Index
A
Adirondack Park Model, 131
advertising, 75, 82, 116, 179n12
affluence. See wealth
Age of Consent, The (Monbiot), 127
aggregate demand, 55
agriculture, 18, 35, 52, 74, 80, 81
Alaska Permanent Fund, 134, 152, 180n22
allocation function, 119
An Inconvenient Truth (film), 159
Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (Kingsolver), 81
Annan, Kofi, 155
antislavery campaign
as bearing witness, 1
and economics, xiv
as nonviolent protest model, 21, 140, 158, 163
single-issue, 148
antitrust laws, 28
Armstrong, Jeannette, 45
atmospheric trust, 124
Axial Age, 32
B
Balaguer, Joaquín, 144
bancor, 120
bearing witness, 1, 21, 140, 141, 156
beauty, 74
behavioral economics, 82
Bellears, John, xv
Beyond Growth (Daly), 56
Big Brother, 129
biological drives, 30
biological evolution, 38
biosphere, 60, 69, 113, 114, 121
Boulding, Kenneth, xvii, 11, 16, 17, 61, 171n2
boycotts, 163
Bretton Woods Agreement, 120
Briggs, Jean, 34
Brundtland Commission, 147
budgets, 57
C
call to action, 165
Canada-Colombia free trade agreement, 99, 108
Canadian economics, 99, 108, 121, 157
Canadian tar sands development, 3, 10, 52, 93
cap and trade mechanisms, 124, 133
Capitalism 3.0 (Barnes), 124
Capra, Fritz, 45
caps, air pollution, 124
capture, 104
carbon dioxide emissions, x, 124
cars, 79
case studies, 161
Chaisson, Eric, 43
China, 4, 105, 109, 145, 182n7
civil disobedience, 163
civil rights movement, xvi, 163
clarification, grounding and, 20, 33, 140, 168
Clarkson, Thomas, 158
classic economics, ix, 11, 12, 28, 53
Clean Air Act of 1970, 101
Clean Water Act of 1972, 101, 104
climate change. See global warming
command-and-control system, 102
Commoner, Barry, 139
commonwealth of life
balance of scale in, 68
citizenship in the, 51
economics and ecology as domains of, xviii, 39
fair distribution and the, 86, 94
global governance for, 17, 110, 119, 137
humans in the, 41, 59, 89, 142
meaning of, 6
providing for present/future generations, 91
respect for the, 48, 56, 124
spaceship Earth metaphor, xvii, 11, 16, 171n2
See also integration; right relationship; whole earth economy
community cooperatives, 23
comparative advantage, 58
complex systems economics, 11
computer system analogy, 141, 164
conscious purpose, 139
consumption
culture of, 82
dependency on sunlight, 15
ethics around, 81
in I=f(PATE) framework, 116
technology causing increased, 80
traditional views of, 9, 11
waste and, 14, 59
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 39
corporate entities, 27
cosmogenesis, 47
cosmology, 39
cost benefit analysis, 92
Court, Global, 19, 113, 135, 149, 155
court system, 102
“cowboy economy,” 61
“cradle to cradle” approach, 14, 79, 175n17
Creation Care (magazine), 117
credibility, 110
credit generation, 117
Cree people, 34
cultural change, 45
culture marginalization, 162
culture of advertisement, 82
current system. See global economy
D
Dahlem Workshops, 145, 160, 161
Dalai Lama, 47
de Chardin, Pierre Teilhard, 46
deregulation, 17
design
Global Court, 149
Global Federation, 153
Global Reserve, 150
history and the future, 143
for institutional change, 146
Trusteeships of Earth’s Commons, 151
in a whole earth economy, 20, 140, 148
See also global governance
distorted consciousness, 139
distribution
in economic growth measures, 10
fairness in, 86, 89, 96
in global governance, 121
redistribution, 58, 96, 97, 121
distributive justice, 49, 91, 94
Dominican Republic, 144
E
earth
as closed system, 11, 15, 40
as devoid of waste, 12
economic systems linked to, 38
“spaceship Earth” metaphor, xvii, 11, 16, 171n2
true wealth on, 10
Earth Charter of 2000, 113, 142, 147, 157, 161
earth efficiency, 56
earth’s commons, 19, 124, 130, 133
ecological footprint
advertiser disclosure and the, 116
