Glossary of IFRS terms

Term Description Standard
accounting policies The specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements. IAS 8
accounting profit Profit or loss for a period before deducting tax expense. IAS 12
accrual accounting Accrual accounting depicts the effects of transactions and other events and circumstances on a reporting entity's economic resources and claims in the periods in which those effects occur, even if the resulting cash receipts and payments occur in a different period.
accumulating compensated absences Compensated absences that are carried forward and can be used in future periods if the current period's entitlement is not used in full. IAS 19
acquiree The business or businesses that the acquirer obtains control of in a business combination. IFRS 3
acquirer The entity that obtains control of the acquiree. IFRS 3
acquisition date The date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree. IFRS 3
active market A market in which all the following conditions exist:
    (a) the items traded within the market are homogeneous;
    (b) willing buyers and sellers can normally be found at any time; and
    (c) prices are available to the public.		 IAS 36
IAS 38
IAS 41
active market A financial instrument is regarded as quoted in an active market if quoted prices are readily and regularly available from an exchange, dealer, broker, industry group, pricing service or regulatory agency, and those prices represent actual and regularly occurring market transactions on an arm's length basis. IFRS 9
actuarial assumptions An entity's unbiased and mutually compatible best estimates of the demographic and financial variables that will determine the ultimate cost of providing post-employment benefits. IAS 19
actuarial gains and losses     (a)Experience adjustments (the effects of differences between the previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred); and
    (b) the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions.		 IAS 19
actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits The present value of the expected payments by a retirement benefit plan to existing and past employees, attributable to the service already rendered. IAS 26
adjusting events after the reporting period See ‘events after the reporting period'
agricultural activity The management by an entity of the biological transformation and harvest of biological assets for sale or for conversion into agricultural produce or into additional biological assets. IAS 41
agricultural produce The harvested product of the entity's biological assets. IAS 41
amortisation (depreciation) The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. IAS 36
IAS 38
amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability The amount at which the financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus principal repayments, plus or minus the cumulative amortisation using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount, and minus any reduction (directly or through the use of an allowance account) for impairment or uncollectibility. IAS 39
antidilution An increase in earnings per share or a reduction in loss per share resulting from the assumption that convertible instruments are converted, that options or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions. IAS 33
asset A resource:
    (a) controlled by an entity as a result of past events; and
    (b) from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. 		IAS 38
assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund Assets (other than non-transferable financial instruments issued by the reporting entity) that:
    (a)are held by an entity (a fund) that is legally separate from the reporting entity and exists solely to pay or fund employee benefits; and
    (b) are available to be used only to pay or fund employee benefits, are not available to the reporting entity's own creditors (even in bankruptcy), and cannot be returned to the reporting entity, unless either:
        (i) the remaining assets of the fund are sufficient to meet all the related employee benefit obligations of the plan or the reporting entity; or
        (ii) the assets are returned to the reporting entity to reimburse it for employee benefits already paid. 		IAS 19
associate An entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, over which the investor has significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. IAS 28
basic earnings per share Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entity (the numerator) divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period (the denominator). IAS 33
biological asset A living animal or plant. IAS 41
biological transformation The processes of growth, degeneration, production, and procreation that cause qualitative or quantitative changes in a biological asset. IAS 41
borrowing costs Interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. IAS 23
business An integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members or participants. IFRS 3
business combination A transaction or other event in which an acquirer obtains control of one or more businesses. Transactions sometimes referred to as ‘true mergers' or ‘mergers of equals' are also business combinations as that term is used
in IFRS 3.		 IFRS 3
capital Under a financial concept of capital, such as invested money or invested purchasing power, the net assets or equity of the entity. The financial concept of capital is adopted by most entities.
Under a physical concept of capital, such as operating capability, the productive capacity of the entity based on, for example, units of output per day.
capitalisation Recognising a cost as part of the cost of an asset. IAS 23
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised after deducting any accumulated depreciation (amortisation) and accumulated impairment losses thereon. IAS 16
IAS 36
IAS 38
carrying amount The amount at which an asset is recognised in the statement of financial position. IAS 40
IAS 41
cash Cash on hand and demand deposits. IAS 7
cash equivalents Short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. IAS 7
cash flows Inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents. IAS 7
cash-generating unit The smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. IAS 36
IFRS 5
cash-settled share-based payment transaction A share-based payment transaction in which the entity acquires goods or services by incurring a liability to transfer cash or other assets to the supplier of those goods or services for amounts that are based on the price (or value) of equity instruments (including shares or share options) of the entity or another group entity. IFRS 2
cedant The policyholder under a reinsurance contract. IFRS 4
change in accounting estimate An adjustment of the carrying amount of an asset or a liability, or the amount of the periodic consumption of an asset, that results from the assessment of the present status of, and expected future benefits and obligations associated with, assets and liabilities. Changes in accounting estimates result from new information or new developments and, accordingly, are not corrections of errors. IAS 8
class of assets A grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an entity's operations. IAS 16
IAS 36
IAS 38
class of financial instruments Grouping of financial instruments that is appropriate to the nature of the information disclosed and that takes into account the characteristics of those financial instruments. IFRS 7
close members of the family of a person Those family members who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that person in their dealings with the entity and include:
    (a) that person's children and spouse or domestic partner;
    (b) children of that person's spouse or domestic partner
    (c) dependants of that person or that person's spouse or domestic partner. 		IAS 24
closing rate The spot exchange rate at the end of the reporting period. IAS 21
commencement of the lease term The date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (i.e. the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate). IAS 17
comparability The qualitative characteristic that enables users to identify and understand similarities in, and differences among, items.
