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Running Linux, 4th Edition
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Running Linux, 4th Edition
by Lar Kaufman, Terry Dawson, Matthias Kalle Dalheimer, Matt Welsh
Running Linux, Fourth Edition
Running Linux, 4th Edition
Preface
Why People Like Linux
Organization of This Book
Conventions Used in This Book
How to Contact Us
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction to Linux
About This Book
A Brief History of Linux
Who’s Using Linux?
System Features
A Note on Linux Version Numbers
A Bag of Features
Kernel
Software Features
Basic Commands and Utilities
Text Processing and Word Processing
Commercial Applications
Programming Languages and Utilities
The X Window System
KDE and GNOME
Networking
Laptop Support
Interfacing with Windows and MS-DOS
Other Applications
About Linux’s Copyright
Open Source and the Philosophy of Linux
Hints for Unix Novices
Hints for Unix Gurus
Sources of Linux Information
Online Documents
Books and Other Published Works
Usenet Newsgroups
Internet Mailing Lists
Getting Help
2. Preparing to Install Linux
Distributions of Linux
Getting Linux via Mail Order or Other Hard Media
Getting Linux from the Internet
Preparing to Install Linux
Installation Overview
Repartitioning Concepts
Linux Partition Requirements
Repartitioning Your Drives
3. Installation and Initial Configuration
Installing the Linux Software
Booting Linux
Drives and Partitions Under Linux
Creating Linux Partitions
Creating Swap Space
Creating the Filesystems
Installing the Software
Creating the Boot Floppy or Installing LILO
Additional Installation Procedures
Post-Installation Procedures
Creating a User Account
Getting Online Help
Editing /etc/fstab
Shutting Down the System
Running into Trouble
Problems with Booting the Installation Medium
Hardware Problems
Isolating hardware problems
Problems recognizing hard drive or controller
Problems with SCSI controllers and devices
Problems Installing the Software
Problems after Installing Linux
Problems booting Linux from floppy
Problems booting Linux from the hard drive
Problems logging in
Problems using the system
4. Basic Unix Commands and Concepts
Logging In
Setting a Password
Virtual Consoles
Popular Commands
Directories
Listing Files
Viewing Files, More or Less
Symbolic Links
Shells
Useful Keys and How to Get Them to Work
Typing Shortcuts
Word Completion
Moving Around Among Commands
Filename Expansion
Saving Your Output
What Is a Command?
Putting a Command in the Background
Manual Pages
File Ownership and Permissions
What Permissions Mean
Owners and Groups
Changing the Owner, Group,and Permissions
Startup Files
Important Directories
Programs That Serve You
Processes
5. Essential System Management
Maintaining the System
Booting the System
Using a Boot Floppy
Using LILO
The /etc/lilo.conf file
Using LILO as a secondary bootloader
Specifying boot time options
Removing LILO
System Startup and Initialization
Kernel Boot Messages
init, inittab, and rc Files
rc Files
Single-User Mode
Shutting Down the System
The /proc Filesystem
Managing User Accounts
The passwd File
Shadow Passwords
PAM and Other Authentication Methods
The Group File
Creating Accounts
Deleting and Disabling Accounts
Modifying User Accounts
6. Managing Filesystems, Swap Space, and Devices
Managing Filesystems
Filesystem Types
Mounting Filesystems
Automounting Devices
Creating Filesystems
Checking and Repairing Filesystems
Managing Swap Space
Creating Swap Space
Enabling the Swap Space
Disabling Swap Space
Device Files
7. Upgrading Software and the Kernel
Archive and Compression Utilities
Using gzip and bzip2
Using tar
Using tar with gzip and bzip2
tar Tricks
Upgrading Software
Upgrading Libraries
Upgrading the Compiler
General Upgrade Procedure
Using RPM
Using dpkg and apt
Upgrading Other Software
Building a New Kernel
Obtaining Kernel Sources
Unpacking the sources
Applying patches
Building the Kernel
Loadable Device Drivers
Loading Modules Automatically
8. Other Administrative Tasks
Making Backups
Simple Backups
Backing up to tape
Backing up to floppy
To compress, or not to compress?
