%%

A percent sign.

%b

An unsigned number (binary).

%c

The character corresponding to the ordinal value.

%d

A signed integer.

%e

A floating-point number (scientific notation).

%f

A floating-point number (fixed decimal notation).

%g

A floating-point number (%e or %f notation).

%i

A synonym for %d.

%n

The number of characters formatted so far is stored into the corresponding variable in the parameter list.

%o

An unsigned integer, in octal.

%p

A pointer (address in hexadecimal).

%s

A string.

%u

An unsigned integer (decimal).

%x

An unsigned integer (hexadecimal).

%D

An obsolete synonym for %ld.

%E

Like %e, but using an uppercase E.

%F

An obsolete synonym for %f.

%G

Like %g, but with an uppercase E (if applicable).

%O

An obsolete synonym for %lo.

%U

An obsolete synonym for %lu.

%X

Like %x, but using uppercase letters.

space

Prefix a positive number with a space.

+

Prefix a positive number with a plus sign.

−

Left-align within the field.

0

Use zeroes instead of spaces to right-align.

#

With o, b, x, and X: prefix a nonzero number with 0, 0b, 0x, or 0X.

number

Minimum field width.

.number

For a floating-point number, the number of digits after the decimal point. For a string, the maximum length. For an integer, the minimum width.

h

Interpret integer as short or unsigned short according to the C type.

l

Interpret integer as long or unsigned long according to the C type.

ll, L, q

Interpret integer as quad (64-bit).

v

Print string as series of ordinals. Use with d, o, b, x, or X.

V

Interpret integer according to Perl’s type.