Notes

Preface

1. Genaro C. Armas, “America’s Face Is Changing,” CBS News, February 11, 2009, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/03/17/national/main607022.shtml.

2. Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050,” in Pew Social and Demographic Trends, February 11, 2008, Pew Research Center, http://pewsocialtrends.org/pubs/703/population-projections-unitedstates.

3. Stephanie Siek and Joe Sterling, “Census: Fewer White Babies Being Born,” In America, CNN, May 17, 2012, http://inamerica.blogs.cnn.com/2012/05/17/census-2011-data-confirm-trend-of-population-diversity.

4. Nia-Malika Henderson, “Julian Castro, Latino Mayor of San Antonio, to Keynote DNC Convention,” Washington Post, July 31, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/latino-mayor-to-keynote-dnc-convention/2012/07/31/gJQA3fpqNX_story.html.

5. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010: Sept. 15–Oct. 15,” Profile America Facts for Features, CN 10-FF.17, July 15, 2010, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb10-ff17.html./releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb10-ff17.html.

6. New York Times, “How Obama Won Re-election,” http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/11/07/us/politics/obamas-diverse-base-of-support.html (accessed November 12, 2012).

7. Michael Muskal, “Census Bureau: Minority Births Outnumbered Whites for the First Time,” Los Angeles Times, May 17, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/17/nation/la-na-nn-census-data-20120517.

8. Spanish is the official language in twenty countries. See “Spanish Speaking Countries (Official),” Worldatlas, http://www.worldatlas.com/spanish.htm. In addition, Puerto Rico is often included on that list (although English and Spanish are both spoken). The United States has more Spanish speakers than Spain. Counting both as Spanish-speaking countries brings the total to twenty-two.

Introduction

1. Jorge Ramos, The Latino Wave: How Hispanics Are Transforming Politics in America (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 97.

2. Ying Lowrey, “Hispanic-Owned Businesses Outpace Overall Business Growth over 10-Year Period,” The Small Business Watchdog, U.S. Small Business Administration, http://weblog.sba.gov/blog-advo/?p=830 (accessed February 15, 2012).

3. Louis E. V. Nevaer, Managing Hispanic and Latino Employees (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2010), 1–4.

4. Ramos, Latino Wave, Prologue, xx.

5. Office of Management and Budget: “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” Federal Register Notice, October 30, 1997, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/1997standards.html.

6. Paul Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit: Hispanics and Their View of Identity, Pew Hispanic Center, April 4, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity/.

7. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Origin: Frequently Asked Questions,” http://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/about/faq.html (accessed August 1, 2012).

8. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010.”

9. US Census Bureau, “Cinco de Mayo,” Profile America Facts for Features, CB12-FF.10, March 21, 2012, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/facts_for_features_special_editions/cb12-ff10.html.

10. Carlos H. Arce, The Hispanic Century Is Here: Results and Implications of the 2010 Census (Austin, TX: EthniFacts, March 24, 2011), http://www.ethnifacts.com/Whitepaper.pdf.

11. The twenty-six countries include Puerto Rico, which actually is a commonwealth of the United States. Except for Spain, these were conquered by the Spanish and therefore share a common language and culture. Central Intelligence Agency, “Spain,” The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html.

12. Yesemia D. Acosta and G. Patricia de la Cruz, “The Foreign Born from Latin America and the Caribbean: 2010,” American Community Survey Briefs, ACSBR/10-15, September 2011, US Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/acsbr10-15.pdf.

13. Elizabeth Grieco, “Foreign-Born Hispanics in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=95 (accessed February 11, 2012).

14. Acosta and de la Cruz, “Foreign Born: 2010.”

15. Lowrey, “Hispanic-Owned Businesses.”

16. “Scholarship Connects Chicano, Catholic Identities,” The Free Library, review of Mario T. Garcia, The Gospel of César Chávez: My Faith in Action (New York: Sheed & Ward, 2007), http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Scholarship+connects+Chicano,+Catholic+identities.-a0209618503 (accessed November 1, 2012).

17. Tom Peters, address to National Association of American Architects, Charlotte, North Carolina, May 2002.

Part I

1. According to the 2010 US census, 4.7 million Hispanics live in Los Angeles County, California. This equals more than 50 percent of the 8.8 million residents in Mexico City. See “Capital Cities of the World: Population Estimates,” Worldatlas, http://www.worldatlas.com/capcitys.htm (accessed November 30, 2011).