compensation Includes all employee benefits (as defined in IAS 19) including employee benefits to which IFRS 2 applies. Employee benefits are all forms of consideration paid, payable or provided by the entity, or on behalf of the entity, in exchange for services rendered to the entity. It also includes such consideration paid on behalf of a parent of the entity in respect of the entity. Compensation includes:
    (a) short-term employee benefits, such as wages, salaries and social security contributions, paid annual leave and paid sick leave, profit-sharing and bonuses (if payable within twelve months of the end of the period) and non-monetary benefits (such as medical care, housing, cars and free or subsidised goods or services) for current employees;
    (b) post-employment benefits such as pensions, other retirement benefits, post-employment life insurance and post-employment medical care;
    (c) other long-term employee benefits, including long-service leave or sabbatical leave, jubilee or other long-service benefits, long-term disability benefits and, if they are not payable wholly within twelve months after the end of the period, profit-sharing, bonuses and deferred compensation;
    (d) termination benefits; and
    (e) share-based payment.		 IAS 24
component of an entity Operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity. IFRS 5
compound financial instrument A financial instrument that, from the issuer's perspective, contains both a liability and an equity element. IAS 32
consolidated financial statements The financial statements of a group presented as those of a single economic entity. IAS 27
IAS 28
construction contract A contract specifically negotiated for the construction of an asset or a combination of assets that are closely interrelated or interdependent in terms of their design, technology and function or their ultimate purpose or use. IAS 11
constructive obligation An obligation that derives from an entity's actions where:
    (a) by an established pattern of past practice, published policies or a sufficiently specific current statement, the entity has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities; and
    (b) as a result, the entity has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities. 		IAS 37
contingent asset A possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity. IAS 37
contingent consideration Usually, an obligation of the acquirer to transfer additional assets or equity interests to the former owners of an acquiree as part of the exchange for control of the acquiree if specified future events occur or conditions are met. However, contingent consideration also may give the acquirer the right to the return of previously transferred consideration if specified conditions are met. IFRS 3
contingent liability     (a)A possible obligation that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity; or
    (b) a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because:
        (i)it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or
        (ii) the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability.		 IAS 37
contingent rent That portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time (e.g. percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, future market rates of interest). IAS 17
contingent share agreement An agreement to issue shares that is dependent on the satisfaction of specified conditions. IAS 33
contingently issuable ordinary shares Ordinary shares issuable for little or no cash or other consideration upon the satisfaction of specified conditions in a contingent share agreement. IAS 33
contract An agreement between two or more parties that has clear economic consequences that the parties have little, if any, discretion to avoid, usually because the agreement is enforceable at law. Contracts may take a variety of forms and need not be in writing. IAS 32
control (of an entity) The power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities. IAS 24
IAS 27
IAS 28
IFRS 3
corporate assets Assets other than goodwill that contribute to the future cash flows of both the cash-generating unit under review and other cash-generating units. IAS 36
corridor A range around an entity's best estimate of post-employment benefit obligations. IAS 19
cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction, or, when applicable, the amount attributed to that asset when initially recognised in accordance with the specific requirements of other IFRSs, e.g. IFRS 2. IAS 16
IAS 38
IAS 40
cost of inventories All costs of purchase, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. IAS 2
cost of purchase All of the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the item. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase. IAS 2
cost plus contract A construction contract in which the contractor is reimbursed for allowable or otherwise defined costs, plus a percentage of these costs or a fixed fee. IAS 11
costs of conversion Costs directly related to the units of production, such as direct labour together with a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. IAS 2
costs of disposal Incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset, excluding finance costs and income tax expense. IAS 36
costs to sell The incremental costs directly attributable to the disposal of an asset (or disposal group), excluding finance costs and income tax expense. IFRS 5
credit risk The risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. IFRS 7
currency risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. IFRS 7
current asset An entity shall classify an asset as current when:
    (a) it expects to realise the asset or intends to sell or consume it in its normal operating cycle;
    (b) it holds the asset primarily for the purpose of trading;
    (c) it expects to realise the asset within twelve months after the reporting period; or
    (d) the asset is cash or a cash equivalent (as defined in IAS 7) unless the asset is restricted from being exchanged or used to settle a liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other assets as non-current.		 IAS 1
current cost The amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if the same or an equivalent asset was acquired currently.
The undiscounted amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be required to settle an obligation currently.
current liability An entity shall classify a liability as current when:
    (a) it expects to settle the liability in its normal operating cycle;
    (b) it holds the liability primarily for the purpose of trading;
    (c) the liability is due to be settled within twelve months after the reporting period; or
    (d) the entity does not have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.
An entity shall classify all other liabilities as non-current.		 IAS 1
current service cost The increase in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from employee service in the current period. IAS 19
current tax The amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the taxable profit (tax loss) for a period. IAS 12
curtailment (of a defined benefit plan) A curtailment occurs when an entity either:
    (a) is demonstrably committed to make a significant reduction in the number of employees covered by a plan; or
    (b) amends the terms of a defined benefit plan so that a significant element of future service by current employees will no longer qualify for benefits, or will qualify only for reduced benefits. 		IAS 19
date of transition to IFRSs The beginning of the earliest period for which an entity presents full comparative information under IFRSs in its first IFRS financial statements. IFRS 1
deductible temporary differences Temporary differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled. IAS 12
deemed cost An amount used as a surrogate for cost or depreciated cost at a given date. Subsequent depreciation or amortisation assumes that the entity had initially recognised the asset or liability at the given date and that its cost was equal to the deemed cost. IFRS 1
deferred tax assets The amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of:
    (a) deductible temporary differences;
    (b) the carryforward of unused tax losses; and
    (c) the carryforward of unused tax credits.		 IAS 12
deferred tax liabilities The amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences. IAS 12
defined benefit liability The net total of the following amounts:
    (a) the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period;
    (b) plus any actuarial gains (less any actuarial losses) not recognised;
    (c) minus any past service cost not yet recognised;
    (d) minus the fair value at the end of the reporting period of plan assets (if any) out of which the obligations are to be settled directly. 		IAS 19
defined benefit obligation (present value of) The present value, without deducting any plan assets, of expected future payments required to settle the obligation resulting from employee service in the current and prior periods.
defined benefit plans Post-employment benefit plans other than defined contribution plans. IAS 19
defined benefit plans Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be paid as retirement benefits are determined by reference to a formula usually based on employees' earnings and/or years of service. IAS 26
defined contribution plans Post-employment benefit plans under which an entity pays fixed contributions into a separate entity (a fund) and will have no legal or constructive obligation to pay further contributions if the fund does not hold sufficient assets to pay all employee benefits relating to employee service in the current and prior periods. IAS 19
defined contribution plans Retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be paid as retirement benefits are determined by contributions to a fund together with investment earnings thereon. IAS 26
demonstrably committed An entity is demonstrably committed to pay termination benefits when, and only when, an entity has a detailed formal plan for the termination and is without realistic possibility of withdrawal. The detailed plan shall include, as a minimum:
    (a) the location, function, and approximate number of employees whose services are to be terminated;
    (b) the termination benefits for each job classification or function; and
    (c) the time at which the plan will be implemented. Implementation shall begin as soon as possible and the period of time to complete implementation shall be such that material changes to the plan are not likely. 		IAS 19
deposit component A contractual component that is not accounted for as a derivative under IFRS 9 and would be within the scope of IFRS 9 if it were a separate instrument. IFRS 4
depreciable amount The cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost (in the financial statements), less its residual value. IAS 16
depreciation (amortisation) The systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its useful life. IAS 16
IAS 36
derecognition (of a financial instrument) The removal of a previously recognised financial asset or financial liability from an entity's statement of financial position. IFRS 9
derivative A financial instrument or other contract within the scope of IFRS 9 all three of the following characteristics:
    (a)Its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to the contract (sometimes called the ‘underlying').
    (b)It requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors.
