Index

Abbe number (dispersive power), 56–7

Active matrix LCDs (AMLCDs), 184

‘Active pixel sensor’ (APS), 148

Adaptation and eye, 18–19

Additive method of colour reproduction, 5

Adobe:

Lightroom, 213

Photoshop software, 128–9, 178, 233

RGB (1998) files, 390

sRGB files, 390

Adobe digital negative files see DNG files

Aerial photography:

approach and organization, 361–2

equipment and techniques, 362–3

purposes, 361

survey (3D), 333

ultraviolet, 316

AF see autofocus

Agents and photography, 426

Agitation and film processing, 278

Aliasing and moiré, 160–1

Alpha channels, 204–5

AMLCDs see active matrix LCDs

Analogue-to-digital converter, 37

Anti-aliasing filters, 35, 152

‘Anti-Newton rings’, 76

APS see ‘active pixel sensor’

Architecture photography:

approach and organization, 351–3

equipment and techniques, 353–4

purposes, 351

skills, 412

Archiving:

data storage and migration, 390–1

digital prints, 386–7

digital storage, 387

introduction, 370

permanence and storage, 383

silver halide-based media, 383–4

storage media, 387–90

summary, 392

Art markets for professional photography, 403–4

Audio-visual (AV) presentations, 382

Autofocus (AF), 81

Automatic processing of film:

continuous strand, 284–5

dip-and-dunk, 283

minilabs, hybrid systems and dry minilabs, 285–6

roller transport machines, 283

AV see audio-visual

Back-illuminated sensor technology, 159–60

Barn doors (lighting control), 101–2

Barrier filters, 312

Bayer:

colour filter array, 34, 151, 161

pattern, 150, 156, 158–9

Bayer, B.E., 150

Bilinear interpolation, 34

Binary digit system, 198–9

Biological decay and archiving, 384

Bit depth (colour depth):

digital images, 201–2

scanners, 179–80

Black body radiator, 6

Black and white:

colour prints from negatives, 304–5

infrared film, 267–8

negatives, 273

prints, 275

slide film, 266

Blooming and clipping (image sensors), 161–2

Book-keeping and professional photography, 416–17

Bridge cameras, 39

Broadband (ADSL), 25

Bubble jet technology and printers, 191

Built studio sets photography:

approach and organization, 357

equipment and techniques, 355–6

purposes, 358

‘Burst mode’ and mosaic panoramas, 350

Camera, panoramic, 326

Camera and Imaging Products Association (CIPA), 154

Cameras:

accessories, 48–9

analogue and digital, 37–8

bridge, 39

choice, 48

design, 25–6

equipment, 24

failures avoidance, 50–2

film SLR, 42

imaging process, 30–1

instant picture (Polaroid) adaptors, 49

large-format view, 45–6

medium-format, 42–3

film, 43–4

mobile phone, 38

optical adaptors, 48

point and shoot, 38–39

programming and data backs, 49–50

resolution, 68–9

semi-professional DSLR, 41

small-format, 39–41

special view backs, 50

triggers, 48–9

weddings, 346

wide-angle, 326–7

see also digital cameras; single lens reflex cameras

Candle fame, 7

Cathode ray tube (CRT) display, 170, 183–6, 225–6, 374, 382

CC see colour-compensating

CCDs see charge-coupled devices

CFA see colour filter array

Charge-coupled devices (CCDs):

aerial photography, 363

back-illuminated sensor technology, 159

blooming and clipping, 161

camera history, 24

colour and image sensors, 150

contrast and exposure, 93–96

converting photons to charge, 144

digital cameras, 30

film/transparency (transmission) scanners, 176

fisheye lenses, 74

Imacon Flextight scanners, 176–8

image sensors, 32, 143–4, 146–8

infrared photography with digital cameras, 312

inputs, 173

large-format cameras, 47

lenses image sharpness, 82

purchase, 70

live MOS sensors, 160

medium-format digital cameras, 45

microlenses, 151–2

night skies photography, 364

pixels, 33

scanners and resolution, 178

single-frame panoramic photography, 325

‘type’ designation, 154–5

Charging for jobs: day rate calculations, 419–20

description, 417

invoicing/chasing payment, 420–1

Chemical solutions and film processing, 278–9

Chromacity diagrams, 14–15

Chromogenic (dye image) monochrome negatives, 274

CIE see Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage

CIELAB, 204, 225–6

CIEXYZ colorimetry, 226–8

CIPA see Camera and Imaging Products Association

CIS see contact image sensors (CIS)