2. To view Rocky Mountain Public Broadcasting Station’s video La Raza de Colorado: La Historia, aired June 4, 2005, go to http://video.rmpbs.org/video/1601211894/.

3. Hispaniola is the second-largest island of the West Indies, where Columbus landed in 1492. It is currently known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Called la Española by Columbus, the name was later Anglicized to Hispaniola. See Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Hispaniola,” http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266962/Hispaniola (accessed October 1, 2012).

Chapter 1

1. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude, 2d ed. (New York: Penguin USA, 1977). First published in Spanish in 1950, The Labyrinth of Solitude is considered one of the most enduring and powerful works ever created about México and its people, character, and culture. Paz won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1990.

2. Carlos Fuente, The Buried Mirror: Reflections of Spain and the New World (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), 33–43.

3. It should be noted that México is technically considered part of North America but still remains a country with Spanish heritage and language. See Latin American Network Information Center, “Country Directory,” http://lanic.utexas.edu/subject/countries/ (accessed March 12, 2011).

4. Fuentes, Buried Mirror, 44.

5. Ibid., 56–73.

6. Trudi Alexy, The Mezuzah in the Madonna’s Foot: Oral Histories Exploring Five Hundred Years in the Paradoxical Relationship of Spain and the Jews (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).

7. Charles C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 126–27.

8. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 69–74.

9. Ibid., 211, 212, 357, 358.

10. Rodriguez, Our Lady of Guadalupe (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994), 10–13.

11. Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate, A Handbook on Guadalupe (Waite Park, MN: Park Press, 1996); part XI, “Nican Mopohua: Original Account of Guadalupe,” by Antonio Valerian, translated from the Nahuatl, 194.

12. Virgilio P. Elizondo, et al., Los Católicos Hispanos en los Estados Unidos (New York: Centro Católico de Patoral para Hispanos del Norte, 1980), 75–79.

13. Pope Pius XII declared the Virgin of Guadalupe “Queen of México and Empress of the Americas” in 1945 and “Patroness of the Americas” in 1946.

14. José Ignacio Echeagary, et al., Album Conmemorativo del 450 Anivesario de las Apariciones de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (México: Ediciones Buena Nueva, 1981).

15. Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 30.

16. Elizondo, et al., Los Católicos Hispanos.

17. Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 29.

18. “Our Lady of Charity: Patroness of Cuba,” The Catholic Tradition, http://www.catholictradition.org/Mary/lady-charity.htm (accessed August 1, 2012).

19. “Virgin of Charity, El Cobre,” Sacred Destinations, http://www.sacred-destinations.com/cuba/el-cobre.htm.

20. Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, “Our Lady Aparecida—October 12,” Tradition in Action, http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j227sd_OLAparecida_10-12.html (accessed August 1, 2012).

21. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude: The Other México, 2nd ed. (New York: Grove Press, 1994). Paz delves into the minds of the Spanish-Indian people. He describes them as hidden behind masks of solitude. Due to their history, their identity is lost between a pre-Columbian and a Spanish culture.

22. Rodriquez, Our Lady of Guadalupe, 31.

23. Ilan Rachum, “Origins and Historical Significance of Día de la Raza,” Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 76, April 2004), 61, http://www.cedla.uva.nl/50_publications/pdf/revista/76RevistaEuropea/76Rachum.pdf.

Chapter 2

1. Raul Yzaguirre, “Liberty and Justice for All,” in Latinos and the Nation’s Future, ed. Henry Cisneros, (Houston: Arte Publico Press, 2009), 28–29.

2. Nicholás Kanellos, “The Latino Presence: Some Historical Background,” in Latinos and the Nation’s Future, ed. Henry Cisneros (Houston: Arte Publico Press, 2009), 15–19.

3. Ibid., 21.

4. Ibid., 20.

5. Paul A. Janson, “Manifest Destiny and Mission in the 21st Century,” George Mason University’s History News Network, July 8, 2002, http://hnn.us/articles/534.html.

6. William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996), 61.

7. Stephen L. Hardin, The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna’s Texas Campaign, Osprey Campaign Series 89 (Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing, 2001).