    (c) It is settled at a future date. 		IFRS 9
derivative financial instruments Financial instruments such as financial options, futures and forwards, interest rate swaps and currency swaps, which create rights and obligations that have the effect of transferring between the parties to the instrument one or more of the financial risks inherent in an underlying primary financial instrument. On inception, derivative financial instruments give one party a contractual right to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another party under conditions that are potentially favourable, or a contractual obligation to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another party under conditions that are potentially unfavourable. However, they generally do not result in a transfer of the underlying primary financial instrument on inception of the contract, nor does such a transfer necessarily take place on maturity of the contract. Some instruments embody both a right and an obligation to make an exchange. Because the terms of the exchange are determined on inception of the derivative instrument, as prices in financial markets change those terms may become either favourable or unfavourable. IAS 32
development The application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production or use. IAS 38
diluted earnings per share Profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity holders of the parent entity (the numerator), divided by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period (the denominator), both adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential ordinary
shares.		 IAS 33
dilution A reduction in earnings per share or an increase in loss per share resulting from the assumption that convertible instruments are converted, that options or warrants are exercised, or that ordinary shares are issued upon the satisfaction of specified conditions. IAS 33
dilutive potential ordinary shares Potential ordinary shares whose conversion to ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share or increase loss per share from continuing operations. IAS 33
direct insurance contract An insurance contract that is not a reinsurance contract. IFRS 4
direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities A method whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross cash payments are disclosed. IAS 7
discontinued operation A component of an entity that either has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale
and:
    (a) represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations,
    (b) is part of a single co-ordinated plan to dispose of a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations or
    (c) is a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale.		 IFRS 5
discretionary participation feature A contractual right to receive, as a supplement to guaranteed benefits, additional
benefits:
    (a) that are likely to be a significant portion of the total contractual benefits;
    (b) whose amount or timing is contractually at the discretion of the issuer; and
    (c) that are contractually based on:
        (i)the performance of a specified pool of contracts or a specified type of contract;
        (ii) realised and/or unrealised investment returns on a specified pool of assets held by the issuer; or
        (iii) the profit or loss of the company, fund or other entity that issues the contract. 		IFRS 4
disposal group A group of assets to be disposed of, by sale or otherwise, together as a group in a single transaction, and liabilities directly associated with those assets that will be transferred in the transaction. The group includes goodwill acquired in a business combination if the group is a cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated in accordance with the requirements of IAS 36 or if it is an operation within such a cash-generating unit. IFRS 5
dividends Distributions of profits to holders of equity investments in proportion to their holdings of a particular class of capital. IAS 18
economic life Either:
    (a) the period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users; or
    (b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users. 		IAS 17
effective interest method A method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial asset or a financial liability (or group of financial assets or financial liabilities) and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. IAS 39
effective interest rate The rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, an entity shall estimate cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example, prepayment, call and similar options) but shall not consider future credit losses. The calculation includes all fees and points paid or received between parties to the contract that are an integral part of the effective interest rate (see IAS 18), transaction costs, and all other premiums or discounts. There is a presumption that the cash flows and the expected life of a group of similar financial instruments can be estimated reliably. IAS 39
However, in those rare cases when it is not possible to estimate reliably the cash flows or the expected life of a financial instrument (or group of financial instruments), the entity shall use the contractual cash flows over the full contractual term of the financial instrument (or group of financial instruments).
embedded derivative A component of a hybrid contract that also includes a non-derivative host contract – with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined contract vary in a way similar to a stand-alone derivative. An embedded derivative causes some or all of the cash flows that otherwise would be required by the contract to be modified according to a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable, provided in the case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to the contract. A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has a different counterparty, is not an embedded derivative, but a separate financial instrument. IFRS 9
employee benefits All forms of consideration given by an entity in exchange for service rendered by employees. IAS 19
employees and others providing similar services Individuals who render personal services to the entity and either (a) the individuals are regarded as employees for legal or tax purposes, (b) the individuals work for the entity under its direction in the same way as individuals who are regarded as employees for legal or tax purposes, or (c) the services rendered are similar to those rendered by employees. For example, the term encompasses all management personnel, ie those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the entity, including non-executive directors. IFRS 2
entity-specific value The present value of the cash flows an entity expects to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life or expects to incur when settling a liability. IAS 16
IAS 38
equity The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liabilities.
equity instrument A contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. IAS 32
IFRS 2
equity instrument granted The right (conditional or unconditional) to an equity instrument of the entity conferred by the entity on another party, under a share-based payment arrangement. IFRS 2
equity interests In IFRS 3, is used broadly to mean ownership interests of investor-owned entities and owner, member or participant interests of mutual entities. IFRS 3
equity method A method of accounting whereby the investment is initially recognised at cost and adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in the investor's share of net assets of the investee. The profit or loss of the investor includes the investor's share of the profit or loss of the investee. IAS 28
equity-settled share-based payment transaction A share-based payment transaction in which the entity
    (a) receives goods or services as consideration for its own equity instruments (including shares or share options), or
    (b) receives goods or services buy has no obligation to settle the transaction with the supplier. 		IFRS 2
events after the reporting period Those events, favourable and unfavourable, that occur between the end of the reporting period and the date when the financial statements are authorised for issue. Two types of events can be identified:
    (a) those that provide evidence of conditions that existed at the end of the reporting period (adjusting events after the reporting period); and
    (b) those that are indicative of conditions that arose after the reporting period (non-adjusting events after the reporting period). 		IAS 10
exchange difference The difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates. IAS 21
exchange rate The ratio of exchange for two currencies. IAS 21
expenses Decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to equity participants.
experience adjustments The effects of differences between previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred. IAS 19
exploration and evaluation assets Exploration and evaluation expenditures recognised as assets in accordance with the entity's accounting policy. IFRS 6
exploration and evaluation expenditures Expenditures incurred by an entity in connection with the exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources before the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable. IFRS 6
exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources The search for mineral resources, including minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources after the entity has obtained legal rights to explore in a specific area, as well as the determination of the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting the mineral resource. IFRS 6
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. IAS 2
IAS 17
IAS 18
IAS 21
IAS 32
IAS 41
IFRS 1
IFRS 3
IFRS 5
IFRS 9
fair value The amount for which an asset could be exchanged, a liability settled, or an equity instrument granted could be exchanged, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. IFRS 2
fair value less costs to sell The amount obtainable from the sale of an asset or cash-generating unit in an arm's length transaction between knowledgeable, willing parties, less the costs of disposal. IAS 36
faithful representation To be a perfectly faithful representation, a depiction would have three characteristics. It would be complete, neutral and free from error.
FIFO (first-in, first-out) The assumption that the items of inventory that were purchased or produced first are sold first, and consequently the items remaining in inventory at the end of the period are those most recently purchased or produced. IAS 2
finance lease A lease that transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset. Title may or may not eventually be transferred. IAS 17
financial asset Any asset that is:
    (a) cash;
    (b) an equity instrument of another entity;
    (c) a contractual right:
        (i) to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; or
        (ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially favourable to the entity; or
    (d) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity's own equity instruments and is:
        (i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to receive a variable number of the entity's own equity instruments; or
        (ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity's own equity instruments. For this purpose the entity's own equity instruments do not include puttable financial instruments classified as equity instruments in accordance with IAS 32, instruments that impose on the entity an obligation to deliver to another party a pro rata share of the net assets of the entity only on liquidation and are classified as equity instruments in accordance with IAS 32, or instruments that are contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity's own equity instruments. 		IAS 32
financial asset or financial liability held for trading A financial asset or financial liability that:
    (a) is acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term;
    (b) on initial recognition is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking; or
    (c) is a derivative (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument). 		IFRS 9
financial guarantee contract A contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. IFRS 4
IFRS 9
financial instrument Any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. IAS 32
financial liability Any liability that is:
    (a) a contractual obligation:
        (i) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or
        (ii) to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entity; or
    (b) a contract that will or may be settled in the entity's own equity instruments and is:
        (i) a non-derivative for which the entity is or may be obliged to deliver a variable number of the entity's own equity instruments; or
        (ii) a derivative that will or may be settled other than by the exchange of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of the entity's own equity instruments. For this purpose, rights, options or warrants to acquire a fixed number of the entity's own equity instruments for a fixed amount of any currency are equity instruments if the entity offers the rights, options or warrants pro rata to all of its existing owners of the same class of its own non-derivative equity instruments.
