Index
Note: Page numbers in italics and bold denote references to Figures and Tables, respectively.
Accessibility for Ontarians with Disability Act 2005 133
Act to Encourage Immigration see Immigration Act of 1864 (US)
ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) 1990 (US) 86, 161, 162
advocacy, definition of 31
Affirmative Action (AA): criticism for 90; diversity management program 73; as driving force in diversity 40; employer response to 89–90; employment quotas 112; federal contractors and 81; linking to workplace diversity 60–1; managing diversity vs. 56; success of 90; training programs 144; US requirements in 90–1, 112, 159–60
Affirmative Action Act (AAA) 1986 (Australia) 107, 108, 112, 161
African Americans, in labour force 42
age, diversity openness and 72
Age Discrimination Act 2004 (Australia) 109, 161
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 (US) 85, 160, 161
age of equality 29, 160–2, 161
age of inequality 29, 160, 161
Ajegbo, Keith 154
Aluko, Y.A. 71
Amendments Act of 2008 (US) 88
American Indians 7
American schools, teaching patriotism in 10
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 (US) 86, 161
America On Line 125
Anarchist Exclusion Act see Immigration Act of 1903 (US)
anti-communist projects 8
anti-discrimination laws 89–90
anti-harassment policies 144
anti-multiculturalism discourse 5
anti-racism policies 99
Appelbaum, Steven H. 6
Asari, Eva-Maria 126
Asian Exclusion Act see Immigration Act of 1875 (US)
Asianisation 33
Asian population, in United States 8, 40
Asiatic Barred Zone Act see Immigration Act of 1917 (US)
Asiatic Exclusion policy (US) 8
assimilation: immigrant 16, 21, 23, 24, 28; workplace 105
attitude 142
attraction, retention and promotion 105
Australia: assimilation policy 107, 136–7; benefits of diversity management in 141; changing identifications of diversity in 29; changing nature of diversity 28–30; community language skills 139; Community Relations Commission for Multicultural New South Wales (Australia) 50; core social values 32–3; corporate social responsibility in 106; cultural and linguistic statistics 26; diversity policies 144–6, 165; male dominated workforce in 69; migrant influx 25; as multicultural society 24, 28, 137; organisations complying with legislative requirements 107; population statistics 25–26, 25; social consensus of 33; women employees 107; see also legislation, Australian diversity-related; multiculturalism, Australian
Australian Council of Social Service 30
Australian Defence Organisation 114
Australian Human Rights Commission 110–11, 112
Australian Labor Government 24
Australian Public Service (APS) 111, 143
Australian Social Inclusion Board 30
Australian workforce: colour-blind managers 105, 159; communication between management and employees 140–2; demographic changes in 110; melting pot managers 105, 159; see also legislation, Australian diversity-related
Automatic Data Processing 125
Bank of Montreal 132
Bayor, Ronald H. 9
Berry, John W. 12
Betts, Jim 128
Bhadury, J. 68
Bhanugopan, Ramudu 143
black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups 48
Blair, Tony 22
Blake, S. 56
blind approach to diversity management 59–60
Bliss, Michael 11
Bloemraad, Irene 4
Blunkett, David 22
Bowen, Chris 31
Bracero Agreement of 1942 (US) 83
British Nationality Act 1948 (UK) 18
British Nationality Act 1981 (UK) 21
broad definitions of diversity 63–4
Bush, George W. 5
business expansion, diversity as tool of 141–2
Butler, M. 62
CALD (Culturally and Linguistically Diverse) backgrounds, benefits of 138–9
Canada: business imperative 97–8; Department of Canadian Heritage 44; dependence on immigrants 46; diversity and inclusion staff size 47; diversity management model in 95; employment/unemployment rates 45; immigrant population by place of birth 14; labour force gap 46, 155–6; labour market growth 47; negative legislation 95; official language education policy 154; population by ethnic origin in 14; population growth 45–6; positive legislation 95; public sector 132–4; racial discrimination in 99; skilled labour shortage 46, 98; visible minorities 13–15, 15, 98–9, 132, 162; voluntary corporate approach to diversity management 131; workforce diversity 44–7; workforce participation rates 45; workplace compliance culture 46–7; see also laws, Canadian diversity management; multiculturalism, Canadian
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (CCRF) 94
Canadian Human Rights Act 1985 94, 95–7, 96, 161
