List of Most Important Symbols and Abbreviations
[X] dimension dependent on property, [‐] dimensionless property, bold italic = vector
| Φ | potential energy [J] |
| Γ | excess [mol m−2] |
| Π | disjoining pressure [Pa] |
| Ψ | electrical potential [J] |
| α | constant [X] thermal expansion coefficient [K−1] polarizability [C2 m2 J−1] branching index [‐] Dundurs parameter [‐] |
| β | constant [X] 1/kT [J−1] Dundurs parameter [‐] |
| γ | activity coefficient [‐] interface energy [J m−2] crosslinking index [‐] |
| δ | solubility parameter [MPa1/2] Dirac delta function [‐] |
| ε | energy [J] permittivity [C2 N−1 m−2] strain [‐] |
| θ | contact angle [°] |
| η | (bulk) viscosity [Pa s] |
| κ | inverse Debye length [m−1] curvature [m−1] compressibility [m2 N−1] |
| λ | parameter [X] wave length [m] |
| μ | dipole moment [C m] |
| ν | frequency [s−1] Poisson's ratio |
| π | spreading pressure [Pa] |
| ρ | number density [m−3] mass density [kg m−3] radius of curvature [m] |
| σ | (hard sphere) diameter [m] surface charge density [C m−2] |
| τ | characteristic time [s] |
| φ | (pair) potential energy [J] electrical potential [V m−1] volume fraction [‐] |
| χ | Flory parameter [‐] |
| ψ | electrical potential [J] |
| ω | circular frequency [s−1] |
| E | electric field [V m−1] |
| F | force [N] |
| e | unit vector [m] |
| f | force [N] |
| r | coordinate [m] |
| u | displacement [m] |
| v | velocity [m s−1] |
| x | coordinate [m] |
| A | area [m2] constant [X] |
| B | constant [X] |
| C | constant [X] characteristic ratio [‐] concentration [mol l−1] |
| D | diffusivity [m2 s−1] |
| Đ | dispersity [‐] |
| E | energy [J] electric field [V m−1] Young's modulus [GPa] |
| F | Helmholtz energy [J] force [N] |
| G | Gibbs energy [J] |
| H | enthalpy [J] Hamaker constant [J] |
| I | intensity [X] |
| J | flux [s−1 m−2] |
| K | equilibrium constant [X] |
| L | length [m] |
| M | molar mass [g mol−1] |
| N | number of particles [‐] |
| NA | Avogadro's number [mol−1] |
| Nα | number of particles of component α [‐] |
| P | pressure [Pa] |
| Q | charge [C] heat [J] |
| R | gas constant [J K−1 mol−1] radius of object [m] distance between objects [m] fracture energy [J m−2] |
| Rg | radius of gyration [m] |
| S | entropy [J K−1] spreading coefficient [J m−2] |
| T | kinetic energy [J] temperature [K] |
| Tg | glass transition temperature |
| U | (internal) energy [J] |
| V | potential energy [J] volume [m3] |
| W | work [J] |
| X | degree of polymerization |
| Y | yield strength |
| a | capillary constant [m−1] constant [X] |
| b | constant [X] |
| c | constant [X] inverse spring constant [m N−1] concentration [mol l−1] |
| e | unit charge [C] |
| f | (volume) fraction [‐] specific Helmholtz energy [J kg−1] force [N] spring constant [N m−1] functionality [‐] |
| g | specific Gibbs energy [J kg−1] |
| j | flux [s−1 m−2] |
| k | Boltzmann's constant [J K−1] spring constant [N−1] rate constant [X] |
| l | length [m] |
| m | mass [kg] |
| n | material constant [X] |
| nα | number of moles of component α [‐] |
| q | charge [C] |
| r | distance [m] rate [X] |
| s | specific entropy [J K−1 kg−1] |
| t | time [s] |
| u | (pair) potential energy [J] |
| v | volume [m3] |
| w | regular solution parameter [J] potential [J] |
| xi | mole fraction of component i [X] |
| x | coordinate [X] |
| y | coordinate [X] |
| z | coordinate [X] |
| zi | valency of particle i [‐] |
| ≡ | identical to |
| ≅ | approximately equal to |
| ≈ | very approximately equal to |
| ∼ | proportional to |
| ⇔ | corresponds with |
| 풪(x) | order of magnitude x |
Superscripts
| E | excess |
| ∞ | infinite dilution |
| ° | standard |
| * | pure substance |
| ‡ | activated complex |
| id | ideal |
Subscripts
| f | formation reaction |
| fus | fusion |
| mix | mixing |
| m | molar |
| r | reaction in general |
| sol | solution |
| sub | sublimation |
| trs | transition |
| vap | vaporization |
Abbreviations
| AC | alternative current |
| AF | antifouling |
| AFAM | atomic force acoustic microscopy |
| AFM | atomic force microscopy |
| APTES | aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
| AT | associative thickener |
| ATO | antimony‐doped tin oxide |
| ATR | attenuated total reflection |
| ATRP | atom transfer radical polymerization |
| BFA | bis‐furyl‐acetone |
| BOPP | biaxially oriented polypropylene |
| BPA | bisphenol A |
| CA | contact angle |
| CAFM | conductive AFM |
| CB | carbon black |
| CCC | critical coagulation concentration |
| CMC | critical micelle concentration |
| CNT | carbon nanotube |