Also, for these purposes the entity's own equity instruments do not include puttable financial instruments that are classified as equity instruments in accordance with paragraphs 16A and 16B of IAS 32, instruments that impose on the entity an obligation to deliver to another party a pro rata share of the net assets of the entity only on liquidation and are classified as equity instruments in accordance with IAS 32, or instruments that are contracts for the future receipt or delivery of the entity's own equity instruments.
As an exception, an instrument that meets the definition of a financial liability is classified as an equity instrument if it has all the features and meets the conditions of IAS 32.		 IAS 32
financial liability at fair value through profit or loss A financial liability that meets either of the following conditions.
    (a) It meets the definition of held for trading.
    (b) Upon initial recognition it is designated by the entity as at fair value through profit or loss. An entity may use this designation only when permitted by IFRS 9 (re: embedded derivatives) or when doing so results in more relevant information, because either
        (i) it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency (sometimes referred to as ‘an accounting mismatch') that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities or recognising the gains and losses on them on different bases; or
        (ii)a group of financial liabilities or financial assets and financial liabilities is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with a documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the group is provided internally on that basis to the entity's key management personnel (as defined in IAS 24). 		IFRS 9
financial position The relationship of the assets, liabilities and equity of an entity, as reported in the balance sheet [statement of financial position]. IAS 1
financial risk The risk of a possible future change in one or more of a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index or other variable, provided in the case of a non-financial variable that the variable is not specific to a party to the contract. IFRS 4
financial statements A complete set of financial statements comprises:
    (a) a statement of financial position as at the end of the period;
    (b) a statement of comprehensive income for the period;
    (c) a statement of changes in equity for the period;
    (d) a statement of cash flows for the period;
    (e) notes, comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information; and
    (f) a statement of financial position as at the beginning of the earliest comparative period when an entity applies an accounting policy retrospectively or makes a retrospective restatement of items in its financial statements, or when it reclassifies items in its financial statements. 		IAS 1
financing activities Activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity. IAS 7
firm commitment A binding agreement for the exchange of a specified quantity of resources at a specified price on a specified future date or dates. IAS 39
firm purchase commitment An agreement with an unrelated party, binding on both parties and usually legally enforceable, that
(a) specifies all significant terms, including the price and timing of the transactions, and
(b) includes a disincentive for non-performance that is sufficiently large to make performance highly probable.		 IFRS 5
first IFRS financial statements The first annual financial statements in which an entity adopts International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs), by an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRSs. IFRS 1
first IFRS reporting period The latest reporting period covered by an entity's first IFRS financial statements. IFRS 1
first-time adopter An entity that presents its first IFRS financial statements. IFRS 1
fixed price contract A construction contract in which the contractor agrees to a fixed contract price, or a fixed rate per unit of output, which in some cases is subject to cost escalation clauses. IAS 11
fixed production overheads Those indirect costs of production that remain relatively constant regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and equipment, and the cost of factory management and administration. IAS 2
forecast transaction An uncommitted but anticipated future transaction. IAS 39
foreign currency A currency other than the functional currency of the entity. IAS 21
foreign currency transaction A transaction that is denominated in or requires settlement in a foreign currency. IAS 21
foreign operation An entity that is a subsidiary, associate, joint venture or branch of the reporting entity, the activities of which are based or conducted in a country or currency other than those of the reporting entity. IAS 21
forgivable loans Loans which the lender undertakes to waive repayment of under certain prescribed conditions. IAS 20
forward-looking information Information about the future. It includes information about the future (for example, information about prospects and plans) that may later be presented as historical information (i.e. results). It is subjective and its preparation requires the exercise of professional judgement.
functional currency The currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. IAS 21
funding (of post-employment benefits) Contributions by an entity, and sometimes its employees, into an entity, or fund, that is legally separate from the reporting entity and from which the employee benefits are paid. IAS 19
funding (of retirement benefits) The transfer of assets to an entity (the fund) separate from the employer's entity to meet future obligations for the payment of retirement benefits. IAS 26
future economic benefit The potential to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the flow of cash and cash equivalents to the entity. The potential may be a productive one that is part of the operating activities of the entity. It may also take the form of convertibility into cash or cash equivalents or a capability to reduce cash outflows, such as when an alternative manufacturing process lowers the costs of production.
gains Increases in economic benefits and as such no different in nature from revenue.
general purpose financial statements Financial statements that are intended to meet the needs of users who are not in a position to require an entity to prepare reports tailored to their particular information needs. IAS 1
going concern The financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis unless management either intends to liquidate the entity or to cease trading, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. IAS 1
goodwill An asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognised. IFRS 3
government Government, government agencies and
similar bodies whether local, national or international.		 IAS 20
IAS 24
government assistance Action by government designed to provide an economic benefit specific to an entity or range of entities qualifying under certain criteria. IAS 20
government grants Assistance by government in the form of transfers of resources to an entity in return for past or future compliance with certain conditions relating to the operating activities of the entity. They exclude those forms of government assistance which cannot reasonably have a value placed upon them and transactions with government which cannot be distinguished from the normal trading transactions of the entity. IAS 20
government-related entity An entity that is controlled, jointly controlled or significantly influenced by a government. IAS 24
grant date The date at which the entity and another party (including an employee) agree to a share-based payment arrangement, being when the entity and the counterparty have a shared understanding of the terms and conditions of the arrangement. At grant date the entity confers on the counterparty the right to cash, other assets, or equity instruments of the entity, provided the specified vesting conditions, if any, are met. If that agreement is subject to an approval process (for example, by shareholders), grant date is the date when that approval is obtained. IFRS 2
grants related to assets Government grants whose primary condition is that an entity qualifying for them should purchase, construct or otherwise acquire long-term assets. Subsidiary conditions may also be attached restricting the type or location of the assets or the periods during which they are to be acquired or held. IAS 20
grants related to income Government grants other than those related to assets. IAS 20
gross investment in the lease The aggregate of:
    (a) the minimum lease payments receivable by the lessor under a finance lease, and
    (b) any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor.		 IAS 17
group A parent and all its subsidiaries. IAS 21
IAS 27
group administration (employee benefit) plans An aggregation of single employer plans combined to allow participating employers to pool their assets for investment purposes and reduce investment management and administration costs, but the claims of different employers are segregated for the sole benefit of their own employees. IAS 19
group of biological assets An aggregation of similar living animals or plants. IAS 41
guaranteed benefits Payments or other benefits to which a particular policyholder or investor has an unconditional right that is not subject to the contractual discretion of the issuer. IFRS 4
guaranteed element An obligation to pay guaranteed benefits, included in a contract that contains a discretionary participation feature. IFRS 4
guaranteed residual value     (a)For a lessee, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being the maximum amount that could, in any event, become payable); and
    (b) for a lessor, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee. 		IAS 17
harvest The detachment of produce from a biological asset or the cessation of a biological asset's life processes. IAS 42
hedge effectiveness The degree to which changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item that are attributable to a hedged risk are offset by changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument. IAS 39
hedged item An asset, liability, firm commitment, highly probable forecast transaction or net investment in a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to risk of changes in fair value or future cash flows and (b) is designated as being hedged. IAS 39
hedging instrument A designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates only) a designated non-derivative financial asset or non-derivative financial liability whose fair value or cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair value or cash flows of a designated hedged item. IAS 39
held for trading See ‘financial asset or financial liability held for trading'. IFRS 9
highly probable Significantly more likely than probable. IFRS 5
hire purchase contract The definition of a lease includes contracts for the hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are sometimes known as hire purchase contracts. IAS 17
historical cost A measurement basis according to which assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds received in exchange for the obligation, or in some circumstances (for example, income taxes), at the amounts of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business.
hyperinflation Loss of purchasing power of money at such a rate that comparison of amounts from transactions and other events that have occurred at different times, even within the same accounting period, is misleading.
