Index
Numerics
16CIF, 137
4CIF, 137
A
AAL
AAL 2, 161
AAL5, 159
Absorption layer, 194
Access Unit Layer, 159, 162, 164
Access Units, 159
Achromatic light, 76
Acoustic analysis, 39
Acoustic signals, 22
Acoustics
doubling effect, 24
frequency masking, 26
Haas effect, 25
masking effect, 26
Adaptation dynamics, 72
Adaptation Layer, 161
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 187
Adaptive DPCM, 119
Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation, 40
ADC, 27
Adobe
Type1 format, 49
Aliasing, 165
Allophones, 34
Amplitude, 26
scaling, 150
Analog-to-digital converter, 27
control, 98
conventional, 95
Annotation, 209
Apple Macintosh Picture Format, 55
AQUIRE, 56
Area, 178
Arithmetic coding, 116
ASAS, 98
ASCII, 8
Aspect ratio, 80
AU layer, 162
Audio
access units, 146
amplitude, 26
quality levels, 145
compact disc, 169
cut, 228
data rate, 175
indicators, 206
samples, 26
segmentation, 207
signal, 107
stream, 146
technology, 21
Audio bit stream, 179
Audio coding, 144
Audio data stream, 179
Audio/Video Support System, 193
Audiovisual objects, 152
Authoring tools, 102
Autocorrelation method, 227
AVO, 155
AVSS, 193
B
Bandpass filters, 212
BBOP system, 99
Bidirectionally predictive-coded
pictures, 142
Binarization, 61
Bit rate
constant, 16
variable, 17
Blanking interval, 92
Block, 181
logical, 181
physical, 181
Block layer, 147
Block matching, 233
Block vectors, 158
BMP, 52
color model, 52
Book A-E, 198
Brightness, 231
signal, 81
BRIM, 48
Burst error, 177
Byte stuffing, 113
C
CAD, 30
model, 30
Camera effects, 206
Camera motion, 206, 215, 216, 218, 219
Camera parameters, 158
Canny operator, 62
CAPTAIN, 8
CAT, 56
Cathode Ray Tube, 79
CATV, 93
CAV, 174
CCD, 46
camera, 46
scanner, 46
CCIR, 90
CCITT, 136
CCV, 57
CCVS signal, 88
CD, 172
CD publishing, 195
CD quality, 107
CD technology, 105
CD track, 175
CD-DA, 109, 144, 170, 176, 177, 181, 186
capacity, 176
audio coding, 189
CD-R, 194
CD-R/W, 204
CD-ROM, 169, 170, 180, 186, 203
CD-ROM mode 1, 182, 185, 186, 192, 193, 203
capacity, 182
data rate, 182
CD-ROM mode 2, 183, 186, 192, 203
capacity, 183
data rate, 183
CD-ROM technologies, 188
CD-ROM/XA, 170, 185, 186, 189, 203
CD-RTOS, 189
CDTV, 193
Census transform, 219
Center clipping, 227
Central projection equation, 46, 74
Cepstrum technique, 227
CEPT, 8
CGA, 86
CGEG, 120
CGM, 55
Channel bit stream, 179
Channel vocoder, 41
Character recognition, 208
Character segementation, 208
Chrominance, 19, 81, 83, 84, 87, 107, 141, 158, 190, 193
difference signal, 137
structural, 208
Classification problem, 229
Clock, 176
Clusters, 230
CLV, 175
CMYK, 50
Coarticulation, 35
Codec, 136
arithmetic, 110, 115, 116, 131, 133
as vector, 118
bi-level, 120
diatomatic, 114
DPCM, 143
efficiency, 154
entropy, 110
hierarchical, 121
in MPEG-4, 156
integrated, 91
interframe, 111
lossy, 110
of P frames, 143
progressive, 132
relative, 117
requirements, 106
shape, 157
statistical, 114
symmetric, 112
table, 118
transformation, 117
with metadata, 165
YUV, 122
channel, 48
coherence vector, 57
crosstalk, 83
depth, 53
encoding, 48
histogram, 57
look-up table, 86, 97, 120, 190
model, 50
perception, 209
subsampling, 140
table, 53
values, 212
Color Graphics Adapter, 86
Color Look-Up Table, 86, 97, 120, 190
Comb filter, 83
Commodore Dynamic Total Vision, 193
Common Intermediate Format, 137
Compact Disc, 172