Canadian Human Rights Commission 97, 99
Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1988 11–18, 94, 96, 99–100, 155, 161
case studies, Canada: Bank of Montreal 132; Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) 133–4; state of Ontario 132–3; TD Canada 132
case studies, US: AFC Enterprises 127–8; America On Line 125; Automatic Data Processing 125; Choice Hotels 128; Dell 128; Denny’s 128; DiversityInc 129; Domino’s Pizza 128; Hanes and Boone 125; Kodak 127; Minneapolis Fire Department 124; PepsiCo 124–5; public sector 124; Verizon 127; Walmart Stores Inc. 126
categorisation-elaboration model 57
Cattalini, H. 31
Chidiac, Emile 141
Chinese Canadians 132
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (US) 81, 82, 160
Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 see Magnuson Act of 1943 (US)
Choice Hotels 128
Civil Rights Act of 1866 (US) 7
Civil Rights Act of 1991 (US) 87, 161
colour-blind managers 105, 159
Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 (UK) 18, 20
Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act 1901 (Australia) 24
communication: to achieve goals and control destinies 65–6; colloquial language 139–40; English literacy and 142; feedback 71, 157–8; hearable difference 72; knowledge of people’s backgrounds to increase 71; leading to misunderstandings and conflicts 164; slang 139–40; weak 68; see also language
communication skills 66, 70–1, 138, 157–8
communitarian multiculturalism 3
community language skills 139
Community Relations Commission for Multicultural New South Wales (Australia) 50
Conference Board of Canada 46, 93, 98
Convention 100 (Australia) 106
Convention 111 (Australia) 106
Corporate Equality Index 128–9, 132
corporate multiculturalism 5
corporate reputation 159
corporate social responsibility (CSR) 106
cost savings by managing diversity 66–7
creativity/innovation 66, 140–1
criticisms of diversity management 158
cross-national diversity management 64–5
cultural diversity: Australia embracing 26; democracy and 54; effectively managing 59; management for 61; management of 61; success factors of 61
Dalton, Linda 143
Damar, H. 68
Deane, William 32
De Cieri, H. 63
Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (United Nations) 55
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program Expanded of 2014 (US) 88
Deferred for Parents of American and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) of 2014 (US) 88
deism 4
Dell 128
democracies: managing cultural diversity 54; rule of law and 54; variations in 54; voting, as a duty 54; voting, as a right 54
Denny’s 128
Department of Canadian Heritage 44
Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Australia) 109, 161
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (UK) 103, 161, 162
discrimination: direct indicator of 70; indirect indicators of 70; racial and ethnic 62, 69–70; reluctance to acknowledge 70; see also workplace discrimination
DiTomaso, N. 63
diversity: broad definitions of 63–4; difference vs. 91–2; intrinsic value of 125; referring to demographic cultural differences 13; as tool of business expansion 141–2
diversity awareness 126
Diversity Council Australia 114
DiversityInc 129
diversity management, definition of 60–1
Diversity Management Competency Model 143
diversity management programs, implementation of 72–4
diversity openness, age and 72
diversity training see training programs
D’Netto, Brian 107, 142, 143, 144
Domino’s Pizza 128
Economist Intelligence Unit 92
Edewor, P.A. 71
Eisenhower, Dwight David 81
El Shearif, F. 72
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (US) 83
employee commitment 141
employee relations, improving 64
employers of choice 93
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 (UK) 104, 161
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 (UK) 104, 161
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 (UK) 104, 161
Employment Equity Act (EEA) 1995 (Canada) 95, 96, 97, 161
Employment Standards Act 2000 (Ontario, Canada) 133
England see United Kingdom (UK)
English literacy 142
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (US) 87
Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities) Act 1987 (Australia) 108
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO): diversity management vs. 111; diversity policies vs. 145; employer response to 89–90; federal enforcement of 82; managing diversity vs. 61, 61; training programs 144
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 82