Clinical photography, 405

Close-up lenses, 79–80

CMOS see complementary metal-oxide semiconductor

CMYK inks, 21, 193, 374

Colour:

aliasing (moiré), 151

balance, 335

balance and film, 262–3

CDs, 17

classification, 14

diffraction, 17

digital cameras, 24

digital image, 224–5

duplicating film, 265–6

flatigue, 19

forms, 16–17

gamut description, 226–7

displays, 184–5

printers, 195

image display, 381–2

image sensors, 150–1

individual vision, 20

infrared film, 267–8

lighting control, 96–7, 97–8

metamerism, 20

negatives, 274

printing, 291–4

prints from black and white negatives, 304–5

psychology, 20–1

reproduction, 5–6

seeing, 17

separation, 373–4

slides, 275–7

slides and transparencies, 273–4

space, 16, 214

summary, 22

temperature description, 6–8

films, 9–10

light sources, 9

lighting control, 96–7

measurement, 11–12

meters, 97

Colour filter array (CFA), 34, 150–1, 156

‘Colour filter interpolation’, 151

Colour-compensating (CC) filters, 12, 98, 292

Commercial/industrial markets for professional photography, 399–400

Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE), 9, 14, 15, 204

Commissioned work:

confirmation, 422–3

contracts, 422

initial bookings, 422

job sheets, 421–2

model release, 423, 426

sending work to client, 423–7

terms and conditions, 423, 424–5

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS):

aerial photography, 363

back-illuminated technology, 159–60

contrast and exposure, 92, 94

digital cameras, 30

Foveon sensor, 144

image sensors, 32, 143–4, 148–9

infrared photography with digital cameras, 312

infrared rays, 2

inputs, 173

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (Continued)

live MOS sensors, 160

medium-format digital cameras, 45

microlenses, 151–2

Computer games (3D) photography, 332

Computer workstations, 170–3

Contact image sensors (CIS), 175

Continuous strand film processors, 284–5

Contrast and lighting control, 92–6

Control strips for film processing, 287

Converter attachments for lenses, 80–1

Copyright and professional photography, 427–8

Correlated colour temperature, 8

Crossed-eye firee-vision fusion viewing (3D), 332

Curves (film), 259–61

Cylindric panoramas, 328

Dark current non-uniformity (DCNU), 163

Dark current shot noise, 165

Dark fading, 384

Data storage and migration, 390–1

DCNU see dark current non-uniformity Defective pixels, 166

Demosaicing, 33–5, 151, 209–10

Depth of field (DOF), 83

Derived digital imagery, 363

Digital cameras:

‘burst mode’, 350

CCDs ‘type’ designation, 154–5

colour capture and demosaicing, 34–5

colours, 23

compact, 38–9

still, 31, 56, 69, 144

DSLR 35mm system and lenses, 83–4

CMOS sensors, 149

dust, 143, 160, 166

exposure, 216

fisheye lenses, 73–4

flashguns, 111

focal length, 29–30

full-frame arrays, 147

landscapes, 343

lenses, 72

liquid crystal display, 312

metering, 93

natural history, 359

night skies photography, 364

pixels, 33, 154

professional, 41–2

semi-professional, 41

sports photography, 341

weddings, 347

zoom lenses, 71–2

history, 25–6

illumination, 10

images processing, 30–1, 36–7

sensors, 32–3

infrared photography, 312–13

large-format view, 45–8

medium-format, 44–5, 347

optical components, 35–6

pixels, 30, 31, 32–4

resolution, 32–3

shutter lag, 342–3

silver halide, 52

anti-aliasing filters, 153

CMOS sensors, 149

converting photons to charge, 144

lenses, 56–7

sensor size and pixel specification, 154

summary, 53–4

system controllers, 31

Digital image:

bit depth, 201–2

capture colour space, 214

exposure, 216–17

file format, 215

formatting the card, 213

ISO speed, 215

resolution, 213

tethered shooting, 213

white balance, 214–15

colour colour spaces, 225–6

concepts, 228

description, 224–5

gamuts, 226–7

ICC, 227–8

management systems, 227

Photoshop, 230, 231–3

profiles, 228–9, 230–1

compression artefacts, 219

description, 216–17

lossless, 217–18

description, 198–9

eight-bit v. 16-bit workflow, 203–4

file format, 220–2

file size, 202–3

layers and alpha channel, 204–5

management/manipulation, 198

modes, 204

processing description, 233–4

image adjustment, 234–5

layers, 234

restoration, 235

processing workflow brightness/contrast, 237–8

cropping, rotation and distortion, 236

curves, 239–40

description, 235–6

filters, 240–3

image resizing, 236

interpolation, 236–7

levels, 238–9

tone/colour corrections, 237, 240–1

quantization, 199–200

sampling, 199

software, 206–7

summary, 244–5

workflow capture for output, 207–8, 209

description, 204

RAW capture, 209–12

standards, 213

Digital imaging systems:

colour inks, 191–2

computer workstations, 170–3

displays artefacts, 188

calibration, 188–9

colour gamut, 187–8

colour temperature, 186

screen resolution, 187

tone reproduction, 188–9

viewing conditions, 188

image processing, 172–3

inputs, 173–4

organic light-emitting diode, 186

outputting (displays) CRTs, 183–4

LCDs, 184–5

OLEDs, 186

plasma screens, 186

printers colour inks, 191–2

dye sublimation, 193

inkjet, 190–1

inkjet paper, 192

light-jet and pictrography, 192–3

scanners, 174–8

summary, 196

tone control bit depth, 122

exposure, 121–2

image manipulation, 122

printing stage, 123

quadrant diagram, 123

Digital negative see DNG

Digital prints and archiving, 386–7

Digital rights and professional photography, 428

Digital sensor sizes v. film formats comparison, 28

Digital signal processor (DSP), 31

Digital single lens reflex (DSLR) see digital cameras, DSLR

Digital still cameras see digital cameras, still

Digital storage and archiving, 387

Dip-and-dunk processors for film, 283–4

‘Direct noon sunlight’ colour, 8

Dispersive power (Abbe number), 56–7

Dithering and printers, 194

DNG Files, 211, 222, 224, 390

Dodging and burning-in (film), 299

DOF see depth of field

Drum:

processors for film, 281–2

scanners, 174–5

DSCs see digital cameras, still

DSP see digital signal processor (DSP)

Ducos du Hauron, Luis, 4

Duotone reproduction, 375

Duplicate slides/transparencies, 305–6

Dust and DSLR cameras, 143, 160, 166

Dye-based inks, 192

Dyes:

fading and archiving, 384

sublimation printers, 190

Edge sharpness, 256–9

Editorial illustration, 402–3

Editorial/advertising markets for professional photography, 402–3

Eight-bit v. 16-bit workflow (digital image), 203–4

Electromagnetic spectrum, 1–2

Electromagnetic waves, 1

Electronic analysers for film, 303

Emulsion lift, 334

Encapsulated postscript see EPS

EPS files, 223

Exmoor-R sensors, 160

Exposure:

digital image, 215–16

digital imaging systems, 121–2

lighting control, 92–6

Eye adaptation, 18–19

Fashion markets for professional photography, 400

FF see full-frame

File format properties, 223

File transfer protocol (FTP), 381

Film:

black and white infrared, 267–8

black and white slide, 266

colour balance, 262–3

duplicating, 265–6

infrared, 267–8

temperature, 9–10

colour printing batches, 301

description, 291–2

exposure time, 301

negative/positive, 296–7, 299

positive/positive, 297–8

reciprocity failure, 301–2

subtractive filter (‘white light’) enlarger heads, 292–4

colour/exposure analysis electronic analysers, 303

self-correcting systems, 303–4

video aids, 304

viewing filters, 302–3

curves, 259–61

design, 247–9

edge sharpness, 256–9

exposure latitude, 250–1

grain, 253–6

history, 247

image dye stability, 252–3

quality, 249

instant pictures, 265

lith/orthochromatic, 266–7

modulation transfer function, 257–8

Polaroid, 265

print materials, 294–6

prints, 252

processing agitation, 278

automatic, 282–3

black and white, 273, 275

chemical solutions, 278–9

Film (Continued)