Bridge Disc, 191
Interactive Ready Format, 190, 191
Read Only Memory Extended Architecture, 170
Recordable, 194
Write Once, 170
Compression
adaptive, 118
asymmetric, 140
fractal, 165
wavelet, 156
Compression techniques
adaptive, 118
Computer graphics, 55
Computer Graphics Metafile, 55
Computer tomography, 73
Computer vision, 57
Computerized Axial Tomography, 56
Connected component analysis, 208
Constant Angular Velocity, 174
Constant Linear Velocity, 175
Content analysis, 229
Continuous-tone approximation, 76
Contraction factor, 166
Contractivity condition, 166
Control byte, 178
Convolution, 60
kernel, 60
mask, 60
Correspondence, 225
Cosine transform, 111
Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code, 178, 180
Cut boundaries, 220
audio, 227
pixel-based, 215
Cuts, 214
D
DAC, 27
Data bit stream, 179
Data compression, 105
constant bit rate, 16
granularity, 20
interrelated, 18
irregular, 17
non-interrelated, 18
strongly regular, 16
variable bit rate, 17
weakly regular, 16
aperiodic, 15
strongly periodic, 15
weakly periodic, 15
DC-coded pictures, 142
DCT, 110, 111, 117, 120, 122, 124, 127, 132, 143, 144, 145, 157, 166, 221
AC-coefficient, 128
coefficients, 215
DC-coefficient, 128
inverse, 128
shape adaptive, 157
zig-zag sequence, 130
Deblocking filter, 139
Decoder, 189
Decryption, 201
Delay
Delay jitter, 14
Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework, 163
Delta function, 73
Depth perception, 81
Descrambling, 201
DFT, 127
DIAL, 98
Diatomic encoding, 114
Differential Pulse Code Modulation, 40, 118
Digital speech processing, 32
Digital TeleVision, 93
Digital Versatile Disc, 198
Digital Video Broadcasting, 87
Digital Video Interactive, 170, 185, 193
Digital-to-analog converter, 27
Digitization, 90
Diphone, 35
Directory tree, 183
Discrete Cosine Transform, 117, 120, 127
Display
controller, 75
Display byte, 178
Dissolve, 206, 214, 218, 219, 220
Distance function, 222
Distance measure, 231
Euclidean, 231
Dithering, 76
matrix, 77
monochrome, 77
DM, 110
Double-layer DVD, 199
Doubling effect, 24
DPCM, 40, 110, 118, 119, 138, 143, 159
DTVB, 93
Dual channel, 146
Guidelines Document, 93
DVB-TXT, 93
DVD, 169
Audio, 198
ROM, 198
standard, 198
Video, 198
DVD technology, 105
DVD-RAM, 204
DXF, 55
Dynamics, 100
E
Echo processes, 30
ECMA standard, 180
Edge
pixel, 218
Editing effects, 206, 214, 220
chromatic scaling, 215
edge extraction, 215
histogram changes, 215
Editing images, 220
EGA, 86
Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation, 176, 180, 201
Eight-to-Fourteen+ Modulation, 201
El Torito Extension, 184
Electronic publishing, 71
Elementary Stream
interface, 162
Encoding
diatomatic, 114
differential, 117
run-length, 53
Encryption systems, 94
End-to-end delay, 13, 150, 151
Enhanced Graphics Adapter, 86
Entropy encoding, 130, 134, 143
EPS, 49
Error
correction code, 112
handling, 177
Euclidean distance, 58
Euler-Lagrange equations, 100
Event, 97
Eye
motion resolution, 81
F
Fade rate, 220
from black, 220
Fade-out, 206, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220
to black, 220
Fan-beam projection, 73
Fast forward, 109
Fast Fourier Transform, 145
Fast onset filter, 229
FDCT, 127
Field of view
angular, 80
File format
logical, 183
Filler bit, 179
Film, 82
Filter
comb, 83
deblocking, 139
notch, 83
First wave-front law, 25
Focal length, 74
Font
scalable, 49