Incremental Backups
Scheduling Jobs Using cron
Managing System Logs
Managing Print Services
Checking Printer Hardware
Gathering Resources
Choosing Printer Software
Checking Print Utilities
Setting Up the Printcap File
Printcap file format rules
Printer names
The rest of the printcap variables
Configuring Ghostscript
Print Filters
The nenscript Filter
Magic Filters: APSfilter and Alternatives
BSD Print System Elements: Files, Directories, and Utilities
Setting up printer directories
File, directory, and utility privileges
Exercising the Printer Daemon
Controlling Printer Services with lpc
Printer Optimization
Printer System Troubleshooting
CUPS
Setting Terminal Attributes
What to Do in an Emergency
Repairing Filesystems
Accessing Damaged Files
Restoring Files from Backup
9. Editors, Text Tools, Graphics, and Printing
Editing Files Using vi
Starting vi
Inserting Text and Moving Around
Deleting Text and Undoing Changes
Changing Text
Moving Commands
Saving Files and Quitting vi
Editing Another File
Including Other Files
Running Shell Commands
Global Searching and Replacing
Moving Text and Using Registers
Extending vi
The Emacs Editor
Firing It Up
Simple Editing Commands
Tutorial and Online Help
Deleting, Copying, and Moving Text
Searching and Replacing
Macros
Running Commands and Programming within Emacs
Tailoring Emacs
Regular Expressions
Text and Document Processing
Word Processors
TEX and LATEX
Learning the ropes
Formatting and printing
Further reading
SGML, XML, and Docbook
groff
Writing a manual page
Formatting and installing the manual page
Texinfo
Writing the Texinfo source
Formatting Texinfo
Graphics
ImageMagick
The GIMP
POVRAY
Configuring and Using Linux Audio
A Whirlwind Tour of Digital Audio
Audio Under Linux
Installation and Configuration
Collecting hardware information
Configuring ISA Plug and Play (optional)
Configuring the kernel (optional)
Configuring kernel modules
Testing the installation
Troubleshooting and common problems
Linux Multimedia Applications
MP3 Players
References
Printing
How the Printing System Processes a Queued File
nenscript and enscript
10. Installing the X Window System
X Concepts
Hardware Requirements
Installing XFree86
Configuring XFree86
Running XFree86
Running into Trouble
11. Customizing Your X Environment
Basics of X Customization
xinit
The K Desktop Environment
General Features
Installing KDE
Using KDE
The KDE panel and the K menu
The KDE Control Center
Configuring the background
Configuring window styles and colors
Internationalization
KDE Applications
konsole: Your Home Base
Starting up konsole
Cutting and pasting selections
More konsole tricks
Clocks
KGhostview: Displaying PostScript
Reading Documentation with Konqueror
The GNOME Desktop Environment
Installing and Updating GNOME
Core Desktop Interface
The panel
Nautilus: your desktop and file manager
GNOME Applications
Ximian Evolution: Mail, Calendar, and Contacts
Evolution mail
Evolution calendar
Evolution contacts
Gnumeric Spreadsheet
gPhoto, the Digital Camera Tool
Abiword Word Processor
Additional Applications and Resources
Other X Applications
The X Resource Database
Emacs and Other Editors
12. Windows Compatibility and Samba
Sharing Disks with MTools
mattrib
Sharing Partitions
Mounting Windows Shares
Using Samba to Serve SMB Shares
Installing Samba
Configuring Samba
Adding users
Starting the Samba daemons
File Translation Utilities
Other document formats
Running MS-DOS and Windows Applications on Linux
13. Programming Languages
Programming with gcc
Quick Overview
gcc Features
Basic gcc Usage
Using Multiple Source Files
Optimizing
Enabling Debugging Code
More Fun with Libraries
Creating shared libraries
Using C++
Makefiles
What make Does
Some Syntax Rules
Macros
Suffix Rules and Pattern Rules
Multiple Commands
Including Other makefiles
Interpreting make Messages
Autoconf, Automake, and Other Makefile Tools
Shell Programming
Using Perl
A Sample Program
More Features
Pros and Cons
Java
The Promise of Java, or Why You Might Want to Use Java
Getting Java for Linux
A Working Example of Java
Other Languages
14. Tools for Programmers
Debugging with gdb
Tracing a Program
Examining a Core File
Debugging a Running Program
Changing and Examining Data
Getting Information
Miscellaneous Features
Breakpoints and watchpoints
Instruction-level debugging
Using Emacs with gdb
Programming Tools
Debuggers
Profiling and Performance Tools
Using strace
Using Valgrind
Interface Building Tools
Revision Control Tools — RCS
Revision Control Tools — CVS
Setting up a CVS repository
Working with CVS
CVS over the Internet
Patching Files
Indenting Code
Integrated Development Environments
15. TCP/IP and PPP
Networking with TCP/IP
TCP/IP Concepts
Hardware Requirements
Configuring TCP/IP with Ethernet
Your network configuration
The networking rc files
/etc/hosts
/etc/networks
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
Setting your hostname
Trying out your network
Dial-up PPP
Basic PPP Configuration for Modems
Requirements
Serial device names
Setting up PPP
Writing a chat script
Starting up pppd
Configuring DNS
Troubleshooting PPP configuration
PAP and CHAP
PPP over ISDN
Configuring Your ISDN Hardware
Setting Up Synchronous PPP
And If It Does Not Work?
