1. SingleCare Team (2021).
2. U.S. News & World Report (2021).
3. Harvard (2019).
4. Author’s estimate base on the 2019 national health care expenditures of $3.8 trillion (n.d.).
5. Drillinger (2021).
6. Phone interview with Dr. Glenn Gero (2021).
7. Vlaev, King, Darzi, and Dolan (n.d.).
8. Pasichnyk (n.d.).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Aldana (2022a).
12. University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute (n.d).
13. Ibid.
14. See the Wellsteps.com blog for essays about these topics.
15. Aldana (2022b).
16. Hurst (2020).
17. Ibid.
18. Click on Detroit (2021).
19. U.S. Department of Agriculture (2020).
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Harvard (2021).
23. Doheny (2020).
24. Gould (2020).
25. Ibid.
26. Perlmutter (n.d.).
27. Murphy (2021).
28. Robinson, Segal, and Smith (2021).
29. Geisinger (2021).
30. www.imdb.com/video/vi3172843033?playlistId=tt0057193&ref_=tt_ov_vi
1. O’Neill (2022).
2. CDC, Covid Data Tracker (n.d.).
3. Vilet (2020). This essay was published in the first year of the pandemic discussing how more lives could have been saved with early outpatient treatments.
4. McCulla (2016).
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Higgins (2020).
8. Devine (2017).
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Steinrich (2020). According to Steinreich, “Eclectics emphasized plant remedies, bed rest, and steam baths, while homeopaths emphasized a different set of medicines in small doses (letting the body heal itself as much as possible), improved diet and hygiene, and stress reduction. The worst results these treatments produced were allergic reactions to no improvement. Hence it’s not surprising they began to be preferred over the ghastly bleeding and metal injections of allopathy, which killed large numbers of patients.”
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid. As Steinreich points out, “… doctors were firmly in the lower middle class at the time of the AMA’s founding and made about $600 per year. This rose to about $1,000 around 1900. After Flexner, incomes began to skyrocket such that a 1928 AMA study found average annual incomes had reached a whopping (for the time) $6,354. Even during the Great Depression, physicians earned four times what average workers did. A 2009 survey put family practice doctors (on the low end of the physician income range) at a median of $197,655 and spine surgeons (at the high end) at a median of $641,728. These figures are mind-boggling to ordinary Americans, even in good economic times. In addition, the cyclical unemployment that throws workers out of jobs in almost all other industries with the arrival of recessions or depressions became nonexistent among physicians after Flexner.”
14. Accad (2016).
15. Steinreich (2020).
16. Vardy (2018).
17. Beito (2000), p. 109.
18. Ibid. pp. 109–110.
19. Ibid. 1113ff.
20. Ibid. 124 ff.
1. Blue Facts (2021).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Thomasson (2003).
6. Gordon (2018).
7. Thomasson (2003).
8. Ibid.
9. Gordon (2018).
10. Thomasson (2003).
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Communications Division of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association (n.d.).
14. BlueCross BlueShield. (n.d.).
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. BlueCross BlueShield (n.d.).
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
1. Reed (1965).
2. Morrisey (2020), pp. 3–4.
3. Ibid. p. 8.
4. Ibid. p. 9.
5. Keisler-Starkey and Bunch (2021), p. 4.
6. Ibid.
7. Morrisey (2020), pp. 16–17.
8. For an overview of HMOs, PPOs, and POS plans, see Morrisey (2020) pp. 17–19.
9. KFF (2020), p. 2; Morrisey (2020), p. 19.
10. KFF (2020), p. 1. See this report for more data about the cost sharing for single employees and family plans, and how these costs vary by the size of the business.
11. Morrisey (2020), p. 20.
12. Rothbard(2017), The Progressive Era, for how the intellectual foundation of statism led to encroaching government regulations of major economic sectors. Not surprisingly, businesses at times were at the forefront of advocating more regulation in what has been described crony capitalism or regulatory capture.
13. Holly (2017).
14. KFF (2021).
15. UnitedHealth Group (n.d.).
16. Cigna (n.d.-b).
17. Cigna (n.d.-d).
18. Cigna (n.d.-c).
19. Humana (n.d.-a).
20. Humana (n.d.-b).
21. Humana (n.d.-c).
22. Aetna (n.d.-b).
23. Aetna (n.d.-a).
24. healthinsurance.org (n.d.).
25. Norris (2021).
26. healthinsurance.org (n.d.).
27. Ibid.
28. Himber (2021).
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
1. Smith (2021).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Warren (n.d).
5. PeopleKeep® (n.d.).
6. Ibid.
7. PeopleKeep® (n.d.).
8. Ibid.
9. PeopleKeep® (2012).
10. Mayo Clinic (2021).
11. PeopleKeep® (2012).
12. Smith (2021).
13. PeopleKeep® (2012) and Cigna (n.d.-a).
14. Miller (2021).
15. Health Matching Account Services, Inc. (n.d.).
16. Health Matching Account Services, Inc. (n.d.).
1. Bliss (n.d).
2. Ibid.
3. Rose (2020).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Favini (2021).
7. Forward (n.d.).
8. Ibid.
9. Forward (n.d.).
10. Optimum Direct Care (2019).
11. Hoff (2018).
12. Lehmann (2020).
1. Daily (2019),
2. Dedication Health (n.d.).
3. Concierge Medicine Today (n.d.).
4. WebMD Editorial Contributors (2021).
5. Sullivan (2018).
6. Ibid.
1. Beito (2000), p. 1.
2. Ibid. p. 3.
3. Ibid. p. 4.
4. Ibid. p. 45.
5. Ibid. pp. 109–111.
6. See Beito’s illumining discussion regarding the debate over compulsory health insurance, pp. 142–160.
7. Beito (n.d.), pp. 161–180.
8. Healthsharing Reviews (2020).
9. Walker (2021).
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
1. Yang (2021).
2. Shmerling (2021).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Galvin (2021).
9. Kearney, Montero, Hamel, and Brodie (2021).
10. St. Onge (2020).
11. Allin, Marchildon, and Peckham (2020).
12. Ibid.
13. St. Onge (2020).
14. Kurisko (2009).
15. Thorlby (2020).
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Evans (2019).
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Tsung-Mei (2020).
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Siok (2018).
29. Ibid.
30. Norris (2021).
31. AARP Medicare Plans (n.d.).
32. Einhorn (2019).
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Pham (2019).
37. International Insurance.com (n.d.).
38. The Borgen Project (2020).
39. Ibid.
40. Sturny (2020).
41. Lee (2020).
42. Blümel and Busse (2020).
43. Ibid.
1. Being and staying healthy is ultimately our responsibility. Wellness has more to do with lifestyle choices than traditional medical practices. Sabrin (2021).
2. Safavi, Stephan, McCaghy, Brombach, and Rao (2018). The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate that the “system” is not patient-friendly and thus patients would be better served with a new medical care paradigm.
3. Bennett, Jr. (2019).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. FMMA, “About US.”
8. FMMA, “Pillars of the FMMA.”
9. Smith (2021).
10. Ibid.
11. O’Brien (2021).
12. Ibid.
13. Yang (2021).
14. Spenser James Group (n.d.).
15. Self-Insurance Institute of America, Inc. (n.d.).
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Enthoven (2021).
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. ValuePenguin (2021).
26. Caldwell (2021).
27. Allen (2018).
28. Health Rosetta (n.d.-b).
29. Health Rosetta (n.d.-a).
30. Ibid.
31. Chase (n.d.).
32. MPBHealth® (n.d.).
33. Ibid.