8. Bill Groneman, Battlefields of Texas (Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press, 1998).

9. S. C. Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon (New York: Scribner, 2010), 162, 164–5, 167.

10. “The White Man’s Burden,” a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling, was originally published in the popular magazine McClure’s in 1899, with the subtitle The United States and the Philippine Islands. It justified imperialism as a noble enterprise.

11. Coretta Scott King, The Words of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Newmarket Press, 1983), 67.

12. Passel and Cohn, “Population Projections: 2005–2050” (see preface, n. 2).

13. Cristina Benitez and Marlene González, Latinization and the Latino Leader (Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market Publishing, 2011), 1–3.

14. See Central Intelligence Agency, “Spain” (see introduction, n. 11).

15. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, “Fact Sheet: The U.S. Relationship with Central and South America,” March 15, 2011, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/15/fact-sheet-us-relationship-central-and-south-america.

16. Deborah Sharp, “Si usted no habla español, puede quedarse rezagado—If You Don’t Speak Spanish, You Might Be Left Behind,” USA Today, May 9, 2001, http://www.spain.uga.edu/resources/articles/usa_today.pdf.

17. Larry Rohter, “Learn English, Says Chile, Thinking Upwardly Global,” New York Times, December 29, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/29/international/americas/29letter.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22english%20opens%20doors%22&st=cse.

18. Languages of the World, http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/languages.htm (accessed May 4, 2011).

19. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

20. Nations Online Project, “Most Widely Spoken Languages in the World,” last modified May 27, 2011, http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/most_spoken_languages.htm.

21. “Hispanic Buying Power to Reach 1.3 Trillion in 2013,” Hispanic Digital Media, February 26, 2009, http://hispanicdigital.blogspot.com/2009/02/hispanic-buying-power-to-reach-13-bill.html.

22. The International Monetary Fund, Report for Selected Countries and Subjects, http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm (accessed July 15, 2012).

23. US Department of Commerce, “Hispanic-Owned Businesses Grow by More than Double the National Rate,” September 21, 2010, http://www.commerce.gov/blog/2010/09/21/hispanic-owned-businesses-grow-more-double-national-rate.

24. Evangeline Gomez, “Latino-Owned Businesses: Leading the Recovery,” Forbes Magazine, December 28, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/evangelinegomez/2011/12/28/latino-owned-businesses-leading-the-recovery/.

25. Elizabeth Llorente, “Election 2012: Obama Wins Re-election, Clinches Latino Vote,” Fox News Latinos, November 6, 2012, http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2012/11/06/election-2012-obama-wins-re-election-after-clinching-ohio/.

26. LatinoDecisions.com, “Latinos Pivotal to the National Election,” 2012 Election Eve Poll, http://www.latinodecisions.com/files/4113/5241/8534/StateComparisonLEE.pdf (accessed November 18, 2012).

27. National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials, “A Profile of Latino Elected Officials in the United States and Their Progress since 1996,” http://www.naleo.org/downloads/DirecSummary2010B.pdf (accessed August 1, 2012).

28. Lance Gay, “Mexican Food Becoming America’s Favorite Ethnic Treat,” Hispanic Trending, February 28, 2006, http://www.hispanictrending.net/2006/02/mexican_food_be.html.

29. Ibid.

30. Jesse Sanchez, “Latinos Have Come a Long Way in Baseball,” MLB.com, September 21, 2010, http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100920&content_id=14886934&vkey=news_mlb&c_id=mlb.

Part II

1. Lao Tzu, “The Ripple Effect,” in Tao Te Ching (New York: Vintage Press, 1989).

2. Charles Manz and Henry Sims, The New Superleadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves, 1st ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2001).

3. Stephen Covey, 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).

4. Lee Bowman and Terrence Deal, Leading with Soul: An Uncommon Journey of Spirit, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, 2011).

5. Robert K. Greenleaf, The Servant as Leader (Newton Center, MA: The Robert Greenleaf Center, 1970).

Chapter 3

1. National Alliance for Hispanic Health, Quality Health Services for Hispanics: The Cultural Competency Component, DHHS Publication No. 99-21 (Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, 2000).

2. Miguel Corona, “Inspiring Hispanic Interns through Personalismo,” Intern Matters, March 4, 2010, http://internmatters.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/empowering-hispanic-interns-through-personalismo/.