Where to Go from Here?
ADSL
NFS and NIS Configuration
Configuring NFS
Configuring NIS
16. The World Wide Web and Electronic Mail
The World Wide Web
Using Konqueror and Other Web Browsers
Configuring Your Own Web Server
httpd.conf
srm.conf and access.conf
Starting httpd
Electronic Mail
The Postfix MTA
A word about DNS
Installing Postfix
Postfix configuration
Starting Postfix
Postfix logging
Running Postfix on system startup
Postfix relay control
Additional configurations
Getting the Mail to Your Computer with Fetchmail
Other Email Administrative Issues
Registering an address
Mail system maintenance
Using KMail
Using Mozilla Mail & News
17. Basic Security
A Perspective on System Security
Initial Steps in Setting Up a Secure System
Shutting Down Unwanted Network Daemons
Top 10 Things You Should Never Do
TCP Wrapper Configuration
Using TCP Wrappers with inetd
Using TCP Wrappers with xinetd
/etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny
Firewalls: Filtering IP Packets
netfilter Basics
Using the iptables command
Developing IP Filtering Rulesets
IP Filter Management and Script Files
Sample netfilter Configurations
Simple IP filtering example
IP filtering to protect an entire network
IP masquerading example
18. LAMP
MySQL
PHP
Some Sample PHP
PHP4 as an Apache Module
The LAMP Server in Action
A. Sources of Linux Information
Linux Documentation Project
FTP Sites
World Wide Web Sites
General Documentation
Open Source Projects
Programming Languages and Tools
News and Information Sites
Linux Software Directories and Download Sites
Linux Distributions
Commercial Linux Software Companies
Internet RFCs and Other Standards
Miscellaneous
B. Installing Linux on Digital/Compaq Alpha Systems
Alpha History and Status
The Linux Port and Distributions
Chipsets
Sources of Information
AlphaLinux sites
AlphaLinux mailing lists
AlphaLinux FTP sites
Minimum Hardware
IDE/ATAPI Drive Support
Mice and Serial Ports
Preparations and General Procedure for Installation
Potential Incompatibilities and Hardware Problems
Installation Choices
Firmware options
Features and limitations of SRM
Features and limitations of ARC Firmware
Features and limitations of AlphaBIOS Firmware
Features and limitations of Milo Miniloader
Installing Linux
General Procedure
Preparing Software for Installation
Preparing Hardware for Installation
Setting Up the System Firmware to Start the Installation
Loading the Linux Boot Kernel
Tuning and Post-Installation Considerations
Kernel Tuning
Performance and Library Tuning
Binary Emulation
Graphical Browser Considerations
19. Bibliography
Linux Documentation Project Guides
Linux Documentation Project FAQs
Linux Documentation Project HOWTOs (Partial Listing)
General Linux Books
Unix and Unix Shells
Applications
The Internet
Networks and Communications
Programming and Linux Internals
System Administration
Security
Index
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Preface
Running Linux, 4th Edition
Matt Welsh
Matthias Kalle Dalheimer
Terry Dawson
Lar Kaufman
Editor
Andy Oram
Copyright © 2002 O'Reilly Media, Inc.
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