Form 1, 186
Form 2, 186
Formant synthesis, 36
Formant tracking, 111
Forward DCT, 127
Forward error correction, 155
Fourier transform, 73, 117, 226
1D, 73
2D, 73
fast, 117
Fractal, 52
grabber, 46
size, 109
Frequency
bands, 117
domain, 111
masking, 26
transformation, 145
transitions, 226
Full picture, 82
Fundamental frequency, 226, 227, 229
G
G.700, 120
G.721, 120
G.728, 120
GENESYS, 98
GIF, 50
GIF24, 50
GIF87a, 50
GIF89a, 50
Gradient, 61
orientation, 61
Graphic
application model, 54
application program, 54
interactive system, 54
primitives, 54
Graphical Kernel System, 55
attributes, 45
computer-assisted, 55
dynamic, 72
library, 75
meta file format, 55
output, 75
static, 72
storing, 54
synthesis, 55
system, 54
Graphics Interchange Format, 50
Gray-level co-occurrence matrix, 59
Group of pictures
layer, 147
H
H.261, 108, 135, 136, 140, 167, 203, 211
group of blocks, 137
interframe, 138
intraframe, 137
loop filter, 136
macro block, 137
motion vector, 138
quantization, 139
time out, 139
H.263, 105, 108, 136, 167, 211
advanced prediction mode, 138
arithmetic coding, 138
Overlapped Block Motion Compensation, 138
H.263+, 139
H.263L, 139
H.320, 136
Haar transform, 117
Haas effect, 25
Hadamard transform, 117
Half picture, 82
Hausdorff distance, 219
High 1440 Level, 89
High Level, 89
standard, 89
Head-related transfer function, 24, 30
Hewlett Packard Graphics Language, 55
High Definition Television, 88
High Sierra Proposal, 170
Histogram, 62
Homogeneity
condition, 63
criterion, 64
Hough transform, 62
HPGL, 55
Huffman, 145
Hybrid
CD-R, 195
coding, 110
Hyperlink, 102
I
Icon
XBM, 51
XPM, 51
IDCT, 128
IGES, 55
IID, 23
Image, 45
analysis, 56
conditioning, 69
extraction, 70
grouping, 70
marking, 70
matching, 71
binary, 47
capturing, 48
compression
fractal, 105
enhancement, 208
formats, 48
generation, 56
improvement, 56
monochromatic, 47
output, 75
processing, 127, 134, 141, 143
projecting, 72
reconstructing, 72
refresh frequency, 141
segmentation, 61
edge-oriented, 62
pixel-oriented, 62
region-growing, 63
region-oriented, 63
split-and-merge, 64
water-inflow, 65
watershed method, 65
similarity, 230
spatial resolution, 48
stereoscopy, 73
storage, 48
synthesis, 71
ImagePac, 193
Imitation, 30
Inbetween processing, 96
Indicators, 206
Information filtering, 205
Initial Graphics Exchange Standard, 55
Intellectual Property Rights, 156
Inter- and intraclass distance, 230
Interactive Video Disc, 174
Interaural intensity difference, 23
Interaural time difference, 23
Interclass distance, 230
Interference, 85
elimination, 85
Interframe, 137
Interlaced scanning, 137
Interlaced video, 148
Inter-pixel interpolation, 74
linear, 96
Intra coded pictures, 141
Intraframe, 137
Inverse DCT, 128
IPR, 156
IS, 120
B-channels, 135
D-channel, 135
ISO 11172, 148
data stream, 148
standard, 170
ISO Intermediate Symbol Sequence, 131
ITD, 23
J
JBIG, 120
Joint Photographic Experts Group, 120
Joliet File System, 184
Joystick, 189
JPEG, 8, 105, 120, 140, 166, 203
abbreviated format, 121
arithmetic coding, 131
common context, 121
expanded lossy, DCT-based mode, 122
expanded, lossy DCT-based mode, 132
Huffman coding, 131
image preparation, 122
lossy, sequential DCT-based mode, 122, 126
Minimum Coded Unit, 122
non-interleaved image processing, 125
requirements, 121
K
Kell factor, 80
Key scenes, 205
Kinematics, 100
L