3. National Community for Latino Leadership, Reflecting an American Vista: The Character and Impact of Latino Leadership 1, no. 1, January 2001. NCLL is a national organization founded in 1989 whose mission is to develop ethical, responsible, and accountable leaders on behalf of the U.S. Latino population. See http://www.latinoleadership.org/.

4. Common Ground International, “From Personalismo to Confianza: Building Relationships with Latinos,” January 26, 2009, http://commongroundinternational.com/from-personalismo-to-confianza-building-relationships-with-latinos/.

5. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader. (see part II, n. 5).

6. Norma Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity: People Skills for a Multicultural Workplace (Andover, UK: International Thomson Publishing, 1996), 337.

7. Nilda Choy, MD, The Latino Patient: A Cultural Guide for Health Professionals (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 2002), 24, 25, 29.

Chapter 4

1. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader (see part II, n. 5).

2. National Community for Latino Leadership, Reflecting an American Vista (see chap. 3, n. 3)

3. Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales, “I Am Joaquin,” http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/latinos/joaquin.htm (accessed November 11, 2010). See also the YouTube video “I Am Joaquin (part one of two),” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6M6qOG2O-o.

4. Peggy McIntosh, White Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women’s Studies (Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, 1988).

5. Paulo Freire, The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, trans. Myra Bergman Ramos, special anniversary edition (New York: Continuum, 2000).

6. Lerner Stores Corporation, http://www.stocklobster.com/1892.html (accessed November 15, 2011).

7. California Department of Education, “César E. Chávez: Middle School Biography,” http://chavez.cde.ca.gov/ModelCurriculum/Teachers/Lessons/Resources/Biographies/Middle_Level_Biography.aspx (accessed December 1, 2011).

Chapter 5

1. Covey, 7 Habits (see part II, n. 3).

2. Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity (see chap. 3, n. 6), 41–45.

3. Ibid., 42–43.

4. Juana Bordas, “Passion and Power: Finding Personal Purpose,” self-published, 2nd ed., 2009, http://www.mestizaleadership.com/articles-publications/index.php.

5. Shirley Griggs and Rita Dunn, “Hispanic-American Students and Learning Styles,” Emergency Librarian, November-December 1995, no. 2, accession number 9511291097, http://educationinaminute.com/bogota/Resources/Articles/Griggs%20and%20Dunn%202.pdf.

6. Zev Chafets, “The Post-Hispanic Politician,” New York Times Magazine, May 6, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/magazine/09Mayor-t.html?pagewanted=all.

7. US Census Bureau, “State & County QuickFacts: San Antonio, Texas,” last revised June 6, 2012, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4865000.html.

8. “Hilda L. Solis,” Times Topics, New York Times, July 6, 2009, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/s/hilda_l_solis/index.html.

9. Lisa Quiroz, interview, “Focused Efforts,” How to Make a Difference, Leaders 33, no. 2, 64, April 2010, http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2010.2_Apr/Making%20a%20Difference/Quiroz.html.

10. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader (see part II, n. 5).

11. Joseph Jaworski, Synchronicity: The Inner Path of Leadership, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2011).

12. Joseph Campbell, The Hero’s Journey: Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work, 3rd (centennial) ed., ed. and introduction Phil Cousineau (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2003).

13. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader (see part II, n. 5).

14. Covey, 7 Habits (see part II, n. 3), 147.

Part III

1. Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity (see chap. 3, n. 6), 32–38.

Chapter 6

1. Burt Nanus, “What Is Vision—and Why It Matters,” chap. 1 in Visionary Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1992).

2. Juana Bordas, Salsa, Soul, and Spirit: Leadership for a Multicultural Age, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 50–55.

3. C. E. Ross and J. Mirowsky, “Socially Desirable Responses and Acquiescence in a Cross-Cultural Society,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 25 (1984): 189–97.

4. Robert Rodriguez, Latino Talent: Effective Strategies to Recruit, Retain and Develop Hispanic Professionals (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 39.

5. Yolanda Nava, It’s All in the Frijoles (New York: Fireside, 2000), 40–42.

6. Cristina Benitez, Latinization: How Latino Culture Is Transforming the U.S. (Ithaca, NY: Paramount Marketing, 2007), 28.

7. James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, rev. ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003).