equal footing 105
equal footing managers 105
Equality Act 2010 (UK) 135, 163
Equality Pay Act of 1963 (US) 160, 161
equal opportunity 56
Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act (EOWWA) 112, 161, 162
Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency 112
Equal Pay Act 1970 (UK) 103, 161, 162
Equal Pay Act of 1963 (US) 84
ethnic discrimination see discrimination
ethnic diversity: in Canadian population 13, 99, 131, 148, 163–4; in organisations 59; in United Kingdom 18; in United States 7, 40
ethnicity multiculturalism 12–13
ethnic penalties 70
ethnic/religious minorities in United Kingdom 48
ethno-cultural diversity 16
European multiculturalism 2
Evans, A.J. 69
Executive Order No. 8802 of 1941 (US) 83
Executive Order No. 10925 of 1961 (US) 81–2
Executive Order No. 11246 in 1965 (US) 81–2, 85
Executive Order No. 11375 in 1967 (US) 81, 85
Executive Order No. 11478 of 1969 (US) 85
Executive Order No. 12138 of 1979 (US) 86
Executive Order No. 13087 in 1998 (US) 87
Executive Order No. 13152 of 2000 (US) 87
Executive Order No. 13279 of 2002 (US) 87
Executive Order No. 13672 of 2014 (US) 88
Ezeanu, E. 145
fairness, organisational 123–4, 159
Fair Work Act 2009 (Australia) 161
fear, effect on diversity 62–3
feedback 71, 157–8; see also communication
Finn, Chester 10
foreign-born populations 2, 3, 13, 83, 154
Foster, L. 91
Fraser, J.M. 28
Fraser, Malcolm 28
Freeman, Gary 20
Fullerton, J. 65
Gandz, J. 68
gender neutrality 113
gender participation in workplace 68–9
Gender Reassignment Regulations 1999 (UK) 103, 161
global importance of diversity management 125
globalisation: of Australian economy 106, 156–7; demographic diversity and 41, 112; diversity management as natural outcome of 50; effecting migration 50–1; increasing number of nation-states 153
global markets 49, 50, 128, 132, 156, 163–4
Gordon, Tiane Mitchel 125
Grant, Stan 145
Grassby, Al 31
Great Britain see United Kingdom (UK)
Greene, A.M. 136
Guiora, Amos N. 5
Halikiopoulou, Daphne 126
Hanes and Boone 125
Hart-Celler Act (US) 1965 amendments 85
Hart-Celler Act of 1964 (US) 81, 84
Hawkins, Robert 91
hearable difference 72
Henry, O. 69
Hodge, B. 33
Holland, P. 111
home-grown terrorism 5
homophobia 3
Hood-Phillips, Rachelle 128
Hsu, Madeleine Y. 8
Hubbard, E.E. 145
Hudson Institute 92
human mobility 2
human resources, attracting and retaining 65
Human Resources Management Standards Standard 4.3 2008 (Canada) 96, 161
Human Resources Management Standards Standard 4.4 2008 (Canada) 96, 161
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act 1991 (Australia) 108
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 (Australia) 108, 161
Human Rights Campaign Foundation 132
identity blind option to diversity management 59–60
identity conscious approach to diversity 60, 157
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (US) 87
immigrants, forming self-segregating parallel societies 5–6
Immigration Act 1971 (UK) 20–1
Immigration Act of 1864 (US) 82
Immigration Act of 1875 (US) 80, 82
Immigration Act of 1891 (US) 82
Immigration Act of 1903 (US) 83
Immigration Act of 1917 (US) 83
Immigration Act of 1952 (US) 81
Immigration Act of 1965 (US) 81
Immigration Act of 1990 (US) 86
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (US) 81, 84, 160, 161
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (US) 85, 160
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada) 98
Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (US) 86, 161
inclusion and exclusion duality 69
inclusion lens program 133
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (US) 7
Indigenous Australians 110, 114–15
indigenous peoples 2, 13, 153, 154, 159
Industrial Task force on Leadership and Management Skills 114
industrial union movement 7
innovation and creativity 66
international diversity management 64
international language management 72
international markets 141
Kalisch, David W. 25
Kandola, R. 65
Kirton, G. 136
Kochan, T. 136
Kodak 127
Kramar, R. 63, 106–7, 111, 114
Krautil, Fiona 107
Ku Klux Klan movement 8
language: economic value of 65–6; identity and 154–5; as means of communication 72; in recruitment practices 138–9; role in diversity management 64; as valuable assets to employers 164; see also communication
language diversity policy 154