cap and trade system for, 126
as exceeding regeneration limits, 89, 102
and the I=f(PATE) formula, 77, 95, 114
movements to reduce, 163
of procreation, 132
use in policy development, 150, 179n11
ecological hotspots, 71
ecology, ix, xviii, 4, 43, 120
Economic Consequences of the Peace (Keynes), 53
economic disparity, 8, 16, 86, 91, 97
economic growth
in classical economics, 55
culture of advertisement supporting, 83
fostering unjust labor practices, xvi
happiness and, 10, 20, 100
impact on the commonwealth, xi, 15, 18, 107
leaving poverty unaddressed, 16, 91
measures of, 9, 16
need for checks on, 8, 15, 89
posing a moral challenge, xiii
as state-sponsored religion, xix
See also economic scale
economic purpose
current mainstream, 25
growing from the community, 23
heritage of respect and reciprocity, 30
history of “the economy,” 26
in indigenous cultures, 33
in right relationship, 9, 26
whole earth economy, 29, 36
economic scale
affluence and manufacturing, 78
balance in, 5, 68
and beauty, 74
integrity and, 70
limits on, 65, 83, 103, 130
and resilience, 72
in right relationship, 63
tracking, 16, 89
See also I=f(PATE) framework
economic systems
dealing with waste, 59
linked to earth’s systems, 37, 55
need for integrity and resilience in, 43
and new scientific understanding, 39
reframing, 11, 38
understanding of wealth, 57
warping of classical, 53
economics
classic mainstream, ix, 11, 12, 28, 53
complex systems, 11
discounting, 92
as domain of relationship, xviii
free-market ideology, 17, 28, 82, 92
impact on ecology, ix
integrating with science, 38
managing instability, 53
money, 12, 54, 58, 90
negative growth/steady-state, 29
“rational actors,” 82, 92
of redistribution, 97
economies of scale, 78
Economist, The (magazine), 158
economy. See global economy; whole earth economy
“the economy,” 26
ecors, 120
ecosystems
beauty in, 75
break down of, 65
considered in manufacturing, 60
destruction by invasive exotics, 70
duties towards, 52
and earth efficiency, 56
governance around, 110, 114, 123, 127
integrity and resilience in, 43, 70, 119
scale’s impact on, 68, 95
See also environmental crisis
efficiency, 55
“emerging markets,” 104
Endangered Species Act of 1973, 102
environmental crimes, 135, 152
environmental crisis
consciousness and the, 139
convergence of trend lines, 69
discounting adding to, 93
ecological hotspots, 71
greenhouse gas emissions, 15, 102, 124, 143
and international governance regimes, 107, 146
as opportunity and challenge, 147
result of wrong relationship, 5, 107
soil degradation, 35, 52, 67, 144
species extinction, 42, 58, 65, 70
trusteeships to thwart, 19, 124
urgency of, ix, 168
U.S. large role in, 102, 105
See also global warming; pollution
environmental justice, 96
environmental policy, 101, 104, 105, 135
equality, 96
ethics
and human rights, 87
in I=f(PATE), 77, 78, 81, 116
integrating with science, 48
of respect, 33
in right relationship, 10
European Union (EU), 14, 19, 87, 96, 112, 127, 128, 146, 153, 154
Evangelical Environmental Network, 117
evidence gathering, 160
exotic invasive species, 70
extinction rates, 42, 58, 65, 70
extraction tax, 134
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 9
F
failure of civilizations, categories, 143
fairness
for the collective future, 91
criteria for, 94
in distribution, 89
lacking in global economy, 86
poverty and sharing, 16, 106
reciprocity and, 31
rethinking human rights, 87
in right relationship, 86
whole earth economy, 16, 89, 96
farming, 18, 35, 52, 74, 80, 81
flows (and stocks), 12
foreign assistance, 122
Forum on Religion and Ecology, 45
fossil fuel dependency, 15
Frankman, Myron, 127
free-market ideology, 17, 28, 82, 92
free trade deals, 99
Friends Provident, xvi
function of the economy.