Label, 172
Lands
length, 176
Language, 227
LaserVision, 173
Layer
reflective, 172
Lerping, 96
Light
achromatic, 76
quality, 76
Likelihood ratio, 215
Line fitting, 70
Linear interpolation, 96
Linear predictive coding, 36
Logical data unit, 19
Long-playing record, 169
Look-Up Table, 97
Low pass filter
optical, 139
LP, 169
Luminance, 19, 81, 83, 84, 87, 91, 107, 140, 141, 158, 190, 192
crosstalk, 83
LUT, 86
LZW, 50
M
Macro block, 137, 138, 141, 158
Macro block layer, 147
Mahalanobis distance, 210
Main Profile, 149
Markov random fields, 60
Masking effect
frequency range, 26
time range, 26
Matrix, 47
MATV, 93
Maximum likelihood estimation method, 227
Media, 7
computer-controlled, 12
independence, 11
independent, 12
information exchange, 9
overflow, 174
perception, 8
presentation, 8
dimensions, 10
spaces, 9
values, 9
storage, 9
time dependent, 10
time-independent, 10
transmission, 9
Medium, 7
Mesh, 156
track, 205
Metric
L1, 210
L2, 210
Microwave, 93
cable, 31
clock, 32
data format, 31
devices, 31
interface, 32
message, 31
noise effects, 32
port, 31
sequencer, 32
synthesizer, 31
time code, 32
Mixed mode disc, 180, 186, 188, 191
MMDS, 93
Mode
hierarchical, 135
Morpheme, 34
Motion, 210
analysis, 233
compensation, 118, 136, 157, 167, 218, 219
continuity, 81
resolution, 81
block oriented, 211
Motion compensation, 167
Motion dynamics, 95
Movement
compensation, 89
Movement dynamics, 72
Moving Worlds, 102
MPEG, 105, 108, 120, 139, 167, 190, 201, 203
audio, 187
audio access unit, 146
channels, 145
coding, 141
group of pictures, 144
image preparation, 140
image processing, 141
image refresh frequency, 141
layer, 145
macro block, 141
motion vector, 143
multiplexing, 147
prediction, 141
psychoacoustic model, 145
quantization, 144
quantization characteristic curve, 143
search range, 143
sequence layer, 146
slot, 146
stereo sound, 145
subbands, 145
System Decoder, 201
MPEG-2, 148, 167, 211, 221, 233
audio coding, 150
basic multiplexing, 151
High Profile, 149
Main Profile, 149
Program Stream, 151
scaling, 150
system, 151
Transport Stream, 151
MPEG-3, 152
Access Unit, 159
AL-PDU header, 164
audiovisual objects, 152
camera parameters, 158
composition units, 164
compression efficiency, 154
content-based access, 154
content-based scalability, 153
Elementary Streams, 159
error protection, 157
error robustness, 155
layers, 156
macro blocks, 158
multiplexing sublayer, 161
Pred 1 - Pred 3, 158
protection sublayer, 161
real-time data, 164
session, 164
streams, 159
time bases, 164
TransMux, 159
MPEG-7, 165
consistency checking, 165
display strategies, 165
searching techniques, 165
Multi-channel sound technique, 30
Multilingual, 150
Multimedia, 7
system, 11
Multiplexing, 159
technique, 107
Multi-scale simultaneous autoregression, 60
Multiview video, 153
Music, 30
Musical Instrument Digital Interface, 21, 31
N
National Television Systems Committee, 87
Noise, 22
Notch filter, 83
standard, 82
O
Object
category, 67
class, 67
extraction, 62
movement, 216
orientation, 67
position, 67
segmentation, 63
Objects, 207
OBMC, 138
systems, 207
Office automation, 71
fast onset, 229
Optical Character Recognition, 46, 56, 207
Optical flow, 212
aperture problem, 213
correlation between regions, 212
correlation-based methods, 212
deformable bodies, 213
differential methods, 212
energy-based methods, 212
methods, 212