Hyperinflation is indicated by characteristics of the economic environment of a country which include, but are not limited to, the following:
    (a) the general population prefers to keep its wealth in non-monetary assets or in a relatively stable foreign currency. Amounts of local currency held are immediately invested to maintain purchasing power.
    (b)the general population regards monetary amounts not in terms of the local currency but in terms of a relatively stable foreign currency. Prices may be quoted in that currency.
    (c) sales and purchases on credit take place at prices that compensate for the expected loss of purchasing power during the credit period, even if the period is short.
    (d) interest rates, wages and prices are linked to a price index.
    (e) the cumulative inflation rate over three years is approaching, or exceeds, 100%. 		IAS 29
identifiable An asset is identifiable if it either:
    (a)is separable, i.e. capable of being separated or divided from the entity and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either individually or together with a related contract, identifiable asset or liability, regardless of whether the entity intends to do so; or 		IFRS 3
    (b)arises from contractual or other legal rights, regardless of whether those rights are transferable or separable from the entity or from other rights and obligations.
impairment loss The amount by which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. IAS 16
IAS 38
impracticable Applying a requirement is impracticable when the entity cannot apply it after making every reasonable effort to do so. IAS 1
imputed rate of interest The more clearly determinable of either:
    (a) the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of an issuer with a similar credit rating; or
    (b)a rate of interest that discounts the
nominal amount of the instrument to the current cash sales price of the goods or services. 		IAS 18
inception of a lease The earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. IAS 17
income Increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants.
incremental borrowing rate of interest (lessee's) The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset. IAS 17
indirect method of reporting cash flows from operating activities A method whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments, and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows. IAS 17
initial direct costs Incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors. IAS 17
insurance asset An insurer's net contractual rights under an insurance contract. IFRS 4
insurance contract A contract under which one party (the insurer) accepts significant insurance risk from another party (the policyholder) by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event) adversely affects the policyholder. IFRS 4
insurance liability An insurer's net contractual obligations under an insurance contract. IFRS 4
insurance risk Risk, other than financial risk, transferred from the holder of a contract to the issuer. IFRS 4
insured event An uncertain future event that is covered by an insurance contract and creates insurance risk. IFRS 4
insurer The party that has an obligation under an insurance contract to compensate a policyholder if an insured event occurs. IFRS 4
intangible asset An identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. IAS 38
IFRS 3
interest cost (for an employee benefit plan) The increase during a period in the present value of a defined benefit obligation which arises because the benefits are one period closer to settlement. IAS 19
interest rate implicit in the lease The discount rate that, at the inception of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of (a) the minimum lease payments and (b) the unguaranteed residual value to be equal to the sum of (i) the fair value of the leased asset and (ii) any initial direct costs of the lessor. IAS 17
interest rate risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. IFRS 7
interim financial report A financial report containing either a complete set of financial statements (as described in IAS 1) or a set of condensed financial statements for an interim period. IAS 34
interim period A financial reporting period shorter than a full financial year. IAS 34
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) Standards and Interpretations issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. They comprise:
    (a) International Financial Reporting Standards;
    (b) International Accounting Standards;
    (c) IFRIC Interpretations; and
    (d) SIC Interpretations.		 IAS 1
IAS 8
intrinsic value The difference between the fair value of the shares to which the counterparty has the (conditional or unconditional) right to subscribe or which it has the right to receive, and the price (if any) the counterparty is (or will be) required to pay for those shares. IFRS 2
inventories Assets:
    (a) held for sale in the ordinary course of business;
    (b) in the process of production for such sale; or
    (c) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in the rendering of services.
    Inventories encompass goods purchased and held for resale including, for example, merchandise purchased by a retailer and held for resale, or land and other property held for resale. Inventories also encompass finished goods produced, or work in progress being produced, by the entity and include materials and supplies awaiting use in the production process. In the case of a service provider, inventories include the costs of the service, for which the entity has not yet recognised the related revenue (see IAS 18).		 IAS 2
investing activities The acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents. IAS 7
investment property Property (land or a building – or part of a building – or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for:
    (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or
    (b) sale in the ordinary course of business.		 IAS 40
investor in a joint venture A party to a joint venture that does not have joint control over that joint venture. IAS 31
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity. IAS 24
joint control The contractually agreed sharing of control over an economic activity; it exists only when the strategic financial and operating decisions relating to the activity require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control (the venturers). IAS 28
IAS 31
joint venture A contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties undertake an economic activity that is subject to joint control. IAS 31
jointly controlled entity A joint venture that involves the establishment of a corporation, partnership or other entity
in which each venturer has an interest.
The entity operates in the same way as
other entities, except that a contractual arrangement between the venturers establishes joint control over the economic activity of the entity. 		IAS 31
key management personnel Those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the entity, directly or indirectly, including any director (whether executive or otherwise) of that entity. IAS 24
lease An agreement whereby the lessor conveys to the lessee in return for a payment or series of payments the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time. IAS 17
lease term The non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to lease the asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continue to lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option. IAS 17
legal obligation An obligation that derives from:
    (a) a contract (through its explicit or implicit terms);
    (b) legislation; or
    (c) other operation of law.		 IAS 37
lessee's incremental borrowing rate of interest The rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset. IAS 17
liability A present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the
entity of resources embodying economic benefits.		 IAS 37
liability adequacy test An assessment of whether the carrying amount of an insurance liability needs to be increased (or the carrying amount of related deferred acquisition costs or related intangible assets decreased), based on a review of future cash flows. IFRS 4
liquidity risk The risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in meeting obligations associated with financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. IFRS 7
loans payable Financial liabilities other than short-term trade payables on normal credit terms. IFRS 7
losses Decreases in economic benefits and as such no different in nature from other expenses.
management commentary A narrative report that relates to financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with IFRSs. Management commentary provides users with historical explanations of the amounts presented in the financial statements, specifically the entity's financial position, financial performance and cash flows. It also provides commentary on an entity's prospects and other information not presented in the financial statements. Management commentary also serves as a basis for understanding management's objectives and its strategies for achieving those objectives.