| CP | cross‐polarization |
| CPVC | critical pigment volume concentration |
| CT | color temperature, charge transfer, |
| conventional thickener | |
| DA | Diels–Alder |
| DB | degree of branching |
| DBTTABLE | dibutyl tin laurate |
| DC | direct current |
| DCPD | dicyclopentadiene |
| DIPA | diisopropanol amide |
| TABLEC | diffusion‐limited coagulation |
| TABLEVO | Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek |
| DM(T)A | differential mechanical (thermal) analysis |
| DMEA | dimethylaminoethanol |
| DMPA | dimethylpropionic acid |
| DMT | Derjaguin–Muller–Toropov |
| DP | degree of polymerization |
| DPD | dissipative particle dynamics |
| DRCA | dynamic recovery contact angle |
| DSC | differential scanning calorimetry |
| EAK | elastically active knots |
| EAN | elastically active chain |
| ECH | epichlorohydrin |
| ED | electrodeposition |
| EDS | energy dispersive spectrometry |
| EG | ethylene glycol |
| EIS | electrical impedance spectroscopy |
| EM | electron microscopy |
| EMT | effective medium theory |
| EO | ethylene oxide |
| ESEM | environmental SEM |
| FWHM | full width at half maximum |
| GAE | Gibbs adsorption equation |
| GC | gas chromatography |
| GN | generalized Newtonian |
| HAP | hazardous air pollutant |
| HB | hyperbranched |
| HEUR | hydrophobically endcapped urethane |
| HLB | hydrophilic–lipophilic balance |
| IEP | isoelectric point |
| IMFP | inelastic mean free path |
| IN | iodine number |
| IR | infrared |
| JKR | Johnson–Kendall–Roberts |
| LCD | liquid crystal display |
| LCST | lower critical solution temperature |
| LED | light‐emitting diode |
| LEFM | linear elastic fracture mechanics |
| LEIS | low energy electron scattering |
| lhs | left‐hand side |
| MALDI | matrix‐assisted laser desorption spectrometry |
| MAS | magic angle spinning |
| MDSC | modulated DSC |
| MEKO | methyl ethyl ketoxime |
| MFFT | minimum film formation temperature |
| MS | mass spectrometry |
| MWD | molecular weight distribution |
| NA | numerical aperture |
| NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
| O/W | oil‐in‐water |
| OM | optical microscopy |
| OPS | organo‐psycho syndrome |
| OPV | organic photovoltaic |
| P3HT | poly(3‐hexyl thiophene) |
| PA | polyacetylene |
| PC | polycarbonate |
| PCBM | (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester |
| PCL | polycaprolactam |
| PDMS | poly(dimethyl siloxane) |
| PE | polyethylene |
| PEG | polyethylene glycol |
| PEN | poly(ethylene naphthalate) |
| PEO | poly(ethylene oxide) |
| PET | poly(ethylene terephthalate) |
| PFPE | perfluoro polyether |
| PMEA | poly(methoxy ethylacrylate) |
| PMMA | poly(methyl methacrylate) |
| POM | polyoxymethylene |
| PP | polypropylene |
| PS | polystyrene |
| PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
| PUR | polyurethane resin |
| PVC | polyvinyl chloride, pigment volume concentration |
| PVDF | polyvinyldifluoridene |
| QDA | quantitative descriptive analysis |
| RF | radio frequency |
| RH | relative humidity |
| rhs | right‐hand side |
| ROMP | ring‐opening metathesis polymerization |
| SAM | self‐assembled monolayers |
| SAN | styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile |
| SB | solventborne |
| SCF | self‐consistent field |
| SDBS | sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate |
| SDS | sodium dodecyl sulfonate |
| SEC | size exclusion chromatography |
| SECM | scanning electrochemical microscopy |
| SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
| SIMS | secondary ion mass spectrometry |
| SMA | styrene maleic anhydride |
| SPM | surface probe microscopy |
| SRE | self‐replenishing efficiency |
| SSH | Su–Schrieffer–Heeger |
| STC | surface tension components |
| STEM | scanning TEM |
| SVET | scanning vibrating electrode technique |
| TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
| TEOS | tetraethyl orthosilicate |
| TERS | tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy |
| TGA | thermogravimetric analysis |
| TGIC | triglycidyl isocyanurate |
| TMA | trimethylamine |
| TMP | trimethylol propane |
| TMS | tetramethyl silane trimellitic anhydride |
| TTT | temperature–time transformation |
| UCST | upper critical solution temperature |
| UV | ultraviolet |
| VOC | volatile organic component |
| vdW | van der Waals |
| vOGC | van Oss–Good–Chaudhury |
| W/O | water‐in‐oil |
| WB | waterborne |
| WDS | wave length dispersive spectrometry |
| WLF | Williams–Landel–Ferry |
| XPS | X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| XRD | X‐ray diffraction |