chromogenic (dye image) monochrome negatives, 274

colour, 274, 304–5

control, 287, 289

control strips, 287

cost, 286

cross-processing, 274–5

drum, 281–2

duplicate slides/transparencies, 305

installation, 286

pattern of workload, 286

physical handling, 278

prints/display negatives from colour slides/ films, 275–6

processes, 272

reading results, 288–91

replenishment, 279–80

summary, 307–8

tank/tank lines, 280–1

temperature, 277

timing, 277–8

trays, 280

troubleshooting, 286–7

product coding, 264–5

reciprocity failure, 263–4

ring-around, 299–301

shading and printing-in, 299

silver recovery, 291

slides/display transparencies, 251–2

SLR cameras, 42

spectral sensitivity, 261–2

speed, 31, 36–7, 40, 50, 93, 130, 248, 249–50, 264

summary, 270–1

temperature tolerance, 250–1

Film/transparency (transmission) scanners, 176

Filters: anti-aliasing, 35, 153

architecture photography, 354

barrier, 312

colour-compensating, 12, 98, 292

digital image, 241–2, 243

infrared, 2, 35, 311–12

mired ratings, 12–13

neutral-density, 354

noise removal, 243

RGB, 374

sharpening, 243

ultraviolet (UV) photography, 317–18

UV-transmitting, 318

Fisheye lenses, 28, 73–4

Fixed pattern noise (FPN), 163–4, 166

Flag (lighting control), 103

Flashguns:

lighting control, 111–13

wedding photography, 347

Flatbed scanners:

CCD sensor technology, 175–6

CIS sensor technology, 176

Flextight scanners see Imacon Flextight scanners

Fluorescence and UV photography, 319–20

Fluorescent brighteners, 387–8

Focal length:

image format, 27–8

wild life, 360

Focusing spot (lighting control), 102

Foveon:

sensor, 144, 155–6

X3 sensor, 156–7

FPN see fixed pattern noise

Frame transfer (FT) array, 146

Free-vision fusion viewing (3D), 332

Freelance photographers, 412–13

Front-side illumination (FSI), 159

FSI see front-side illumination

FT see frame transfer

FTP see file transfer protocol

Full-frame (FF) arrays, 147, 151

Gamma rays, 2

GIF files, 224, 381

Grain in films, 253–6

Graphics interchange format see GIF

Gravure (intaglio), 370–71

Ground sample distance (GSD), 363

GSD see ground sample distance

Halftone printing, 371–2

‘Halftones’, 372–3

‘Hand-made’ image processes:

emulsion lift, 334

image transfer, 334–35

liquid emulsion, 333–334

summary, 336–37

High dynamic range imaging:

Adobe Photoshop CS5, 128–9

tone control, 127

Highlights, 88, 89, 90

HLI see hydrargyrum (mercury) medium-pressure iodide

Honeycombs (lighting control), 102

Human visual system, 4

Hydrargyrum (mercury) medium-pressure iodide (HMI) arc lights, 97

ICC see International Colour Consortium

llumination and digital cameras, 10

Imacon Flextight scanners, 173, 176–7

Image format:

circle of acceptable definition, 27

circle of illumination, 27

field angle of view, 27

focal length, 28

point spread function, 27

vignetting, 27

Image Permanence Institute (IPI), 384

Image sensors:

aliasing and moiré, 160–1

alternative technologies, 155–6

anti-aliasing filters, 152–5

array architectures, 146

back-illuminated sensor technology, 159–60

blooming and clipping, 161–2

CCD sensors, 146–7

colour, 150–1

converting photons to charge, 144–6

Foveon X3 sensor, 156–7

infrared cut off filters, 152–5

introduction, 143–4

Kodak Truesense high sensitivity sensor, 158

live MOS, 160

microlenses, 151–2

noise, 162–5

optically black pixels, 149

size and pixels, 154–5

summary, 167–8

super CCD sensor, 157–8

Images:

display and colour, 381–2

internet, 378–80

sharpness and lenses, 82

Infrared (IR):

cut off filters, 152–3

filters, 2, 35

photography digital cameras, 312–13

filters, 311–12

focusing and exposure, 314

properties, 309–10

sources, 311–12

summary, 337

traditional techniques, 314

rays, 2

Inkjet printers, 190–1

Instant pictures:

film, 265

Polaroid adaptors, 49

Insurance and professional photography, 416–17

International Colour Consortium (ICC), 213, 228–9

Interpolated resolution, 32, 178

Inverse square law, 92

IPI see Image Permanence Institute

IR see infrared rays

Ishihara, S., 20

ISO:

9660 (recording on CD media), 389

12233 (resolution test), 69, 161

13346 (Universal Disk Format), 389

environmental recommendations for storage, 390

film speed, contrast, 93

data backs, 50

film design, 248

image capture, 215

image sensors, 31

image processing, 36–7

noise, 365

product coding, 264

small-format cameras, 40

sport and action photography, 341

wedding photography, 347

storage of photographic media, 385

IT arrays, 146–7

Japan Camera Industries Association (JCIA), 154

JCIA see Japan Camera Industries Association

Joint Photographic Experts Group see JPEG

JPEG 2000 files, 209, 217, 219–20, 222, 224

JPEG files, 39, 181, 205, 208–12, 215–16, 219–20, 223–4, 381

Kelvin, 6–7, 11–13

Land, Edwin, 247

Landscape photography:

approach and organization, 348

equipment and techniques, 349–51

purposes, 348

Langford’s Basic Photography:

Adobe Photoshop software, 233

black and white negatives, 273

camera movements, 46

enlargers, 293

exposure measurement, 124

refraction of light in water, 321

storage of photographic materials, 383–4

Large-format view cameras, 47

Layers, 204–5, 235

LB see light-balancing

Lenses:

anti-reflective coatings, 60

close-up, 79–80

converter attachments, 80–1

design/manufacture, 57–60

DSLR cameras, 72, 73, 83–4

fisheye, 28, 74–5

glass, 56–7

image quality DIY tests, 61–3

sharpness, 8–21

image sharpness, 82

macro, 77–9

mirror, 73–4

modulation transfer function, 63–8

purchase, 70–1

SLR cameras, 72

soft-focus, 75–7

summary, 84–5

telephoto, 28

zoom, 71–3

Les Couleurs en Photographie, 4

Letterpress (typographic), 371–2

Light:

fading, 385

primary colours, 4

refraction, 3–4

sources

colour temperature, 9

relative power, 5

Light pollution reduction (LPR), 364

Light-balancing (LB) filters, 12

Lightbank (lighting control), 102

Lighting control:

angle, 91

colour, 97–8, 98–9

colour temperature, 97–8

contrast, 93–4

direction, 91

distribution, 91–2

equipment, 101–2

exposure, 92–3

flashguns, 111–13

guidelines, 99–100

introduction, 87

light sources

Lighting control (Continued)

highlights, 88, 89, 90

lit area, 89

shadows, 87–8

size, 91

location interior lighting, 110–11

mixed lighting, 99

still-life photography, 110

studio portraits, 104–110

summary, 114–15

Line widths per picture height (LW/PH), 69

Liquid crystal display (LCD):

active matrix, 184 colour separation, 373

computer monitor, 172

DSLR cameras, 312

image display, 381–2

image outputting, 183–186

landscape photography, 350

multimedia, 382

non-single-lens reflex digital cameras, 312

product coding, 264

technology, 170

UV reflectance, 319

Liquid emulsion, 333

Lit area, 88, 89, 90

Lith/orthochromatic film, 266–7

Lithography, 371

Lithography (planographic), 371–2

Live MOS image sensors, 160

Location interior lighting:

monolights, 111

room lights matching exposure, 111

matching flash, 111

Lossless compression, 218–19

Lossy compression, 219–220

LPR see light pollution reduction

LW/PH see line widths per picture height

Macro lenses, 77–9

underwater photography, 323–4

Marketing and professional photography, 428–32

Mechanical decay, 384

Medium-format cameras:

digital, 44–5

film, 43–4

properties, 42–3

Medium-format digital cameras, 347

Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS), 144

Metamerism and colour, 20

Minerals and UV photography, 319–20

Minilabs, hybrid systems and dry minilabs for film processing, 285–6

Mired ratings, 12–13

Mirror lenses, 73–4

Mixed lighting and lighting control, 98–9

Mobile phone cameras, 38

Model release, 423, 426

Modulation transfer function (MTF), 33, 63–8, 69

film, 257–9

Moiré patterns, 374

Monolights, 101, 111

MOS see metal-oxide semiconductor

Motion 3-D (wiggle stereoscopy) viewing, 332

MTF see modulation transfer function

Multimedia, 382–3

Multiple-frame panoramic photography, 327–29

Munsell, A.M., 14

Munsell Book of Colour, 14, 16

Natural history photography:

approach and organization, 358–9

equipment and techniques, 359–61

purposes, 358

Negative/positive colour printing, 296–7, 299

Neutral-density filters, 354

Newton, Isaac, 2

Night skies photography:

approach and organization, 364

equipment and techniques, 364–6

purposes, 364

Nikonos waterproof camera, 323

Noise and image sensors:

description, 162–3

fixed pattern, 163

reduction, 165

size, 165

temporal, 164–5

Noise removal filters, 243

Non-single-lens reflex digital cameras, 312

‘Observations of nature’, 4

OLED see organic light-emitting diode

Open-loop systems, 209

Opponent colour theory, 1, 4

Optical adaptors, 48

Optical disk storage, 389

Optically black pixels, 149

Organic light-emitting diode (OLED), 186

Panoramic photography:

cameras, 326

cylindric, 328

description, 324

equipment, 325

multiple-frame, 327–29

single-frame, 325–27

summary, 337

Paper and archiving, 387

Parallel-eye firee-vision fusion viewing (3D), 332

Partnerships, 415–16

PDF files, 224

Personal digital assistants (PDAs), 149

Photo-journalism/documentary:

approach and organization, 343

equipment and techniques, 343–4

purposes, 343

Photo-journalists, 412–13

Photographs and visual sense, 395–6

Photography courses:

United Kingdom, 389

United States, 389–90

Photogravure, 371

Photolithography (offset lithography), 371

Photoshop, software, 178

Photoshop and colour, 230, 231–3

Photosites, 143, 157

Physical handling and film processing, 278

PIACCD see pixel interleaved array CCD

Picture libraries, 378

Piezoelectric technology and printers, 191

Pigment-based inks, 192

Pixel interleaved array CCD (PIACCD), 157

Pixels:

bit depth, 201

defective, 166

digital cameras, 31

eight-bit v. 16-bit workflow, 204

encoding, 199

file size, 202

halftone printing, 372

interpolation, 178

panoramic cameras, 326

quantization, 200

resolution and frequency response, 68

sensor size, 154

Planckian radiator, 6–7

PNG files, 217, 222, 223, 381

Point and shoot cameras, 38

Point spread function (PSF), 27, 33

Point-and-shoot cameras, 39

Polaroid film, 265

Portable Network Graphics see PNG Portrait photography:

approach and organization, 344–5

equipment and techniques, 345–6

purposes, 344

professional, 401

Positive/positive colour printing, 297–8

Power pack (lighting control), 101

Precision measurement of exposure and tone control, 124–6

Press Association Awards, 431

Primary colours of light, 3

Printers:

properties colour gamut, 194–5

dithering, 194

drivers, 195

resolution, 193

viewing conditions, 195

Product coding of film, 264–5

Professional DSLR cameras, 41–2

Professional photography:

book-keeping, 416–17

business

ancillary roles, 407

design image specialists, 407

manager/organizer, 406

photographer, 406–7

technicians, 407

business practice charging for jobs, 418–21

commissioned work, 421–2

digital rights, 428

fireelance photographer, 412–13

insurance, 417–18

management skills, 415–16

marketing, 428–32

staff photographer, 414–15

starting out, 409–10

summary, 432

working as an assistant, 410–12

copyright, 427–8

description, 397–8

markets art, 403–4

commercial/industrial, 399–400

editorial/advertising, 402–3

flashion, 400

portraits/weddings, 401

press photography/documentary, 401–2

technical and scientific, 405–6

summary, 408, 432

turning professional, 398–9

Projects:

archiving, 393

camera equipment, 55

colour in photography, 23

digital image, 246

digital imaging systems, 197

film, 271

film processing, 308

image sensors, 169

lenses, 85

lighting control, 115

liquid emulsion, 338

panoramas, 338

reproduction, 394

stereo (3D) photography, 338

subjects, 369

tone control, 140

underwater photography, 337

PSD files, 223

PSF see point spread function Psychology and colour, 20–1

Publishing on websites, 380–1

Quantization of digital images, 199–200

Quick Time VR software, 328

RAW files:

colour capture and demosaicing, 35

colour and colour temperature, 97

compression, 218

data storage and migration, 390

image, adjustments, 234

capture, 209–12

workflow, 205

multiple-frame panoramas, 327

night skies photography, 364

point-and-shoot cameras, 38

properties, 222

underwater photography, 320

white balance, 215

Read noise, 164–5

Reciprocity failure:

colour printing, 301–2

film, 263–4

Refectance UV photography, 316–17

Refective UV photography, 316

Reflectors (lighting control), 101

Refraction of light, 2

Refractive index (RI), 56–7, 60

Relative humidity (RH) and archiving, 384–5

Remote surgery (3D) photography, 332

Reproduction:

introduction, 370

printed page colour separation, 373–5

duotone, 375

halftone, 371–3

methods, 370–1

summary, 392

supplying photographs, 376–8

Reset noise, 164

Resolution: cameras, 68–9

digital image, 213

pixels, 68

printers, 193

scanners, 178–9

Resolving power, 33

RGB filters, 374

RH see relative humidity

RI see refractive index

Ring-around for film, 299–301

Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), 384

Roller transport machines for film processing, 283

Royal Photographic Society, UK, 398

Sampling of digital image, 199

Scanners:

copyright, 183

drum, 174–5

film/transparency (transmission), 176

films and prints, 182–3

finished reflectance, 175

flatbed CCD sensor technology, 175–6

CIS sensor technology, 176

Imacon Flextight, 173, 176–7

properties bit depth, 179–80

dynamic range, 178

resolution, 178–9

speed, 180

set up driver features for automatic corrections, 181–2

drivers, 181

image transfer, 180–1

Scrim (lighting control), 102

Seeing and colour, 17

Self-correcting systems for film, 303–4

Semi-professional DSLR cameras, 41

Shading and printing-in (film), 299

Shadows, 87–8, 88–9, 90

Sharpening, filters, 243

Shot noise, 164

Shutter lag and digital cameras, 342–3

Shutter speed and nature photography, 360

Signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, 164

Silver halide systems:

media and archiving, 383–4

tone control, 119–21

Silver recovery and film processing, 291

Single lens reflex (SLR) cameras:

aerial photography, 363

failure avoidance, 52

flashguns, 111

landscapes, 348

medium-format, 44

metering, 93

optical adaptors, 48

small-format, 39–40

weddings, 346

Single-frame panoramic photography, 325–8

Six-colour reproduction printing, 374

Slides:colour, 275–7

films, 251–2

SLR see Single lens reflex

Small-format cameras, 39–41

Snoot (lighting control), 102

SNR see signal-to-noise

Soap bubbles and colour, 17

Soft box (lighting control), 102

Soft-focus lenses, 75–7

Software for digital images, 206–7

Sole proprietorships, 415

Sole traders, 415

Spatial frequency response (SPR), 69

Special view camera backs, 50

Spectral power distribution curves, 5, 7–8

Speed, film, 249–50

Sport and action photography:

approach and organization, 340

equipment and techniques, 340–3

purposes, 340

SPR see spatial frequency response Staff photographers, 414–15

Stereo (3D) photography:

applications, 332

description, 253

equipment and techniques, 330–1

summary, 338

viewing, 331–2

Stieglitz, Alfired, 371

Still-life photography and lighting, 110

Storage media and archiving, 387–90

Studio portraiture and lighting:

darkening backgrounds with flash, 107–9

foreground/background balance, 105–7

front fill light, 106

introduction, 116

setting up camera and lights, 106

slow-duration flash heads, 107–9

Studio still lifes (inanimate objects) photography:

approach and organization, 357–8

equipment and techniques, 358

purposes, 356–7

Subjects:

aerial photography, 361–3

architecture photography, 351–5

built studio sets photography, 355–6

introduction, 339–40

landscape photography, 348–51

natural history photography, 358–61

night skies photography, 364–5

photo-journalism/documentary, 343–4

portrait photography, 345

sport and action photography, 340–3

summary, 367–8

wedding photography, 346–8

Subtractive filter (‘white light’) enlarger heads, 292–4

Subtractive method of colour reproduction, 5–6

Super CCD:

high resolution sensors, 158

sensors, 157–8

super dynamic range sensors, 158

Supplying photographs for reproduction:

analogue form, 377–8

digital form, 376

Tagged image File Format see TIFF

Technical and scientific markets for professional photography, 405–6

Telephoto lenses, 28

Temperature:

archiving, 384

film processing, 277

see also colour temperature

Temporal noise:

dark current shot, 165

read, 164–5

reset, 164

shot, 164

Terms and conditions, 423, 424–5

Tests for Colour Blindness, 20

TFTs see thin film transistors

Thermal imaging, 405

Thin film transistors (TFTs), 184

Through-the-lens (TTL) exposure metering, 30, 40, 72, 79, 125, 365

TIFF Files, 209–10, 216, 217, 223, 390

Timing and film processing, 277–8

TLR see twin-lens reflex

Tone and bit depth, 201

Tone control:

after film processing black and white negatives, 137, 138

colour slides and transparencies, 137

methods, 136–7

slides and transparencies, 138–9

digital imaging systems, 121–4, 136

during enlargement, 139

high dynamic range imaging, 127–8

introduction, 116

practical influences, 116–19

precision measurement of exposure, 124–6

silver halide systems, 119–21

summary, 140–1

zone system of exposure and development, 129–33

Trichromatic matching, 224

Triggers for cameras, 48–9

Tripods and wedding photography, 347

TTL see through the lens

TWAIN driver, 181

Twin-lens reflex (TLR) cameras, 44, 46

Typography, 370

Ultraviolet (UV):

brighteners, 387–8 rays, 2

transmitting filters, 318

Ultraviolet (UV) photography:

aerial, 316

applications, 315–16

filters, 317–18

fluorescence, 319–20

minerals, 319–20

properties, 315–16

reflectance, 318–19

reflective, 316

sources, 317–18

summary, 336

types, 314–15

Umbrellas (lighting control), 102

Underwater photography:

description, 320–1

equipment, 321–24

summary, 336

techniques, 321

United Kingdom (UK):

companies, 416

photography courses, 389

Royal Photographic Society, 398

United States (US):

corporation, 416

photography courses, 389

sole proprietorships, 415

Universal Disk Format (UDF), 389

UV see ultraviolet

Viewing filters for film, 302–3

Visual sense and photographs, 395–7

Websites and publishing, 380–1

Wedding photography:

approach and organization, 346

equipment and techniques, 347

purposes, 346

Weddings and professional photography, 401

White balance, 31, 215

White point and colour temperature, 186

Wide-angle cameras, 326–7

‘Writing of light’ (photo-graphy), 247

X-rays, 2

Young, Thomas, 4

Young–Helmholtz trichromatic theory, 1

Zone system of exposure and development:

digital photography, 136

limitations, 135–6

metering, 134

personalized development time, 131

personalized film speed, 131

printing conditions, 132–3

uses, 133–4

zones, 129–30

Zoom lenses, 71–3