phase-based methods, 212
physical correspondence, 213
Optical low pass filter, 139
Overlapped Block Motion Compensation, 138
P
coding, 143
Packaging, 174
Packetized Elementary Stream (PES), 151
Padding, 162
Pan, 96
Parallel-beam projection, 73
Parametric systems, 41
Partial scene, 220
Path table, 183
Pattern
discovery, 56
recognition, 56
dynamic, 56
static, 56
substitution, 114
Pay-TV
services, 94
PBM, 52
PBMplus, 52
PCM, 8, 15, 40, 91, 118, 145, 175, 202
quantization, 47
PDA, 207
PDU, 19
Pencil test, 96
Performance measures, 230
efficiency, 231
inter- and intraclass distance, 230
nearest neighbor, 230
Personal Digital Assistant, 207
PGM, 52
Phase Alternating Line, 88
Phase errors, 88
PHIGS, 55
Phonetic analysis, 39
PICT, 55
Picture
preparation, 111
processing, 111
refresh rate, 82
Picture layer, 147
Pitch, 227
Pits
length, 176
matrix, 76
Pixmap, 55
PNG, 50
PNM, 52
Portable Anymap, 52
Portable Bitmap, 52
Portable Bitmap plus, 52
Portable Graymap, 52
Portable Pixmap, 52
PostScript, 49
encapsulated, 49
Level 1, 49
Level 2, 49
Level 3, 49
PPM, 52
bidirectional, 144
Predictive-coded pictures, 141
Predictors, 134
Premastered area, 196
Preparation, 111
Processing, 111
Profile, 231
Program area, 179
Program stream, 93
Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System, 55
Projection, 212
disk theorem, 73
fan-beam, 73
parallel-beam, 73
Proportionality constant, 100
Prosody, 35
Protective layer, 172
Protocol data unit, 19
Proximity sensor, 103
Psychoacoustics, 23
first wave-front law, 25
Pulse response, 29
Q
QCIF, 137
QoS, 161
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 88
Quadrophony, 9
Quality of Service, 159
Quantization, 27, 52, 85, 90, 111, 129, 134, 143, 230
16-bit linear, 175
characteristic curve, 118, 143
steps, 90
vector, 165
Quantizer, 133
Quarter CIF, 137
QuickTime, 105
R
Radon transform, 73
Raster, 76
graphics, 76
lines, 76
Read Only Memory, 174
Real-time
operation, 164
Red Book, 170, 179, 180, 185, 188
Reed-Solomon, 177
Refresh buffer, 75
Region-growing, 63
Regular CD-R, 195
Relative coding, 117
Resequencing, 225
Resolution, 85
Resource Interchange File Format, 48
Retinal beam, 74
Revision, 175
Rewind, 109
mode, 190
signal, 83
triple, 48
RIFF, 48
Rockridge Extensions, 184
Rotation animation, 100
Rotation delay, 185
Rotoscoping, 99
RTP, 159
Run-length coding, 113
Run-length encoding, 53, 131, 190
S
SA-DCT algorithm, 158
Sampling, 90
frequency, 90
interlaced, 80
progressive, 80
rate, 82
Sampling rate, 27
Scalability, 153
Scaling, 98
Scefo, 98
Scene, 210
analysis, 57
length, 229
segmentation, 158
Scientific visualization, 71
S-Dynamics System, 98
SECAM, 87
Seed pixel, 63
Seek time, 185
Segmentation, 206
scene, 158
Self-similarity, 165
Semantic analysis, 39
Semantics, 39
Sequence layer, 146
Sequential Couleur avec Memoire, 87
Sequential forward selection, 231
Session, 195
Shape coding, 157
Showscan technology, 81
SIF, 92
Signal feedback algorithm, 30
Signal-to-noise ratio, 176
Silence suppression, 120
Similarity
between images, 207
Simple Raster Graphics Package, 55
Sink, 13
Sketchpad, 99
Slant transform, 117
Slice, 147
Slope overload, 119
Slots, 146
Sobel operator, 60
Sound, 21
amplitude, 23
basic frequency, 41
concatenation
in frequency range, 36
in time range, 34
decibel, 25
direct path, 29
dispersion, 28
path, 28
doubling effect, 24
effects, 28
