Abbeel, Pieter, 78
Accenture, 143
accountability, 134
Alibaba, 135
Allstate, 76
Amazon, 135
Amazon Go, 71
Android programming, 156–157, 158–159
Anglo American, 33
anthropoid robots, 76
artificial intelligence (AI), 29–30
in cognitive automation, 71, 72–73
definition of, 184
flight attendants and, 54
insurance claims and, 115
job options and, 146
in oncology patient care, 82–83, 84
principles guiding development and use of, 184–186
assembly-line jobs, 73–76, 128–129
ATMs (automated teller machines), 2–4, 17
optimizing bank work automation and, 57–66
authority, 134
automation
challenges in, 42
combining human work with, 3–4
compatibility analysis of jobs for, 8–9
effects of on work, 66
evolution of, 78
identifying opportunities for, 117
identifying options in, 57–86, 177–182
implementation checklist for, 117–118
job creation and destruction by, 17
new work for humans from, 89
optimism/pessimism about, 1, 169–170, 182
organizational effects of, 116–140
organizational readiness for, 6–8
personal career tool for identifying, 173, 177–182
reengineering vs. deconstruction and, 36
work-automation options, 189–194
work optimization with, 87–118
banking
optimizing automation in, 57–66
Bank of America, 3
bank tellers vs. ATMs, 2–4, 20–23
“Berkeley Startup to Train Robots Like Puppets” (Sanders), 78
Bessen, James, 2
Beyond HR (Boudreau and Ramstad), 42, 49
BHP Billiton, 33
big data, 72
Black Book model, 106
Blue Prism, 70
Botlrs, 180
Boudreau, John W., 4–5, 42, 49, 167–168
business processes
in cancer treatment, 136
in the star model, 136
call-center agents, 28, 108–109, 118, 134–135
organizational effects of automation in, 136–142
enabling, 154–157, 162, 164–166
continuous development, 154–155
personal work evolution and, 124, 169–188
Center for Effective Organizations, 206
Chen, Peter, 78
Coca-Cola Company, 106
cognitive automation, 9–10, 70–73
definition of, 10
employment options and, 146–147
flight attendants and, 90
identifying options for, 179–180
in oncology patient care, 81–82, 84–85
work optimization with, 100–109
collaborative robotics, 74–77. See also social robotics
Colson, Eric, 107
perpetual conversation about job reinvention, 170–173
compatibility
analysis of jobs for automation, 8–9
of social automation, 76
of tasks with automation types, 26–28
compensation, 131–132, 136, 158–162
in the star model, 136
constant-value ROIP curve, 47–48
cost cutting, 8
counterfeit goods, 150
credit analysts, 27, 99–100, 101
critical thinking, 154
CrowdFlower, 175
culture, 134
customer-care specialists, 108–109
customer relationship management (CRM), 70
customer service representatives, 133–134, 152–153
Deutsche Post AG, 76
Dixon, Desiree, 22
Donahoe, John, 182
in methane leak detection, 97–98
Duan, Rocky, 78
Duncker’s candle problem, 19
The Economist, 175
education, 148, 156–157, 170–172
enabling skills, 154–157, 162, 164–166
enterprise resource planning (ERP), 70
exponential-value ROIP curve, 44, 48–49
cognitive automation and, 102–109
Farmers Insurance, 76
financial services, 62–63, 98–100, 102. See also banking
flexibility, 76
focus, in reengineering vs. deconstruction, 36
Ford, 148
“The Fourth Industrial Revolution Is About Empowering People, Not the Rise of Machines” (Keywell), 74–75
freelance workers, 146–147, 183
Freeport-McMoRan, 33
Future of Work study, 115, 145–146
Future Shock (Toffler), 148
Gates, Bill, 172
General Motors, 148
Genpact, 144
Global Future of Work Survey, 6–7
AI tools, 108
Glass, 54
Henn na Hotel, 180
HolacracyOne, 128
human capital perspective, 5
“human in the loop,” 175
human resources, 136
in the star model, 136
human resources consultants, 27
IBM, 171
IBM Watson, 109
IBM Watson for Oncology (WFO), 81–82
implementation costs, 67
incremental-value ROIP curve, 44, 48
social robotics and, 96
independent vs. interactive tasks, 9, 27–28
automation optimization and, 59–61
The Inevitable (Kelly), 143
Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), 184–186
Institute for International Finance, 98
integration or robots, 76
interactive tasks. See independent vs. interactive tasks
internet of things (IoT), 115, 134, 135
iRig, 96
Java programming, 156
Jesuthasan, Ravin, 4
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 97
job-automation matrix, 151–153
job deconstruction, 5, 6–7, 19–39
personal career tool for, 173, 174–175
pilots and flight attendants, 52–55
work optimization and, 88–89, 92–94
employee skills and, 136, 154–157
enabling skills and, 154–157, 162, 164–166
need for continuous, 181
in oncology surgery, 77–86, 136–142
to optimize work automation, 58–66
options in, 146
organizational effects of, 125–127
perpetual conversation about, 170–173
personal career tool for, 172–188
in process reengineering and automation optimization, 39
of related jobs, 77–86, 109–116
work optimization and, 116
ATMs and bank tellers, 2–4, 62–63
Kates, Amy, 136
Kelly, Kevin, 143
Kensho Technologies, 102
Kessler, Greg, 136
Lawler, Edward, 136
leaders and leadership, 123, 143–168
checklist for automation implementation for, 117–118
collaboration with workers in, 146
development and succession of, 145
environment of collaboration and, 186–187
framework for job reinvention for, 5–8
skills for, in the future, 166–168
transformative changes redefining, 147
work reinvention and, 11, 144, 145–166