laws, Canadian diversity management: ban on Sunday shopping 94–5; Canadian Human Rights Act 1985 94, 95–7, 96, 161; Canadian Multiculturalism Act 1988 11–18, 94, 96, 161; Employment Equity Act 95; Employment Equity Act (EEA) 1995 95, 96, 97, 161; Equity Act 1995 97; Human Resources Management Standards Standard 4.3 2008 (Canada) 96, 161; Human Resources Management Standards Standard 4.4 2008 (Canada) 96, 161; negative legislation 95; positive legislation 95
laws, UK diversity management 100–5, 103–4, 161
laws, US diversity management: ADA Amendments Act 1990 (ADAAA) 86; Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 85, 160, 161; Amendments Act of 2008 88; Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 86, 161; Bracero Agreement of 1942 83; Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 81, 82, 160; Civil Rights Act of 1991 87, 161; Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) Program Expanded of 2014 88; Deferred for Parents of American and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) 88; Emergency Quota Act of 1921 83; Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 87; Equality Pay Act of 1963 160, 161; Equal Pay Act of 1963 84; Executive Order No. 8802 of 1941 83; Executive Order No. 10925 of 1961 81–2; Executive Order No. 11246 in 1965 81–2, 85; Executive Order No. 11375 in 1967 81, 85; Executive Order No. 11478 of 1969 85; Executive Order No. 12138 of 1979 86; Executive Order No. 13087 in 1998 87; Executive Order No. 13152 of 2000 87; Executive Order No. 13279 of 2002 (US) 87; Executive Order No. 13672 of 2014 88; Hart-Celler Act of 1964 81, 84; Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 87; Immigration Act of 1864 82; Immigration Act of 1875 80, 82; Immigration Act of 1891 82; Immigration Act of 1903 83; Immigration Act of 1917 83; Immigration Act of 1952 81; Immigration Act of 1965 81; Immigration Act of 1990 86; Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 84, 160, 161; Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 85, 160; Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 98; Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 86, 161; Magnuson Act of 1943 83; Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 86; quotas and mandated targets 109–110; Refugee Act of 1953 81; Secure Fence Act of 2006 87; Simpson-Mazzoli Act 86, 161; Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1946 84, 161; Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 82, 85, 88–9, 160
legislation, Australian diversity-related: Affirmative Action Act (AAA) 1986 107, 108, 112, 161, 162; Age Discrimination Act 2004 109, 161; Convention 100 106; Convention 111 106; Disability Discrimination Act 1992 109, 161; Equal Employment Opportunity (Commonwealth Authorities) Act 1987 108; Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Act (EOWWA) 112, 161, 162; Fair Work Act 2009 161; Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Act 1991 108; Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 108, 161; Human Rights Commission Act 1986 110–111; Public Service Act 1999 111, 161; Racial Discrimination Act 1975 108, 110, 161; Racial Hatred Act 1995 161; Sex Discrimination Act 1984 108; Sex Discrimination Act 2004 161; WorkChoices Act 2005 161; Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 109, 112–13, 161
legitimisation, issue of 3
Leonard, J. 91
level playing field managers 105
limited democracy 18
Magnuson Act of 1943 (US) 83
managing diversity, definition of 58; see also strategic diversity management
managing for diversity program 73
market share, increasing 65
McGrandle, Jocelyn 158
McLauren, David 64
McMillon, Dough 126
melting-pot belief system 6, 7, 93–4, 129
Mighty, E.J. 68
Mills, A. 63
Minneapolis Fire Department 124
Mock, Steven 126
Modood, Tariq 4
monolithic organisations 54
Mor Barak, Michàlle E. 127
multiculturalism: advance of 1; in Australia 24–34, 153; in bilingual framework 11–12; in Canada 11–18, 153; core dimensions of 2; definition of 1–2, 154; empirical concept of 1; European approaches to 2; factors effecting 138; failure of 5; features of 12–13; first appearance of 153; logics of 3–4; normative concept of 1–2; paving way to fragmentation and divisions 23; social cohesion shift 16; SWOT analysis of 4, 4; in United Kingdom 18–24, 153; in United States 6–11, 153–4; war on terror and 137
multiculturalism, Australian: Asianisation and 33; assimilation emphasis 28; Commonwealth Immigration Restriction Act 1901 24; definition of 24; diversity vs. inclusion 30; economic benefits 27; immigrant challenges 27; immigration policies 28; inclusiveness in workplace 26; leading free and equal society 32; oneness, concept of 31; political opposition to 33; political support for 31–2; social inclusion 30–2; social opposition to 32–3; success of 32; White Australia policy 24; see also multiculturalism