Fletcher-Munson graphics, 25
frequency, 22
Haas effect, 25
loudness, 25
noise, 22
non-periodic, 22
perception, 23
periodic, 22
periodicity, 22
physical acoustic perspective, 23
pressure level, 25
psychoacoustic perspective, 25
psychoacoustics, 23
spatial, 28
speech, 22
stereo, 28
stimulus, 29
three-dimensional projection, 28
two-channel, 28
unvoiced, 41
voiced, 41
wave form, 21
Sounds
explosive, 36
fricative, 36
Source, 13
encoding, 41
Input Format, 92
Spaceball, 53
Spatial
domain, 58
frequency domain, 58
integration, 76
Spectral selection, 133
allophones, 34
basic frequency, 34
carrier words, 35
digital processing, 32
fundamental frequency, 206, 226, 227
generation, 33
input, 37
speaker-dependent, 40
speaker-independent, 40
morpheme, 34
output, 33
phoneme, 34
playout, 34
pronunciation, 37
semantics, 39
signals, 32
sound concatenation, 34
transmission, 40
tube models, 36
voiced signals, 33
SPL, 25
Spline, 96
SQCIF, 137
SRGP, 55
Standard
de jure, 109
Statistical coding, 114
Stereo sound, 145
Stereophony, 9
binaural, 30
Stereoscopic parallax, 74
Storage capacity, 105
Stream Multiplex Interface, 161
String search, 224
Subband coding, 117
Subband encoding, 41
Subbands, 145
Subchannel, 178
bit, 178
Subheader, 186
Substrate, 172
layer, 171
Subtitles, 208
Successive approximation, 133
Super Video Graphics Array, 87
Surround, 150
SVGA, 87
Synchronization
audio and video, 109
pattern, 178
time, 184
Synchronization bit, 179
Syntactic analysis, 39
System
area, 183
decoder, 161
T
Tagged Image File Format, 50
Teletext, 93
Television
data rate, 107
high-resolution, 107
Templates, 71
Terminal symbols, 114
Text
recognition, 233
representation, 106
analysis
statistical, 58
structural, 58
coarseness, 58
contrast, 58
homogeneity, 59
information, 158
local gray-level variance, 58
orientation, 58
regularity, 58
Texturing algorithms, 158
ThingLab, 99
Thresholding, 70
TIFF, 50
baseline, 50
color model, 50
extensions, 50
PackBits compression, 50
Track, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181
density, 200
Trackball, 53
Trailer film, 96
Transcoding, 154
Transcription, 36
phonetic, 36
Transform
discrete cosine, 117, 120, 127
forward DCT, 127
Fourier, 117
Haar, 117
Hadamard, 117
Slant, 117
Walsh, 117
Transformation, 68
coding, 117
Transmission mode
asynchronous, 13
isochronous, 14
synchronous, 14
TransMux
Channel, 161
Transport stream, 93
Tree-structured wavelet transform, 60
U
Update dynamics, 95
V
Variance-covariance matrix, 210
Vector
field, 212
images, 106
Video, 79
accelerator chips, 87
buffer verifier, 146
digitalization, 90
disc, 173
encoding, 140
indexing systems, 214
indicators, 206
sequence, 107
stream, 146
telephony, 167
track, 220
black, 220
Video CoDec for Audiovisual Services at px64 Kbits/s, 136
Video for Windows, 105
Videophone, 148
Viewing distance, 80
Modeling Language, 101
VLP, 170
Vocoder, 41
Voice fundamental frequency, 111
primary, 183
supplementary, 183
Vowels, 227
W
Walsh transform, 117
Warping, 219
Water-inflow
hierarchy graph, 66
Wavelet compression, 156
Wavelets, 211
Width-to-height ratio, 80
Windows Metafile, 55
WMF, 55
Word models, 39
World coordinate, 74
Write Once Read Many, 174
X
X11
Bitmap, 51
Pixmap, 51
XBM, 51
XPM, 51
hot spot, 51
Y
YIQ
YUV, 113
coding, 122
color images, 123
format, 140
mode, 190
Z
Zero suppression, 113
Zig-zag sequence, 130
center, 206