See economic purpose
future generations, 92
G
Gandhi, Mohandas, 163
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 9, 10, 18, 32
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Keynes), 53
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 18, 73
global agencies, 106, 146, 160, 167
global commons, 19, 124, 130, 133
global constitution, 127
Global Court, 19, 113, 135, 149, 155
Global Ecological Integrity Group, 161
global economy
“emerging markets,” 104
failure of the, 166
fossil fuel dependency, 15
gross unfairness of, 86, 91
matter and energy in, 64
presenting moral challenges, xiii
in wrong relationship, 1, 7
Global Environmental Fund (GEF), 123, 150
Global Federation
authority to tax, 133
establishing the, 148, 153
under Global Federal constitution, 136
member states quotas, 133
overview on the, 18, 112, 126
regulatory role, 130
structure of the, 127
global governance
for the commonwealth of life, 17, 110, 119, 137
four institutions overview, 18, 111
Global Court, 19, 113, 135, 149, 155
implementing, 141, 148, 166
individual participation in, 21
mounting support for, 165
respect in, 108, 112, 113, 135, 140
urgent need for, 17, 101, 146
See also Global Federation Global Reserve; Trusteeships of Earth’s Commons
global parliament, 127
Global People’s Assembly, 127
global redistribution, 96, 97, 121
Global Reserve
allocation function, 119
developing the, 150, 155
distribution function, 121
purpose of the, 18, 112, 113
review by the Global Court, 136
stabilization function, 118
use of the I=f(PATE) framework, 114, 150
global trusteeships. See Trusteeships of Earth’s Commons
global warming
addressing through global governance, 104, 109
effect of discounting on, 93
from exceeding scale, 15, 65
and human rights, 88
ineffectively addressed, 105
large impact of U.S., 102
as undeniable and urgent crisis, 165, 176n3
goal of economy. See economic purpose
gold mining, 134
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 113
governance
command-and-control system, 102
correcting market failures, 28
general failure of, 17, 101, 103
guided by profit and growth, 99
ineffective international regimes, 106, 146
principles in right relationship, 101, 110
resistance to environmental protection, 101
See also global governance; political-financial establishment
Great Work, The (Berry), 43
green buildings, 79
“green technology,” 80, 81, 118
greenhouse gas emissions, 15, 102, 124, 143
Greenpeace, 159
Grim, John, 45
Gross National Happiness indicator (Bhutan), 32
grounding and clarification, 20, 33, 140, 168
growth. See economic growth; economic scale
guidance system, 21, 44, 156, 169
H
Haeckel, Ernst, 43
Hardin, Garrett, 130
Hawken, Paul, 142
Heat (Monbiot), 160
historical perspective
averting ecological catastrophes, 143
Axial Age philosophy, 32
respect and reciprocity, 30
of “the economy,” 26
Holling, C. S., 44
“human capital,” 105
human-Earth relationship. See commonwealth of life
human impact, 41
See also ecological footprint; I=f(PATE) framework
human settlement redistribution, 115
hunter-gatherer societies, 30
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 40
I=f(PATE) framework
affluence, 78, 116
ethics, 77, 78, 81, 116
Global Reserve use of, 114, 150
interrelationships in variables, 16, 76, 95
population, 77, 115
to set planetary goals, 16, 133
technology, 79, 117
Ikea, 60
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 19, 106, 108, 113, 120, 128, 165
indigenous cultures, 33, 168, 169
individual responsibility
bearing witness, 1, 21, 140, 141, 156
call to action, 165
citizenship in the commonwealth of life, 51
grounding and clarification, 20, 33, 140, 168
industrial farming, 18, 35, 52, 81
industrial processes, 59
instability, 53
institutional change. See global governance
integration
to avert environmental crisis, 137
ethical systems, 48
science and religion, 45
for science-based scenarios, 145
for a unifying guidance system, 44
intellectual-property regime, 118
intensity of change, 68
International Clearing Union (ICU), 120
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 135, 149
international governance regimes, 106, 146, 160, 167
International Labor Organization (ILO), 106
International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 107, 109, 143, 150, 160
international trade currency, 120
interrelationships, 76
intussusception, xi
Inuit culture, 34
“invisible hand,” 82
IUCN (International Union of Conservation and Nature), 148, 161
J
Jacobs, Jane, 75
Japanese timber consumption, 144
Jaspers, Karl, 32
Jevons Paradox, 80
K
Kauffman, Stuart, 43
Kepler, Johannes, 39
Kerala, India, 150
Keynes, John Maynard, 23, 53, 120
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 163
Kingsolver, Barbara, 81
L
labor laws, 28
labor practices, xvi
laissez-faire capitalism, 28, 29, 61
land ethic, 4
law, Global Court, 135
Law of the Sea, 152
laws of thermodynamics, 39
Leopold, Aldo, xviii, 4, 43, 44, 49, 51, 74, 86, 177n10
Letter on Toleration (Locke), 81
life’s commonwealth.
