We have explored different data structures and algorithms so far in this book. We are yet to explore some of the most exciting areas of algorithms. There are many efficient ways of doing things in computer programming. We will focus on some of the key advanced techniques and concepts in this chapter. These topics are so important that a separate book could be written about them. However, we will keep our focus on the very basic understanding of these advanced topics. When we say advanced topics, we are referring to memoization, dynamic programming, greedy algorithm, backtracking, puzzle solving, machine learning, and so on. Let's learn some new and exciting topics in the following sections.