8. Kanellos, “The Latino Presence” (see chap. 2. n. 2), 20.

9. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010” (see preface, n. 5).

10. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

11. Randall B. Lindsey, et al., Cultural Proficiency: A Manual for School Leaders, 2nd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 48.

12. Pew Research Center: “Millennials: A Portrait of Generation Next,” February 24, 2010, http://pewresearch.org/millennials/.

Chapter 7

1. “Economic Treaty: The Financial Autonomy of Navarre,” Navarra. Es, http://www.navarra.es/home_en/Navarra/Asi+es+Navarra/Autogobierno/El+convenio+economico.htm (accessed November 5, 2011).

2. As related to the author by Leobardo Estrada, professor at University of California at Los Angeles, whose focus is on ethnic and racial demographic trends, particularly in the Latino population. The US Bureau of the Census has asked Estrada to provide his knowledge on methodologies related to ethnic and racial groups.

3. US Census Bureau, “Directive No. 15: Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting,” as adopted on May 12, 1977, http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/populations/bridged-race/Directive15.html.

4. Office of Management and Budget, “Data on Race and Ethnicity” (see introduction, n. 5).

5. F. James Davis, Who Is Black? One Nation’s Definition (University Park, PA: Penn State Press, 2001).

6. Interview with LaDonna Harris, Comanche, president of Americans for Indian Opportunity. In Bordas, Salsa, Soul, and Spirit, 168.

7. Elizabeth M. Hoeffel, et al., The Asian Population: 2010, 2010 Census Briefs, C2010BR-11, March 2012, US Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf.

8. Karen R. Humes, Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010, 2010 Census Briefs, C2010BR-02, March 2011, US Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf.

9. Océano Pocket Diccionario (Barcelona, España: Grupo Oceano Editorial, 1952); s.v. “bienvenido”; trans. as “to welcome, receive, or accept with pleasure, to approve or appreciate or even to embrace.”

10. Cuban American National Council, “CNC History,” http://www.cnc.org/ (accessed November 10, 2011).

11. Betsy Guzman, The Hispanic Population, Census 2000 Brief, May 2001, US Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf.

12. National Council of La Raza, “Governance and History,” http://www.nclr.org/ (accessed November 11, 2011).

13. Scott Keeter and Paul Taylor, Pew Research Center: “The Millennials,” December 11, 2009, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1437/millennials-profile.

14. Pew Hispanic Center, Between Two Worlds: How Young Latinos Come of Age in America, December 2009, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/12/11/between-two-worlds-how-young-latinos-come-of-age-in-america/.

15. Newsmax: The Associated Press, “10,000 Boomers to Retire Each Day for 19 Years,” December 27, 2010, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/RetirementCrisis/2010/12/27/id/381191.

16. US Hispanic Leadership Institute, “Mission,” http://www.ushli.org/about/mission.php (accessed January 5, 2012).

17. Thom S. Rainer and Jess W. Rainer, The Millennials: Connecting to America’s Largest Generation (Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2011), 59.

18. Merriam-Webster’s Online, s.v. “ally,” http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ally (accessed January 5, 2012).

19. Eric Greenberg and Karl Weber, Generation We: How Millennial Youth Are Taking over America and Changing the World (Emeryville, CA: Pachatusan, 2008).

20. Email response from Ron Blackburn on June 9, 2012, regarding youth representation on ASPIRA’s board.

21. Rainer and Rainer, The Millennials, 37.

22 Ibid., 7.

23. Hilary Doe and Zachary Kolodin, eds., Blueprint for the Millennial America, presented by the Roosevelt Campus network; available at http://www.scribd.com/doc/44487427/Blueprint-for-Millennial-America.

24. There is a precedence for having a national anthem in communities of color. In 1919, the NAACP adopted “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing” as the “Negro national anthem.”

25. US Census Bureau, “Census of Population and Housing—1790 Census,” http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.html (accessed October 1, 2012).

26. Susan Saulny, “Census Data Presents Rise in Multiracial Population of Youths,” New York Times, March 24, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/us/25race.html.

27. “Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing,” National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, http://www.lounaacp.org/lifthistory.html (accessed July 30, 2012). In 1919, the NAACP adopted the song as the Negro national anthem, thus enhancing the identity of Black Americans. I propose Latinos follow in this tradition and that “De Colores,” which reflects the culture and community’s great diversity, be adopted as the Hispanic national anthem.