See commonwealth of life
liquidity trap, 54
local governance, 21, 111, 129
Locke, John, 81
Lyons, Oren, 45
M
mainstream economics, ix, 11, 28, 53
Managing Without Growth (Victor), 157
Mandela, Nelson, 163
marginalized cultures, 162
marginalized cultures, Margulis, Lynn, 43
market corrections, 123
market economy, 27
market fundamentalism, 28
materials handling, 59
materials internalization, 14
matter, 64
measures of economic growth, 9, 16
meat production, 81
Mendel, Gregor, 40
Mendes, Chico, 163
Metanexus Institute, 47
Millennium Development Goals of 2000, 109, 119, 121
Mohawk, John, 45
Monbiot, George, 127, 160, 165
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 109
Moral Economy Project, xi, xvii
morality, 94
Mott, Lucretia, xvi
Mumford, Lewis, 75
N
“natural law” of profit, xiii
Natural Step Movement, 59
natural systems. See ecosystems
negative-growth economy, 29
net entropic transformations, 59
net primary productivity (NPP), 58, 90, 114, 120
Never in Anger (Briggs), 34
Newton, Isaac, 39
nonviolent reform
action-oriented steps for, 160
emergence of support for, 164
Quaker inspired, 140, 157
urgent need for, 141
in whole earth economy, 21
Norway, 154
O
Odum, Eugene P., 43
oil derivation, 2
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 17
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, 165
Origin of Species (Darwin), 40
Orwell, George, 129
P
Pardo, Arvid, 152
parliament, global, 127
Phenomenon of Man, The (Chardin), 46
pilot programs, 161
political commonwealth, 6
political-financial establishment
deregulation and lack of accountability, 17
following public opinion, 157
influence on international institutions, 146
looking beyond the, 19
nonviolent means to weaken, 164, 165
resistance to environmental protection, 101
See also governance
“polluter pays” principle, 13
pollution
air, 104, 124
controlling through cap-and-trade mechanisms, 124
environmental laws regulating, 96, 101, 104
exceeding scale limits, 9, 10, 65
greenhouse gas emissions, 15, 102, 124, 143
handling waste, 60, 67
“polluter pays” principle, 13
tar sands development, 3
TMDLs, 106
See also environmental crisis; global warming
population growth, 16, 17, 77, 115, 122, 132, 133
poverty, xv, 16, 78, 91, 97, 122
power elite. See political-financial establishment
power imbalances, 107
precautionary principle, 131
predatory lending practices, 117
product innovation, 60
production, 58
protest. See nonviolent reform
public commons, 19, 124, 130, 133
Pugwash Conferences, 161
purpose of the economy.
See economic purpose
Q
Quaker Institute for the Future (QIF), xv, xvii
Quaker Studies on Human Betterment, xviii
Quakers, ix, xiv, 1, 4, 21, 47, 140, 158
quality of life, 10, 16, 32, 60, 83, 96, 156
quotas, Global Federation, 133
R
rational economic actors, 82, 92
Rawls, John, 88
redistribution, 58, 96, 97, 121
Rees, William, 150
reform. See nonviolent reform
Reformation, 33
regulatory authority, 18, 123, 127, 129, 130, 137
regulatory cap, 124
Religious Society of Friends. See Quakers
resilience, 5, 16, 43, 72, 76, 119
respect
for the commonwealth of life, 48, 56, 124
in community-oriented economies, 21, 24
fairness in distribution, 94
in global governance, 108, 112, 113, 135, 140
and the Golden Rule, 7, 10
historical framework for, 30, 52
in indigenous peoples, 33, 168
in right relationship, 10, 35, 94, 97, 142, 154
as tenet of human rights, 88
in a whole earth economy, 63, 64, 68
restitution, 83
reverence for life, 5, 47, 49, 56, 81
right relationship
an economy in, 9, 23, 30, 63
beauty based on, 76
choosing, 5, 21, 168
essence of, xviii, 1, 4, 48, 142
ethics of, 81, 83
fairness in, 78, 86, 89, 94
governance in, 110
grounding and clarification in, 20, 33, 140, 168
historical foundations of, 32, 169
respect in, 10, 35, 94, 97, 142, 154
See also commonwealth of life; whole earth economy
Rio Declaration of 1992, 32, 109, 119, 142
Robert, Karl-Henrik, 59
“rule of law,” 135
Rustin, Bayard, xvi
S
Samuelson, Paul, 28
Sand County Almanac (Leopold), ;xviii, 50
scale of the economy.