Lead the Work (Boudreau, Jesuthasan, and Creelman), 136, 171
learning
educational institutions and, 171–172
evolution of automation and, 78
mindset of reiterative, 147, 148–155
Learning by Doing (Bessen), 2
logistics, 153
Lowe’s, 180
machine learning, 71, 104–105, 180
maintenance optimization, 102–105
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 17, 123, 180
McKinsey & Company, 99
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 81
mental tasks. See physical vs. mental tasks
Metso, 33
mindset, 147, 148–155, 167–168
mistake reduction, 44, 46–47, 99–100
Mohrman, Susan, 136
Mutual Benefit Life (MBL), 36–38
NASA, 97
natural resources extraction, 28–34, 96, 159–162
Navy Federal Credit Union, 22
negative-value ROIP curve, 46–49
for pilots, 90
Nabors Industries, 96
Obama, Barack, 2
oncology surgery, 77–86, 90–91, 98, 136–142
organizational perspective, 5, 116
outside-in vs. inside-out approach with, 127–142
organizational structure, 11, 116, 123
cancer care automation and, 136–142
personal career tool for navigating, 173, 183–188
reinvention of, 142
OSHbot, 180
oversight, 118
Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&G), 97–98
performance
McDonald’s vs. Starbucks, 49–52
pilots and flight attendants, 52–55
strategic value and, 5
value of, 9
personal devices, banking and, 3
personal work evolution, 169–188
physical vs. mental tasks, 9, 28
automation optimization and, 59–61
Pioneer Natural Resources, 34
pipe running, 96
Politico, 170
power structures, 134–135, 148
predictability, 148
product development, 72, 105–107, 128–129
Project Z, 151
public-private partnerships, 186
Python programming, 156
Quiet Logistics, 76
Ramstad, Peter, 42
redeployability, 76
redundant steps, RPA and, 68–69
“Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate, Obliterate” (Hammer), 35–38
regulatory risk, 70
repetitive vs. variable tasks, 8, 26–27
automation optimization and, 59–61, 190–194
RPA and, 68
social robotics for, 94–96, 96–98
research and development (R&D), 185–186
return on improved performance (ROIP), 43–46
automation optimization and, 59–61
automation types and, 67
McDonald’s vs. Starbucks, 49–52
personal career tool for, 173, 176–177
pilots and flight attendants, 52–55
reward systems linked to, 158–162
work-automation grid on, 190–194
work optimization and, 88–89, 90–94
return on investment (ROI), 118
reward systems, 131–132, 136, 158–162
Rio Tinto, 96
in insurance and smart-home devices, 115
RPA and, 69
robotic process automation (RPA), 8, 9–10, 66–70
definition of, 10
employment options and, 146–147
identifying options for, 178–179
in oncology patient care, 80
scalability and, 100
work optimization with, 98–100
“Robotic Process Automation 101” (Surdak), 68–70
robotics, 146
robots, tax on, 172
Roost, 115
safety, 76
salary.com, 158
salespeople, 118
Sanders, Robert, 78
scalability, 100
sensors
in cognitive automation, 71
cognitive automation and, 179
serial entrepreneurship, 130–132
ServiceNow, 182
Simply Orange, 106
singularity, 180
Sloan Management Review, 130
smart-home devices, 115
Smart Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR), 82–83, 98
social networks, 134
definition of, 10
identifying options for, 178–179, 180–182
for repetitive, independent, physical work, 94–96
stability, 148
stackable credentials, 171–172
star model of organization design, 135–137
Starwood Hotels, 180
job performance and, 5
in reengineering vs. deconstruction, 36–38
of technology, 29
work performance and, 9
reengineering vs. deconstruction and, 36
in the star model, 136
supply chain, 153
leadership development, 145
reskilling for job changes, 6–7
skill development, 136, 154–157
in the star model, 136
tax on robots, 172
technology
Toffler, Alvin, 148
trainability, 76
trial lawyers, 109
unemployment benefits and insurance, 172
Unite, 182
universal basic income (UBI), 172
“The Unorganization” (SogetiLabs), 127–128
Upwork, 156, 158–159, 162, 163
variable tasks. See repetitive vs. variable tasks
virtual collaboration, 142
warehouse operations, 76–77, 150
Watson for Oncology (WFO), 81–82
Willis Towers Watson, 39, 115, 145–146, 154–155
Winby, Stu, 136
work, evolution of, 148–154, 174–175
worker shortages, 178
work optimization, 5, 10–11, 87–116
checklist for leaders, 117–118
on oncology surgery, 83
personal career tool for, 173, 182
questions guiding, 92
reinvention of job families/processes and, 109–116
of repetitive, independent, mental work with incremental-value ROIP, 100–102
of repetitive, independent, mental work with negative-value and incremental-value ROIP, 98–100
of repetitive, independent, physical work with negative-value ROIP, 94–96
of repetitive, interactive, mental work with exponential-value ROIP, 102–105
of repetitive, interactive, physical work with incremental-value ROIP, 96
of variable, independent, mental work with exponential-value ROIP, 105–107
of variable, independent, physical work with exponential-value ROIP, 96–98
of variable, interactive, mental work with exponential-value ROIP, 108–109
of variable, interactive, physical work with exponential-value ROIP, 98
work tasks. See also job deconstruction
automation optimization and, 59–61
cognitive automation and, 70–73, 72–73
deconstructing jobs into, 5, 6–7
pilots and flight attendants, 52–55
Worley, Christopher, 136
Xchanging, 65
YOTEL New York, 180
Zhang Tianhao, 78