market condition A condition upon which the exercise price, vesting or exercisability of an equity
instrument depends that is related to the market price of the entity's equity instruments, such as attaining a specified share price or a specified amount of intrinsic value of a share option, or achieving a specified target that is based on the market price of the entity's
equity instruments relative to an index of market prices of equity instruments of other entities.		 IFRS 2
market risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices. Market risk comprises three types of risk: currency risk, interest rate risk and other price risk. IFRS 7
master netting arrangement An arrangement providing for an entity that undertakes a number of financial instrument transactions with a single counterparty to make a single net settlement of all financial instruments covered by the agreement in the event of default on, or termination of, any one contract. IAS 32
matching of costs with revenues A process in which expenses are recognised in the income statement [statement of comprehensive income] on the basis of a direct association between the costs incurred and the earning of specific items of income. This process involves the simultaneous or combined recognition of revenues and expenses that result directly and jointly from the same transactions or other events. However, the application of the matching concept does not allow the recognition of items in the balance sheet [statement of financial position] which do not meet the definition of assets or liabilities.
material Omissions or misstatements of items are material if they could, individually or collectively, influence the economic decisions that users make on the basis of the financial statements. Materiality depends on the size and nature of the omission or misstatement judged in the surrounding circumstances. The size or nature of the item, or a combination of both, could be the determining factor. IAS 1
IAS 8
materiality Information is material if omitting it or misstating it could influence decisions that users make on the basis of financial information about a specific reporting entity.
measurement The process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of the financial statements are to be recognised and carried in the balance sheet [statement of financial position] and income statement [statement of comprehensive income].
measurement date The date at which the fair value of the equity instruments granted is measured for the purposes of IFRS 2. For transactions with employees and others providing similar services, the measurement date is grant date. For transactions with parties other than employees (and those providing similar services), the measurement date is the date the entity obtains the goods or the counterparty renders service. IFRS 2
minimum lease payments The payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor, together with:
    (a) for a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee; or
    (b) for a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by:
        (i) the lessee;
        (ii) a party related to the lessee; or
        (iii) a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee. 		IAS 17
minority interest See ‘non-controlling interest'.
monetary assets Money held and assets to be received in fixed or determinable amounts of money. IAS 38
monetary items Units of currency held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in a fixed or determinable number of units of currency. IAS 21
monetary items Money held and items to be received or paid in money. IAS 29
multi-employer (benefit) plans Defined contribution plans (other than state plans) or defined benefit plans (other than state plans) that:
    (a)pool the assets contributed by various entities that are not under common control; and
    (b) use those assets to provide benefits to employees of more than one entity, on the basis that contribution and benefit levels are determined without regard to the identity of the entity that employs the employees concerned. 		IAS 19
mutual entity An entity, other than an investor-owned entity, that provides dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits directly to its owners, members or participants. For example, a mutual insurance company, a credit union and a co-operative entity are all mutual entities. IFRS 3
net assets available for benefits The assets of a plan less liabilities other than the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits. IAS 26
net investment in a foreign operation The amount of the reporting entity's interest in the net assets of that operation. IAS 21
net investment in the lease The gross investment in the lease discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease. IAS 17
net realisable value The estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. Net realisable value refers to the net amount that an entity expects to realise from the sale of inventory in the ordinary course of business. Fair value reflects the amount for which the same inventory could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing buyers and sellers in the marketplace. The former is an entity-specific value; the latter is not. Net realisable value for inventories may not equal fair value less costs to sell. IAS 2
neutrality Freedom from bias in the selection or presentation of financial information.
non-adjusting events after the reporting period See ‘events after the reporting period'.
non-cancellable lease A lease that is cancellable only:
    (a) upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;
    (b) with the permission of the lessor;
    (c) if the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or
    (d) upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain. 		IAS 17
non-controlling interest The equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent. IAS 27
IFRS 3
non-current asset An asset that does not meet the definition of a current asset. IFRS 5
normal capacity of production facilities The production expected to be achieved on average over a number of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance. IAS 2
notes Notes contain information in addition to that presented in the statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, separate income statement (if presented), statement of changes in equity and statement of cash flows. Notes provide narrative descriptions or disaggregations of items presented in those statements and information about items that do not qualify for recognition in those statements. IAS 1
obligating event An event that creates a legal or constructive obligation that results in an entity having
no realistic alternative to settling that obligation.		 IAS 37
obligation A duty or responsibility to act or perform in a certain way. Obligations may be legally enforceable as a consequence of a binding contract or statutory requirement. Obligations also arise, however, from normal business practice, custom and a desire to maintain good business relations or act in an equitable manner.
offsetting See ‘set-off, legal right of'.
onerous contract A contract in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. IAS 37
opening IFRS statement of financial position An entity's statement of financial position at the date of transition to IFRSs. IFRS 1
operating activities The principal revenue-producing activities of an entity and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. IAS 7
operating cycle The time between the acquisition of assets for processing and their realisation in cash or cash equivalents. IAS 1
operating lease A lease other than a finance lease. IAS 17
operating segment An operating segment is a component of an entity:
    (a) that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenues and incur expenses (including revenues and expenses relating to transactions with other components of the same entity),
     (b)whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the entity's chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and
    (c) for which discrete financial information is available.		 IFRS 8
options, warrants and their equivalents Financial instruments that give the holder the right to purchase ordinary shares. IAS 33
ordinary equity holders Holders of ordinary shares. IAS 33
ordinary share An equity instrument that is subordinate to all other classes of equity instruments. IAS 33
other comprehensive income Items of income and expense (including reclassification adjustments) that are not recognised in profit or loss as required or permitted by other IFRSs. IAS 1
other long-term employee benefits Employee benefits (other than post-employment benefits and termination benefits) that are not due to be settled within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. IAS 19
other price risk The risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer, or factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. IFRS 7
owner-occupied property Property held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) for use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes. IAS 40
owners Holders of instruments classified as equity. IAS 1
owners In IFRS 3 owners is used broadly to include holders of equity interests of investor-owned entities and owners or members of, or participants in, mutual entities. IFRS 3
parent An entity that has one or more subsidiaries. IAS 27
participants The members of a retirement benefit plan and others who are entitled to benefits under the plan. IAS 26
past due A financial asset is past due when a counterparty has failed to make a payment when contractually due. IFRS 7
past service cost The change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods, resulting in the current period from the introduction of, or changes to, post-employment benefits or other long-term employee benefits. Past service cost may be either positive (when benefits are introduced or changed so that the present value of the defined benefit obligation increases) or negative (when existing benefits are changed so that the present value of the defined benefit obligation decreases). IAS 19
percentage of completion method The recognition of revenue and expenses by reference to the stage of completion of a contract. Under this method contract revenue is matched with the contract costs incurred in reaching the stage of completion, resulting in the reporting of revenue, expenses and profit which can be attributed to the proportion of work completed. IAS 11
performance The relationship of the income and expenses of an entity, as reported in the income statement [statement of comprehensive income].
plan assets (of an employee benefit plan)     (a)assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund; and
    (b) qualifying insurance policies.		 IAS 19
policyholder A party that has a right to compensation under an insurance contract if an insured event occurs. IFRS 4
post-employment benefits Employee benefits (other than termination benefits) which are payable after the completion of employment. IAS 19
post-employment benefit plans Formal or informal arrangements under which an entity provides post-employment benefits for one or more employees. IAS 19
potential ordinary share A financial instrument or other contract that may entitle its holder to ordinary shares. IAS 33
presentation currency The currency in which the financial statements are presented. IAS 21
present value A current estimate of the present discounted value of the future net cash flows in the normal course of business.
present value of a defined benefit obligation See ‘defined benefit obligation (present
value of)'.		 IAS 19
previous GAAP The basis of accounting that a first-time adopter used immediately before adopting IFRSs. IFRS 1
primary financial instruments Financial instruments, such as receivables, payables and equity securities, that are not derivative financial instruments. IAS 32
prior period errors Omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity's financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:
    (a) was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and
    (b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements.
Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.		 IAS 8
probable More likely than not. IFRS 5
profit The residual amount that remains after expenses (including capital maintenance adjustments, where appropriate) have been deducted from income. Any amount over and above that required to maintain the capital at the beginning of the period is profit.
profit or loss The total of income less expenses, excluding the components of other comprehensive income. IAS 1
progress As used in management commentary, reflects how the entity has grown or changed in the current year, as well as how it expects to grow or change in the future.
projected unit credit method An actuarial valuation method that sees each period of service as giving rise to an additional unit of benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build up the final obligation (sometimes known as the accrued benefit method pro-rated on service or as the benefit/years of service method). IAS 19
property, plant and equipment Tangible items that: IAS 16
    (a)are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
    (b) are expected to be used during more than one period.
proportionate consolidation A method of accounting and reporting whereby a venturer's share of each of the assets, liabilities, income and expenses of a jointly controlled entity is combined line by line with similar items in the venturer's financial statements or reported as separate line items in the venturer's financial statements. IAS 31
prospective application Prospective application of a change in accounting policy and of recognising the effect of a change in an accounting estimate, respectively, are:
    (a) applying the new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions occurring after the date as at which the policy is changed; and
    (b) recognising the effect of the change in the accounting estimate in the current and future periods affected by the change. 		IAS 8
provision A liability of uncertain timing or amount. IAS 37
put options (on ordinary shares) Contracts that give the holder the right to sell ordinary shares at a specified price for a given period. IAS 33
puttable instrument A financial instrument that gives the holder the right to put the instrument back to the issuer for cash or another financial asset or is automatically put back to the issuer on the occurrence of an uncertain future event or the death or retirement of the instrument holder. IAS 32
qualifying asset An asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. IAS 23
qualifying insurance policy An insurance policy issued by an insurer that is not a related party (as defined in IAS 24) of the reporting entity, if the proceeds of the policy:
    (a) can be used only to pay or fund employee benefits under a defined benefit plan;
    (b)are not available to the reporting entity's own creditors (even in bankruptcy) and cannot be paid to the reporting entity, unless either: 		IAS 19
(i)the proceeds represent surplus assets that are not needed for the policy to meet all the related employee benefit obligations; or
        (ii) the proceeds are returned to the reporting entity to reimburse it for employee benefits already paid.
realisable value The amount of cash or cash equivalents that could currently be obtained by selling an asset in an orderly disposal.
reclassification adjustments Amounts reclassified to profit or loss in the current period that were recognised in other comprehensive income in the current or previous periods. IAS 1
reclassification date The first day of the first reporting period following the change in business model that results in an entity reclassifying financial assets. IFRS 9
recognition The process of incorporating in the balance sheet [statement of financial position] or income statement [statement of comprehensive income] an item that meets the definition of an element and satisfies the following criteria for recognition:
    (a) it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item will flow to or from the entity; and
    (b) the item has a cost or value that can be measured with reliability.
recoverable amount The higher of an asset's (or cash-generating unit's) fair value less costs to sell and its value in use. IAS 16
IAS 36
IFRS 5
regular way purchase or sale A purchase or sale of a financial asset under a contract whose terms require delivery of the asset within the time frame established generally by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned. IFRS 9
reinsurance assets A cedant's net contractual rights under a reinsurance contract. IFRS 4
reinsurance contract An insurance contract issued by one insurer (the reinsurer) to compensate another insurer (the cedant) for losses on one or more contracts issued by the cedant. IFRS 4
reinsurer The party that has an obligation under a reinsurance contract to compensate a cedant if an insured event occurs. IFRS 4
related party A person or entity that is related to the entity that is preparing its financial statements (in IAS 24 referred to as the ‘reporting entity').
    (a) a person or a close member of that person's family is related to a reporting entity if that person:
        (i) has control or joint control over the reporting entity;
        (ii) has significant influence over the reporting entity; or
        (iii) is a member of the key management personnel of the reporting entity or of a parent of the reporting entity.
    (b) an entity is related to a reporting entity if any of the following conditions applies:
        (i) The entity and the reporting entity are members of the same group (which means that each parent, subsidiary and fellow subsidiary is related to the others).
        (ii) One entity is an associate or joint venture of the other entity (or an associate or joint venture of a member of a group of which the other entity is a member).
        (iii) Both entities are joint ventures of the same third party.
        (iv) One entity is a joint venture of a third entity and the other entity is an associate of the third entity.
        (v)The entity is a post-employment benefit plan for the benefit of employees of either the reporting entity or an entity related to the reporting entity. If the reporting entity is itself such a plan, the sponsoring employers are also related to the reporting entity.
        (vi)The entity is controlled or jointly controlled by a person identified in (a).
        (vii)A person identified in (a)(i) has significant influence over the entity or is a member of the key management personnel of the entity (or of a parent of the entity). 		IAS 24
related party transaction A transfer of resources, services or obligations between a reporting entity and a related party, regardless of whether a price is charged. IAS 24
relevance Relevant financial information is capable of making a difference in the decisions made by users. Financial information is capable of making a difference in a decision if it has predictive value, confirmatory value or both.
reliable Information is reliable when it is complete, neutral and free from error.
reload feature A feature that provides for an automatic grant of additional share options whenever the option holder exercises previously granted options using the entity's shares, rather than cash, to satisfy the exercise price. IFRS 2
reload option A new share option granted when a share is used to satisfy the exercise price of a previous share option. IFRS 2
reportable segment An operating segment for which IFRS 8 requires information to be disclosed. IFRS 8
research Original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding. IAS 38
residual value (of an asset) The estimated amount that an entity would currently obtain from disposal of an asset,
after deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life. 		IAS 16
restructuring A programme that is planned and controlled by management, and materially changes either:
    (a) the scope of a business undertaken by an entity; or
    (b) the manner in which that business is conducted.		 IAS 37
retirement benefit plans Arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits for its employees on or after termination of service (either in the form of an annual income or as a lump sum) when such benefits, or the employer's contributions towards them, can be determined or estimated in advance of retirement from the provisions of a document or from the entity's practices. (See also ‘post-employment benefit plans'.) IAS 26
retrospective application Applying a new accounting policy to transactions, other events and conditions as if that policy had always been applied. IAS 8
retrospective restatement Correcting the recognition, measurement and disclosure of amounts of elements of financial statements as if a prior period error had never occurred. IAS 8
return on plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) Interest, dividends and other revenue derived from the plan assets, together with realised and unrealised gains or losses on the plan assets, less any costs of administering the plan (other than those included in the actuarial assumptions used to measure the defined benefit obligation) and less any tax payable by the plan itself. IAS 19
revalued amount of an asset The fair value of an asset at the date of a revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses. IAS 16
revenue The gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants. IAS 18
rewards associated with a leased asset Rewards may be represented by the expectation of profitable operation over the asset's economic life and of gain from appreciation in value or realisation of a residual value. IAS 17
risks associated with a leased asset Risks include possibilities of losses from idle capacity or technological obsolescence and of variations in return because of changing economic conditions. IAS 17
sale and leaseback transaction The sale of an asset and the leasing back of the same asset. The lease payment and the sale price are usually interdependent because they are negotiated as a package. IAS 17
separate financial statements Those presented by a parent, an investor in an associate or a venturer in a jointly controlled entity, in which the investments are accounted for on the basis of the direct equity interest rather than on the basis of the reported results and net assets of the investees. IAS 27
IAS 28
IAS 31
set-off, legal right of A debtor's legal right, by contract or otherwise, to settle or otherwise eliminate all or a portion of an amount due to a creditor by applying against that amount an amount due from the creditor. IAS 32
settlement (of employee benefit obligations) A transaction that eliminates all further legal or constructive obligation for part or all of the benefits provided under a defined benefit plan, for example, when a lump-sum cash payment is made to, or on behalf of, plan participants in exchange for their rights to receive specified post-employment benefits. IAS 19
settlement date The date that a financial asset is delivered to or by an entity. IFRS 9
settlement value The undiscounted amounts of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liabilities in the normal course of business.
