Al Gore, An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It (New York: Rodale, 2006).

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6. Frank Biermann and Steffen Bauer, eds., A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005), 3.

7. Frank Biermann, “Global Governance and the Environment,” in International Environmental Politics, ed. M. Betsill, K. Hochstetler, and D. Stevis (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005); Mark Imber, “United Nations Environment Programme,” in International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics, ed. John Barry and E. Gene Frankland (New York: Routledge, 2002); David Held in Debating Globalization, ed. Anthony Barnett, David Held, and Caspar Henderson, (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2005).

8. Hubert Reeves and Frédéric Lenoir, Mal de Terre (Paris: Seuil, 2003), 50–55.

9. Earth Charter International Secretariat, “The Earth Charter Initiative,” www.earthcharter.org (accessed June 26, 2008).

10. Colin Soskolne, ed., Sustaining Life on Earth: Environmental and Human Health Through Global Governance (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2007).

11. The Global Footprint Network is developing ways to use ecological footprinting to develop standards. Global Footprint Network, Ecological Footprint Standards 2006, www.footprintstandards.org (accessed June 26, 2008). For an independent critique of ecological footprinting, noting its strengths and weaknesses, see Aaron Best and others. “Potential of the Ecological Footprint for monitoring environmental impacts from natural resource use: Analysis of the potential of the Ecological Footprint and related assessment tools for use in the EU’s Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources,” May 2008. Report to the European Commission, DG Environment. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/natres/pdf/footprint.pdf.

12. “[C]ompanies spend billions of dollars making sure you know about their product. In 2001 on direct media advertising alone, that’s radio, television, and print, McDonald’s spent $1.4 billion worldwide getting you to buy their products. On direct media advertising Pepsi spent more than $1 billion. To advertise its candy Hershey Foods spent almost $200 million. In its peak year, the five-a-day fruit and vegetable campaign had a total advertising budget, in all media, of just $2 million—100 times less than just the direct media budget of one candy company. We are being bombarded by the food industry with lies, deceptions, and brainwashing, getting us to believe their products are healthy and good for us—and it’s working. Think about the way food is marketed: tee shirts, coupons, toys for children, giveaways in fast-food places, and placemats, and all the different ways to get you to buy food. The most heavily advertised foods are the most consumed. There is no surprise. Whoever spends the most money on advertising sells the most food.” Natural Cures, “Questions About Healthy Foods, Diets and Cleanses,” www.naturalcures.com/NC/faq3.aspx (accessed June 26, 2008).

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13. Stiftung Warentest, “Stiftung Warentest,” www.test.de (accessed June 26, 2008).

14. Evangelical Environmental Network, “What Would Jesus Drive?” www.whatwouldjesusdrive.org (accessed June 26, 2008).

15. Richard Musgrave, The Theory of Public Finance (New York: McGraw Hill, 1959).

16. Reeves and Lenoir, Mal de Terre.

17. I. de Vegh, “The International Clearing Union,” The American Economic Review 33, no. 3 (1943): 534–56.

18. James S. Henry, The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003); Joseph E. Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); David C. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1995).

19. David Keith Goodin helped the authors in developing the idea of the ICU as a means to ecological stability.

20. Global Environment Facility, “Project Database,” http://gefonline.org.

21. Peter Barnes, Who Owns the Sky? Our Common Assets and the Future of Capitalism (Washington, DC: Island, 2001), and Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2006).

22. Peter Barnes cites the Alaska Permanent Fund, which distributes oil revenues to each citizen on a per capita basis, as an example of his idea already in practice. But he does not emphasize that this has undercut the ability of Alaska to restrict oil development, because the citizens get paid more when there is more development.

23. A guaranteed global income is not the sole option. For instance, the trustees could set up a universal literacy and numeracy fund so that all people who wished to be able to read and do arithmetic would be able to do so.

24. Andrew Strauss, “Overcoming the Dysfunction of the Bifurcated Global System: The Promise of a People’s Assembly,” in Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics, ed. Richard Falk, Lester Edwin Ruiz, R. B. J. Walker (New York: Routledge, 2002).

25. George Monbiot, The Age of Consent: Manifesto for a New World Order (London: Harper Perennial, 2003).

26. Myron J. Frankman, World Democratic Federalism: Peace and Justice Indivisible (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004).

27. Perry Anderson, “Depicting Europe,” London Review of Books 29, no. 18 (2007), www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n18/ande01_.html (accessed June 26, 2008).

28. J. A. Chandler, Local Government Today (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996), and ed., Local Government in Liberal Democracies (New York: Routledge, 1993).

29. James MacGregor Burns and others, eds., State and Local Politics: Government by the People, 9th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998).

30. Wolf Linder, Swiss Democracy (New York: St. Martin’s, 1994).

31. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Plume, 1983).

32. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 (1968): 1243–48.

33. George Monbiot, “The Tragedy of Enclosure,” www.monbiot.com/archives/1994/01/01/the-tragedy-of-enclosure (accessed June 26, 2008).