multiculturalism, Canadian: assimilationist approach to immigration 16; generation status of visible minority populations 15; government policies 13–15; Multiculturalism Act 1988 12; multiculturalism in 11–18; national unity 12; refugee intake 16–17; visible minorities 13–15, 15; see also multiculturalism
multiculturalism, United Kingdom (UK): assimilating immigrants 21; British Nationality Act 1948 18; British Nationality Act 1981 21; Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 18, 20; Commonwealth immigration 19–20; cosmopolitan citizenship 21–2; English nationalism 18–19; Immigration Act 1971 20–1; London bombings 23; multiculturalism not succeeding in 23; multiraciality in 21; patrial clause 20–1; postcolonial influx of immigrants 23–4; race riots 18; shift from race to faith 22; see also multiculturalism
multiculturalism, United States (US): Asian communities in 8; Civil Rights Act of 1866 7; ethnic diversity in 7; Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 7; industrial union movement 7; Ku Klux Klan movement 8; as melting pot 6; religion-based discrimination 8; working-class population 7; see also multiculturalism
Multiculturalism Act 1988 (Canada) 12, 155
multicultural managers 105
multiraciality 21
Nairn, Tom 18
Nalliah, Daniel 33
National Health Service (NHS) 135
Nationality Act 1948 (UK) 153
national origin quotas 81
negative views of diversity management 124
Ng, Eddy S. 4
Noonuccal, Oodgeroo 33
O’Carroll, J. 33
Ohemeng, Frank 158
One Nation Party (Australia) 33
oneness 31
Ontario Public Service (OPS) 133
OPS Diversity Office (OPSDO) 133
organisational diversity, benefits of 124
organisational efficiency 158
organisational fairness 123–4, 159
organisations: accommodating reasonable adjustments 72; altering strategies 126; anti-racism policies 99; corporate social responsibility (CSR) 106; diversity management effects on 68; improving productivity 124; increasing profits 124; productivity in 158; voluntary corporate approach to diversity management 131
Orlopp, Sharon 126
outsiders 91
Page Act of 1875 see Immigration Act of 1875 (US)
Palmer, Howard 16
Palmisano, Sam 125
Patterson, A. 33
people of color 42
perceptions of diversity management 124
Pérez, Antonio 127
performance appraisals 130
persons with disabilities 96, 97, 162
Philippines 8
pluralistic organisations 54–5
positive discrimination 90
post-multiculturalism discourse 5
Powell, Enoch 22
practical benefits of diversity management 64
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (US) 86
Price, H.B. 129
private-sector organisations: fairness and 123; in UK 101–2; workplace diversity in 91–2
productivity, organisation 56, 61, 66–7, 74, 93, 97, 116, 124, 137–138, 145, 157–8, 163
protective multiculturalism 3
PSO 136
public sector: state of Ontario 132–3; in UK 101–2; in United Kingdom 134–5; see also laws, US diversity management
Public Sector Equality Duty 135
Public Service Act 1999 (Australia) 111, 161
Public Service of Ontario Act 133
Querling, L. 62
‘Race at Work’ report 48
Race Relations Act 1976 (UK) 103, 161, 162
racial bias 130
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Australia) 108, 110, 161
racial diversity 59, 62, 65, 144–5
racial/ethnic discrimination see discrimination
Racial Hatred Act 1995 (Australia) 110, 161
Racism-Free Workplace Strategy 99
Reagan, Ronald 89
Refugee Act of 1953 (US) 81
relationship conflicts 70
religion, as driving force of immigrants 9
religion-based discrimination 8
respect for diversity, schools teaching 10
Rise Up Australia Party 33
Rising, Jay C. 125
Romanenko, A. 74
Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) 133–4
Rudd, Kevin 30
rule of law 54
Ryan, P. 17
sales income 65
Secure Fence Act of 2006 (US) 87
Seidenberg, Ivan 127
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (UK) 103, 161, 162
Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Australia) 108
Sex Discrimination Act 2004 (Australia) 161
Shore, Lynn M. 30
Simlin, J. 72
Simpson-Mazzoli Act (US) 86, 161
Sinclair, A. 144
Society for Human Resource Management 67, 93
Stan Grant Indigenous Employment Award 145
stereotypes 6, 58, 62, 73–4, 109, 158
Stone, J.R. 141
St-Onge, Sylvie 6
strategic diversity management: benefits of 63–8; challenges of 68–72; definition of 56; features organisations must implement 58; gaining momentum 55; rise of 55–6; shift from equal opportunity to 56; as voluntary measure 55