share-based payment arrangement An agreement between the entity or another group entity or any shareholder of the group entity and another party (including an employee) that entitles the other party to receive:
    (a) cash or other assets of the entity for amounts that are based on the price (or value) of equity instruments (including shares or share options) of the entity or another group entity, or
    (b) equity instruments (including shares or share options) of the entity or another group entity, provided the specified vesting conditions, if any, are met.		 IFRS 2
share-based payment transaction A transaction in which the entity:
    (a) receives goods or services from the supplier of those goods or services (including an employee) in a share-based payment arrangement, or
    (b) incurs an obligation to settle the transaction with the supplier in a share-based payment arrangement when another group entity receives those goods or services. 		IFRS 2
share option A contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to subscribe to the entity's shares at a fixed or determinable price for a specific period of time. IFRS 2
short seller An entity that sells financial assets that it has borrowed and does not yet own. IFRS 9
short-term employee benefits Employee benefits (other than termination benefits) that are due to be settled within twelve months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service. IAS 19
significant influence The power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of an entity, but not control over those policies. Significant influence may be gained by share ownership, statute or agreement. IAS 24
spot exchange rate The exchange rate for immediate delivery. IAS 21
state (employee benefit) plan Employee benefit plans established by legislation to cover all entities (or all entities in a particular category, for example a specific industry) and operated by national or local government or by another body (for example an autonomous agency created specifically for this purpose) which is not subject to control or influence by the reporting entity. IAS 19
subsidiary An entity, including an unincorporated entity such as a partnership, that is controlled by another entity (known as the parent). IAS 27
IAS 28
tax base of an asset or liability The amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. IAS 12
tax expense (tax income) The aggregate amount included in the determination of profit or loss for the period in respect of current tax and deferred tax. Tax expense (tax income) comprises current tax expense (current tax income) and deferred tax expense (deferred tax income). IAS 12
taxable profit (tax loss) The profit (loss) for a period, determined in accordance with the rules established by the taxation authorities, upon which income taxes are payable (recoverable). IAS 12
taxable temporary differences Temporary differences that will result in
taxable amounts in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.		 IAS 12
temporary differences Differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax base. Temporary differences may be either:
    (a) taxable temporary differences; or
    (b) deductible temporary differences.		 IAS 12
termination benefits Employee benefits payable as a result of either:
    (a) an entity's decision to terminate an employee's employment before the normal retirement date; or
    (b) an employee's decision to accept voluntary redundancy in exchange for those benefits. IAS 19
timeliness Means having information available to decision-makers in time to be capable of influencing their decisions.
total comprehensive income The change in equity during a period resulting from transactions and other events, other than those changes resulting from transactions with owners in their capacity as owners. IAS 1
trade date The date that an entity commits itself to purchase or sell an asset. IFRS 9
transaction costs (financial instruments) Incremental costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, issue or disposal of a financial asset or financial liability. An incremental cost is one that would not have been incurred if the entity had not acquired, issued or disposed of the financial instrument. IAS 39
transitional liability (defined benefit plans) For an entity on first adopting IAS 19:
    (a) the present value of the obligation at the date of adoption;
    (b) minus the fair value, at the date of adoption, of plan assets (if any) out of which the obligations are to be settled directly;
    (c) minus any past service cost that shall be recognised in later periods. 		IAS 19
treasury shares An entity's own equity instruments, held by the entity or other members of the consolidated group. IAS 32
unbundle Account for the components of a contract as if they were separate contracts. IFRS 4
understandability Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely makes it understandable. Financial reports are
prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information diligently.
unearned finance income The difference between:
    (a) the gross investment in the lease, and
    (b) the net investment in the lease.		 IAS 17
unguaranteed residual value That portion of the residual value of the leased asset, the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor. IAS 17
useful life The estimated remaining period, from the commencement of the lease term, without limitation by the lease term, over which
the economic benefits embodied in the
asset are expected to be consumed by the entity.		 IAS 17
useful life Either:
    (a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or
    (b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by the entity. 		IAS 16
IAS 36
IAS 38
value in use The present value of estimated future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its
useful life.		 IFRS 5
value in use The present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from an asset or cash-generating unit. IAS 36
variable production overheads Those indirect costs of production that vary directly, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour. IAS 2
venturer A party to a joint venture that has joint control over that joint venture. IAS 31
verifiability Verifiability means that different knowledgeable and independent observers could reach consensus, although not necessarily complete agreement, that a particular depiction is a faithful representation.
vest To become an entitlement. Under a share-based payment arrangement, a counterparty's right to receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of the entity vests when the counterparty's entitlement is no longer conditional on the satisfaction of any vesting conditions. IFRS 2
vested benefits Benefits, the rights to which, under the conditions of a retirement benefit plan, are not conditional on continued employment. IAS 26
vested employee benefits Employee benefits that are not conditional on future employment. IAS 19
vesting conditions The conditions that determine whether the entity receives the services that entitle the counterparty to receive cash, other assets or equity instruments of the entity, under a share-based payment arrangement. Vesting conditions are either service conditions or performance conditions. Service conditions require the counterparty to complete a specified period of service. Performance conditions require the counterparty to complete a specified period of service and specified performance targets to be met (such as a specified increase in the entity's profit over a specified period of time). A performance condition might include a market condition. IFRS 2
vesting period The period during which all the specified vesting conditions of a share-based payment arrangement are to be satisfied. IFRS 2
warrant A financial instrument that gives the holder the right to purchase ordinary shares. IAS 33
weighted average cost formula Under this formula, the cost of each item is determined from the weighted average of the cost of similar items at the beginning of a period and the cost of similar items purchased or produced during the period. The average may be calculated on a periodic basis, or as each additional shipment is received, depending upon the circumstances of the entity. IAS 2
weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period The number of ordinary shares outstanding at the beginning of the period, adjusted by the number of ordinary shares bought back or issued during the period multiplied by a time-weighting factor. IAS 33
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