Chapter 8

1. Norma Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity (see chap. 3, n. 6), 232.

2. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader (see part II, n. 5).

3. National Community for Latino Leadership, Reflecting an American Vista: The Character and Impact of Latino Leadership 1, no. 1, January 2001; see http://www.latinoleadership.org/.

4. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader.

5. Latino Policy Form, An American Agenda from a Latino Perspective, April 2008, http://www.latinopolicyforum.org/assets/C0589015_LatinosUnited_v3_FINAL_VERSION.pdf.

6. Ibid.

7. The League of United Latin American Citizens, founded in 1929, is the oldest Hispanic civil rights organization in the United States. http://lulac.org/about/history/ (accessed December 11, 2011).

8. In 1954, LULAC brought Hernandez v. Texas to protest the fact that Mexican Americans had been barred during jury selection. The US Supreme Court ruled this exclusion unconstitutional. See Public Broadcasting Service, “A Class Apart: A Mexican American Civil Rights Story,” American Experience, 2009.

9. Mark Hugo Lopez and Gabriel Velasco, A Demographic Portrait of Puerto Ricans, Pew Hispanic Center, June 13, 2011, http://pewhispanic.org/reports/report.php?ReportID=143.

10. Organización Auténtica, “US Census Bureau: Facts about Cuban Americans,” http://www.autentico.org/oa09629.php (accessed October 2, 2012).

11. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010” (see preface, n. 5).

12. Joey Bunch, “Survey Tabs Denver as Best City to Call Home,” Denver Post, January 29, 2009, http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_11578103.

Chapter 9

1. Just over 18 million, or 47 percent of the foreign-born population, were of Hispanic origin. Elizabeth Grieco, Race and Hispanic Origin of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2007, American Community Survey Reports ACS -11, US Census Bureau, January 2010, http://www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/acs-11.pdf.

2. Merage Foundation for the American Dream, Becoming an American: The Immigrant Experience, a video in the American Dream series.

3. US Census Bureau News, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2011: Sept. 15–Oct. 15,” Profile America Facts for Features: 2011, CB11-FF.18, August 26, 2011, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/pdf/cb11ff-18_hispanic.pdf.

4. Acosta and de la Cruz, “Foreign Born” (see introduction, n. 12).

5. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, “Renewing the U.S.-Latin American Alliance For Progress, 50 Years Later,” The Atlantic, September 15, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/renewing-the-us-latin-american-alliance-for-progress-50-years-later/245169/.

6. McKee, David L. “Some Specifics on the Brain Drain from the Andean Region,” International Migration/Migrations Internationales/Migraciones Internacionales 21, no. 4 (1983): 488–99.

7. Acosta and de la Cruz, “Foreign Born.”

8. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

9. Acosta and de la Cruz, “Foreign Born.”

10. Quoted in Burton Bollag, “Immigrants’ Entrepreneurial Spirit Helps U.S. Economy,” US Policy, US Embassy, Brussels, Belgium, January 2009, http://www.uspolicy.be/headline/immigrants%E2%80%99-entrepreneurial-spirit-helps-us-economy.

11. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

12. Jeffrey Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “Immigration to Play Lead Role in Future U.S. Growth,” Pew Research Center, February 11, 2008, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Passel and Cohn, “Population Projections: 2005–2050” (see preface, n. 2).

16. Ernest Gundling, Terry Hogan, and Karen Cvitkovich, What Is Global Leadership? 10 Key Behaviors That Define Great Global Leaders (Boston: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2011).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Walter Link, Thais Corral, and Mark Gerzon, eds., Leadership Is Global: Co-Creating a More Humane and Sustainable World (Shinnyo-en Foundation, 2006). The Global Leadership Network website is at http://www.gln-online.org/.

21. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

22. Pew Hispanic Center, Between Two Worlds (see chap. 7, n. 14).

23. “U.S. Troops Land in the Dominican Republic,” This Day in History (April 28, 1965), History.com, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/us-troops-land-in-the-dominican-republic (accessed January 15, 2012).

24. Raul Yzaguirre, speech to Dominican American Round Table, October 8, 2011, Lehman College, City University of New York.