See economic scale
Schweitzer, Albert, 5, 49, 86, 94
science
and ethics, 48
reductionist views, 1, 6
and religion, 44
trend towards integration, 44
understanding of the human economy through, 11, 16, 38
self-regulating economy, 27
Seneca Falls Convention, 16
Serres, Michel, 45
sewage recycling, 61
Silent Spring (Carson), 51
Skidelsky, Robert, 23
“sky trust,” 124
slavery. See antislavery campaign
social change. See nonviolent reform
social Darwinism, 27
social stability, 3, 6, 10, 26, 53
social programs, 28
Society for Effecting the Abolition of Slavery, 158
soil degradation, 35, 52, 67, 144
solar energy, 67
solutions. See whole earth economy
sources and sinks
limits on economic activity, 66
matter and energy, 40, 64
sovereign states, 103, 133, 135
“spaceman economy,” 61
spaceship Earth, xvii, 11, 16, 171n2
special interest groups, 104
species extinction, 42, 58, 65, 70
speed of change, 68
Speth, James Gustave, 63
spirituality, 4, 20, 32, 45, 89
stability (and stabilization), 4, 43, 55, 118
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, xvi
Stockholm Declaration of 1972, 109, 142
stocks (and flows), 12
Strauss, Andrew, 127
Strong, Maurice, 113
Sumerians, 52
sunlight
energy from, 11, 15, 40, 41, 64, 57, 66, 90
as primary income, 57, 66
stocks and flows, 11
“survival of the fittest,” 28
system resilience, 73
T
tar sands development, 3, 10, 52, 93
tax incentives, 133
techniques. See design
technology, 16, 18, 73, 76, 79, 93, 114, 117
theory of externalities, 13
thermodynamics, 39
Thoreau, Henry David, 157, 163
TMDLs (total maximum daily loads), 106
Tokugawa shoguns, 144
tolerance, 81
trade deals, 99
trade exchange rates, 120
trade, cap and. See cap and trade mechanisms
transformation, 58
Trusteeships of Earth’s Commons
achieving, 151, 155, 162
general function, 19, 112, 124
and global taxation, 133
Tucker, Mary Evelyn, 45
U
UN (United Nations), 87, 106, 114, 135, 136, 146, 152, 160, 161
UN Environment Programme (UNEP), 108, 119, 150, 151, 160
UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 69
UN Security Council, 136
“uneconomic” growth, 15
unemployment, 53
Union of Conservation and Nature (IUCN), 148, 161
unitary authority, 128
Universal Declaration on Human Rights of 1948, 32, 109, 178n1
universal health care, xv
Universe Story, The (Swimme and Berry), 43
unjust labor practices, xvi
U.S. environmental governance, 102
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 92
V
Valdez oil spill, 9
values progression, 53, 108, 142, 168
Victor, Peter, 157
W
Wackernagel, Mathis, 150
Wa3esa, Lech, 163
“waste is food” approach, 14, 79
water, 3, 8, 71, 72, 79, 101, 104
wealth
and ecological footprint, 104, 125
economic disparity, 8, 16, 86, 91, 97
global redistribution of, 121
global taxation, 134
and government capture, 104
historical view of, 27, 31
in I=f(PATE), 16, 77, 116
measures of economic, 9
true, 10
in whole earth economy, 57, 96
wealth accumulation.
See economic growth
well-being, 10, 16, 32, 60, 83, 96
Who Owns the Sky? (Barnes), 124
whole earth economy
bearing witness, 1, 21, 140, 141, 156
dealing with waste, 12, 59
earth efficiency as goal, 56
fairness, 16, 89, 96
four steps overview, 20, 140
functioning of the, 11
grounding and clarification, 20, 33, 140, 168
growth and scale, 15
as integrated “New Story,” 42, 48, 51
overview on governance, 17
purpose in the, 9, 29, 36
respect in, 63, 64, 68
understanding of wealth, 57, 96
urgent need for, 165
See also design; global governance; I=f(PATE) framework; nonviolent reform
Wilberforce, William, 158
women’s rights, 16
World Bank, 18, 106, 109, 113, 114, 120, 128, 146, 150
World Commission on Environment and Development, 147
World Court, 135
World Democratic Federalism (Frankman), 127
“world of wounds,” 75
World Trade Organization (WTO), 19, 106, 108, 128, 146
Worldwatch Institute, 160
wrong relationship
biofuels and GMOs, 18
distorted consciousness, 139
economic growth, 9, 25, 107
global economy in, 1, 7
notions of beauty, 75
as trend of the times, 1, 8
violent change, 157
Y
Yakama Nation, 152