Stuart, F. 71
Stuart, M. 62
Syed, J. 114
talent, securing new sources of 64
talent war 67
task conflicts 70
Taylor-Gooby, Peter 23
TD Canada 132
Telstra Corporation Limited 142
terrorism: as driving force of immigrants 9; home-grown 5
Thomas, R.R., Jr. 112
Thornton, Margaret 113
Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1946 (US) 84, 161
Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 (US) 82, 85, 88–9, 160
tokenism 158
training programs: awareness-raising activities 144; on bullying 68; focus of 58; for frontline managers 74; maximising employee effectiveness 158; WE CAN diversity training processes 128
Trudeau, Justin 17, 99–100, 155–6
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott 11
Truman, Harry S. 81
United Kingdom (UK): black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups 48; British identity 5, 23, 155; corporate reputation 159; Disability Discrimination Act 1995 103, 161, 162; diversity-related legislation 100–5, 161, 162; economy 136; Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 104, 161; Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003 104, 161; Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 104, 161; employment equity legislation 48; employment regulation program objectives 104; Equality Act 2010 163; Equal Pay Act 1970 103, 161, 162; ethnic and religious minorities in 156; ethnicity of non-UK-born population 20; extensive employment laws 102; Gender Reassignment Regulations 1999 103, 161; law firms 136; London bombings 23, 155; population statistics 19; private-sector organizations 101–2; public sector 101–2, 134–5; Race Relations Act 1976 103, 161, 162; racial harassment and bullying 45–9; Sex Discrimination Act 1975 103, 161, 162; trade unions 101, 159; workforce diversity 48–9; workplace discrimination legislation 103–104; see also multiculturalism, United Kingdom (UK)
United Nations, Declaration of Human Rights 1948 55
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1
United States (US): employment status by age and race 43; foreign workers as threat to jobs of US workers 129–30; immigration sources 9; language diversity policy 154; as melting pot 160; occupation distribution of recently arrived immigrants in 41; population 40; population by race and ethnicity 7; protected classes 89; public sector 123; teaching patriotism in schools 10; top 50 companies for diversity 129; white racism in 81; workforce diversity 40–4; workplace demographics 88–9; see also laws, US diversity management; multiculturalism, United States (US)
universal equality model 130
US Supreme Court 80
‘us versus them’ mentality 139
valuing diversity program 73
Verizon 127
visible minorities 13–15, 15, 98–9, 132, 162
voluntary nature of diversity management 63
voting, variations in 54
wage gap 46
wage inequality 92
Waite, Edmund 23
Walmart Stores Inc. 126
war on terror 137
WE CAN diversity training 128
‘we’ mentality 139
White, R.D. 65
White Australia policy 24, 107, 156
white job segregation 41
white racism 81
women: in Australian private sector 110; joining labour force 89; in the workforce 69
WorkChoices Act 2005 (Australia) 161
work ethic 141
Workforce 2000 report 92
workforce diversity: attraction, retention and promotion 67; in Australia 49–51; benefit of 58–9; in Canada 44–7; as competitive advantage 91; English literacy as barrier in 142–3; male domination in 69; as social justice 91; in United Kingdom 48–9; in United States 40–4, 47, 90–2; women and 69; see also laws, US diversity management
workplace culture audit 93
workplace discrimination: Australian legislation related to 108–9; Canadian legislation related to 96; performance appraisals 130; racial bias 130; UK legislation related to 103–4; US legislation related to 82–8
workplace diversity: accepting social identities 62; cultural racism and 144–5; definition of 57; demographic changes in 91; federal legislation 82–4; gender participation in 68–9; in global context 92–3; inclusion and 30–2; inclusion-exclusion in 69; integrating diversity approach 57; introducing specific strategies for 71; leveraging variety approach 57; linking to EEO and AA initiatives 60–1; as natural reflection of diverse populations 57; relationships of management and employees 67; as voluntary measure 163–4
Workplace Gender Equality Act 2012 (Australia) 109, 112–13, 144, 161
Workplace Gender Equality Agency 163
Young, Nareen 26