25. Passel and Cohn, “Population Projections: 2005–2050.”

26. Pew Hispanic Center, Between Two Worlds (see chap. 7, n. 14).

27. Arizona Senate Bill 1070 was the most stringent antiillegal immigration measure passed in decades. The act “directs law enforcement officers who possess ‘reasonable suspicion’ that an individual is unlawfully present to make reasonable attempts to determine the immigration status of that person and makes the unlawful presence of a foreign national a criminal offense” (Legal Information Institute, “Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act of 2010,” August 19, 2010, http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/support_our_law_enforcement_and_safe_neighborhoods_act_of_2010).

28. US Department of Justice, FBI, “Hate Crime Statistics,” http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/hate-crime/2010/narratives/hate-crime-2010-victims (accessed December 12, 2011).

29. Llorente, “Election 2012” (see chap. 2, n. 25).

Chapter 10

1. Antonia Pantoja, Memoir of a Visionary (Houston, TX: Arte Público Press, 2002), 61.

2. Kouzes and Posner, Leadership Challenge (see chap. 6, n. 7), 28–33.

3. Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus: Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper Collins, 1997).

4. James McGregor Burns, Leadership (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).

5. “Immigrants Protest across the U.S.,” PBS News Hour, May 1, 2006, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/law/jan-june06/immigration2_05-01.html.

6. Leslie Berestein Rojas, “Beyond May Day and Marches: An Evolving Immigrant Rights Movement,” Southern California Public Radio, May 1, 2012, http://multiamerican.scpr.org/2012/05/beyond-may-day-and-marches-an-evolving-immigrant-rights-movement/.

7. John Gardner, as listed in Direct Quotes: Contemporary Consultants (1966; a printed workbook available from Mary Jo Clark and Pat Heiny, P.O. Box 52, Richmond, IN 47375). From a speech delivered by John Gardner to Leadership USA, November 18, 1995, Pomona, CA.

8. Hispanic Association on Corporate Responsibility, “About,” http://www.hacr.org/about/ (accessed July 15, 2012).

9. Eugene Robinson, Disintegration: The Splintering of Black America (New York: Doubleday, 2010).

10. Barbara Epstein, “What Happened to the Women’s Movement?” Monthly Review 5, no. 1, May 2001, http://monthlyreview.org/2001/05/01/what-happened-to-the-womens-movement.

11. Mark Hugo Lopez and Paul Taylor, “Latino Voters in the 2012 Election,” Pew Hispanic Center, November 7, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/11/07/latino-voters-in-the-2012-election/.

12. Lara Birnback, et al., “Public Engagement and the Growing Latino Population,” Center for Advances in Public Engagement, working paper, Summer 2011, http://www.publicagenda.org/files/pdf/CAPE_Public_Engagement_and_Americas_Growing_Latino_Population.pdf.

13. Rainer and Rainer, The Millennials, 7 (see chap. 7. n. 17).

14. US Census Bureau, “Hispanic Heritage Month 2010” (see preface, n. 5). See also: Rakesh Kochhar, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, and Daniel Dockterman, Through Boom and Bust: Minorities, Immigrants and Homeownership, Pew Hispanic Center, May 12, 2009, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/05/12/through-boom-and-bust/.

15. New York Times/CBS News poll based on telephone interviews conducted July 13 to 27, 2003, with 3,092 adults throughout the United States, http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/politics/20030806_poll/20030806poll-results.html.

Chapter 11

1. Richard Gould, The Life and Times of Richard Castro (Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 2007).

2. MC Marketing Charts, “Hispanics Create More than Half of Food Growth,” April 9, 2010, http://www.marketingcharts.com/topics/behavioral-marketing/hispanics-create-more-than-half-of-food-growth-12546/latinum-hispanic-food-growth-apr-2010.

3. National Community for Latino Leadership Inc. (NCLL), Reflecting an American Vista: The Character and Impact of Latino Leadership 1, no. 1, January 2001.

4. Sobre la Asociación Española de Personalismo. “¿Que Es Personalismo?” (What Is Personalismo?) http://www.personalismo.org/ (accessed August 1, 2012).

5. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “René Descartes (1596-1650): Overview,” http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/ (accessed February 10, 2012).

6. Carr-Ruffino, Managing Diversity (see chap. 3, n. 6).

7. Mona Reaume, “Hiding Our Feelings Can Impact Our Health and Longevity,” http://www.alive.com/1806a5a2.php?subject_bread_cramb=5 (retrieved August 20, 2012).

8. Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1995).

9. Kouzes and Posner, Leadership Challenge (see chap. 6. n. 7).

Chapter 12

1. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence.

2. New York Times/CBS News poll (see chap. 10, n. 15).

3. Nicole Ibarra, “Survey: Hispanic Professionals Say Future Looks Bright,” Hispanic Trending, July 19, 2007, http://www.hispanictrending.net/2007/07/survey-hispanic.html.

4. Chávez, “Farm Workers Prayer” (see introduction, n. 15).

5. Education of the Heart: Quotes by César Chávez (Commitment), http://www.fsu.edu/~flserve/resources/Chavez/Education-of-the-Heart.pdf (accessed August 1, 2012).

6. Federico Peña, “We Are America,” speech delivered in Denver, CO, May 1, 2006.

7. Education of the Heart: Quotes by Cesar Chavez (Organizing), http://www.fsu.edu/~flserve/resources/Chavez/Education-of-the-Heart.pdf (accessed August 1, 2012).

8. Nava, All in the Frijoles (see chap. 6, n. 5), 150–52.

9. Ibid., 173.

10. Greenleaf, Servant as Leader (see part II, n. 5).

Part V

1. Article 1, section 2, clause 3 of the US Constitution, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/thirteenthamendment.html (accessed August 15, 2012).

2. Office of Management and Budget, “Data on Race and Ethnicity” (see introduction, n. 5).

3. Frances Hesselbein, “Managing in a World That Is Round,” Leader to Leader Journal, no. 2, Fall 1996, http://www.hesselbeininstitute.org/knowledgecenter/journal.aspx?ArticleID=136.

4. Saulny, “Multiracial Population of Youths” (see chap. 7, n. 26).

Chapter 13

1. Sam Roberts, “New Favor for a Name That Straddles Cultures,” New York Times, January 20, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/20/nyregion/20angel.html.

2. Greenberg and Weber, Generation We (see chap. 7, n. 19), 12.

3. Rodriguez, Latino Talent (see chap. 6, n. 4), 191–99.

4. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit (see introduction, n. 6).

5. PR Newswire, “Newsweek: Latin U.S.A.: How Young Hispanics Are Changing America,” July 3, 1999, http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-03-1999/0000975520&EDATE.

6. Pew Hispanic Center, Between Two Worlds (see chap. 7, n. 14).

7. Ibid.

8. Taylor, et al., When Labels Don’t Fit.

9. United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, http://www.ushcc.com/ (accessed August 1, 2012).

10. Paul Taylor, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, Jeffrey Passel, and Mark Hugo Lopez, “An Awakened Giant: The Hispanic Electorate Is Likely to Double by 2030,” Pew Hispanic Center, November 14, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/11/14/an-awakened-giant-the-hispanic-electorate-is-likely-to-double-by-2030/.

11. Pew Hispanic Center, Between Two Worlds.

12. Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers University, “Facts on Women in Congress 2011,” http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Congress-CurrentFacts.php (accessed July 31, 2012).

13. National Women’s Law Center, “Women Can’t Afford Unfair Pay Today,” April 2012, http://www.nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/womenunfairpayfactsheet.pdf.

14. José Vasconcelos, La Raza Cósmica (México D.F., Espasa Calpe, S.A., 1948), 47–51.

15. Natalie Angier, “DNA Shows Humans Are All One Race,” New York Times, August 22, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/22/science/do-races-differ-not-really-genes-show.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Updated information supports the 2000 studies. Studies by the Human Genome Project indicate that all modern humans share a common female ancestor who lived in Africa about 140,000 years ago, and all men share a common male ancestor who lived in Africa about 60,000 years ago. See Human Genome Project Information, “Genetic Anthropology, Ancestry, and Ancient Human Migration,” http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/humanmigration.shtml (accessed January 12, 2012).

16. Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate, A Handbook on Guadalupe (see chap. 1, n. 11), 194.

17. Mary Fong and Rueyling Chuang, eds., Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 112.

18. “A Message from the Hopi Elders: The Hopi National Elders at Oraibi, Arizona,” March 2002, http://www.matrixmasters.com/takecharge/hopi-prophecy.html (accessed January 15, 2012).