34. Adirondack Park Agency, “Adirondack Park Agency,” www.apa.state.ny.us (accessed June 26, 2008).

35. Jim Merkel, Radical Simplicity (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2003), 189.

Conclusion

1. Mary Catherine Bateson, Our Own Metaphor (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), 12–13.

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2. Paul Hawken, Blessed Unrest: How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming (New York: Viking, 2007).

3. While much of this research is science based and appears in technical journals, a variety of books for the general reader have made this “big history” readily available. Here are some notable examples: David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004); Richard Fortey, Earth: An Intimate History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004); Michael Novacek, Terra: Our 100-Million-Year-Old Ecosystem—and the Threats That Now Put It at Risk (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2007); Tim Flannery, The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples (New York: Grove, 2001); J. R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000).

4. Doug Struck, “NOAA Scientists Say Arctic Ice Is Melting Faster Than Expected,” Washington Post, Sept. 7, 2007, page A06.

5. Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking, 2005).

6. Ibid., 421.

7. According to recent news reports, the Chinese are seriously considering changes in their population control policies, in response to the perception, prevalent in many other regions, that a rise in birth rate is needed to support an aging population. See, for example, Jim Yardley, “China to Reconsider One-Child Limit,” New York Times, Feb. 29, 2008.

8. Berlin University, “Dahlem Konferenzen,” Berlin, www.fu-berlin.de/veranstaltungen/dahlemkonferenzen/en/index.htm (accessed June 1, 2008).

9. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber and others, eds., Earth System Analysis for Sustainability (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004); Robert Costanza, Lisa J. Graumlich, and Will Steffen, eds., Sustainability or Collapse? An Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).

10. James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia: Earth’s Climate Crisis and the Fate of Humanity (New York: Basic Books, 2006).

11. Earth Charter International Secretariat, “Earth Charter in Action,” http://earthcharterinaction.org/about_charter.html.

12. International Union of Conservation and Nature, “IUCN,” http://cms.iucn.org.

13. Ibid.

14. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_Report.cfm (accessed June 26, 2008).

15. Researchers include Eugene Rosa, Richard York, and Thomas Dietz, “Footprints on the Earth: The Environmental Consequences of Modernity,” American Sociological Review, April 2003; Barry Commoner, Michael Corr, and Paul J. Stamler, “The Causes of Pollution,” Environment 13 (1971): 2–19.

16. Aaron Best and others. “Potential of the Ecological Footprint for monitoring environmental impacts from natural resource use: Analysis of the potential of the Ecological Footprint and related assessment tools for use in the EU’s Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources,” May 2008. Report to the European Commission, DG Environment. http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/natres/pdf/footprint.pdf.

17. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, www.millennium-assessment.org/en/index.aspx (accessed June 26, 2008).

18. Jim Merkel, Radical Simplicity (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2003), 26–44.

19. Ibid.

20. Peter Barnes, Who Owns the Sky? Our Common Assets and the Future of Capitalism (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001), and Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2006).

21. Richard Falk, in Global, ed. Rorden Wilkenson (New York: Routledge, 2005), 124, 128.

22. Robert Keohane, in Global Governance Reader, ed. Rorden Wilkenson (New York: Routledge, 2005).

23. George Monbiot, The Age of Consent: Manifesto for a New World Order (London: Harper Perennial, 2003).

24. “Call the Blue Helmets,” The Economist, Jan. 4, 2007, www.uiowa.edu/~c030060/ecst.peacekeeping.htm (accessed June 26, 2008). (Emphasis added.)

25. Deepak Nayyar, ed., Governing Globalization: Issues and Institutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 360.

26. Peter Victor, Managing Without Growth (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2008).

27. Henry David Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government,” in Walden and Resistance to Civil Government, ed. William Ross (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 244.

28. Adam Hochschild, Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2004).

29. “Breaking the Chains,” The Economist, Feb. 24, 2007, www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1RSQJQDG (accessed June 26, 2008); V. A. C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People 1770–1868 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 396–403.

30. Ibid.

31. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “IPCC Reports,” www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/index.htm (accessed June 26, 2008).

32. United Nations Environment Programme, “UNEP Publications,” www.unep.org/publications (accessed June 26, 2008).

33. Worldwatch Institute, “State of the World,” www.worldwatch.org/taxonomy/term/38 (accessed June 26, 2008).

34. World Wildlife Fund, “Living Planet Report,” www.panda.org/news_facts/publications/living_planet_report/index.cfm (accessed June 26, 2008).

35. Pugwash Online, “The Pugwash Conferences,” www.pugwash.org (accessed June 26, 2008).

36. Global Ecological Integrity Group, “Global Ecological Integrity Group,” www.globalecointegrity.net (accessed June 26, 2008).

37. Barbara Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (New York: HarperCollins, 2007); William McKibben, Deep Economy (New York: Henry Holt, 2007); Merkel, Radical Simplicity.

38. Monbiot, The Age of Consent.