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I. Open Data’s Impact—Lessons Learned
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I. Open Data’s Impact—Lessons Learned
by Stefaan Verhulst, Andrew Young
The Global Impact of Open Data
Acknowledgements
Executive Summary
I. Open Data’s Impact—Lessons Learned
1. Understanding the Impact of Open Data
Introduction
I. What Is Open Data?
II. The Case Studies
Methodology
The 19 Cases
III. What Is the Impact of Open Data on People’s Lives?
Taxonomy of Open-Data Impact
IV. What Are the Enabling Conditions that Significantly Enhance the Impact of Open Data?
V. What Are the Challenges to Open Data Making an Impact?
The Eight Premises that Determine the Impact of Open Data
VI. Recommendations: Toward a Next Generation Open-Data Roadmap
Recommendation 1:Focus on and Define Key Problem Areas for Which Open Data Can Add Value
Recommendation 2:Encourage Collaborations Across Sectors (Especially Between Government, Private Sector, and Civil Society) to Better Match the Supply and Demand of Open Data
Recommendation 3:Approach and Treat Data as a Form of Vital 21st-Century Public Infrastructure
Recommendation 4:Create Clear Open-Data Policies That Are Measurable and Allow for Agile Evolution
Recommendation 5:Take Steps to Increase the Capacity of Public and Private Actors to Make Meaningful Use of Open Data
Recommendation 6:Identify and Manage Risks Associated with the Release and Use of Open Data
Recommendation 7:Be Responsive to the Needs, Demands, and Questions Generated from the Use of Open Data
Recommendation 8:Allocate and Identify Adequate Resources to Sustain and Expand the Necessary Open-Data Infrastructure in a Participatory Manner
Recommendation 9:Develop a Common Research Agenda to Move Toward Evidence-Based Open Data Policies and Practices
Recommendation 10:Keep Innovating
Key Remaining Questions
II. Case Studies: Improving Government
2. Brazil’s Open Budget Transparency Portal: Making Public How Public Money Is Spent
Context and Background
Corruption in Brazil
Open Data in Brazil
Project Description and Inception
Portal Description
Impact
Traffic
Policy Changes: Official Credit Card Usage
Local and Cross-Border Dissemination
Changing Climate for Corruption
Challenges
Interoperability and Data Standards
Privacy
Scaling
Looking Forward
3. Openaid in Sweden: Enhanced Transparency and Accountability
Context and Background
Product Description and Inception
Underlying Data
Open Format
Impact
Increased Transparency and Accountability
Improved Management Efficiency
Enabling Collaboration with Beneficiaries
Challenges
Structural Challenges
Data Privacy
Usability and Citizen Engagement
Data Licensing
Looking Forward
Usability and functionality
Forward-Planning Data
Collaboration with Other Partners
4. Open Contracting and Procurement in Slovakia: Establishing Trust in Government
Context and Background
Impact
Intended Beneficiaries
Engagement and Use
Corruption and Perceptions of Corruption
Citizen Awareness and Oversight
Regional Diffusion
Challenges
Data Quality
Cost (and Perceptions of Cost)
Enforcement and Accountability (The Human Factor)
Looking Forward
Cross-Sectoral Collaboration Around Data Quality
Training and Identification of Best Practices
Monitoring Compliance
5. Indonesia’s Kawal Pemilu: Elections: Free, Fair, and Open Data
Context and Background
Corruption in Indonesia
Open Data and Indonesian Elections
Project Description and Inception
Impact
Settling the 2014 Election Results
Increased Trust and Greater Public Participation
Reduced Polarization
Challenges
Legal Changes
Security
Reliability of Information
Lasting Political Impact
Looking Forward
Kawal APBD
Mata Massa (“Eye of the Masses”)
Kawal Pilkada
6. Denmark’s Open Address Data Set: Consolidating and Freeing-up Address Data
Context and Background
Project Description and Inception
Impact
Direct Financial Benefits
Nonfinancial Benefits
Benefits to Developer Community
The Danish Basic Data Program
Challenges
Data Quality
Governance of the Data Project
Looking Forward
Expected Benefits of the Basic Data Program
Addressing Capacity Issues
7. Opening Canada’s T3010 Charity Information Return Data: Accountability of Charities through Open Data
Context and Background
Project Description and Inception
Impact
Benefits to Charities
Enabling New Streams of Research
Creating a New Business Asset
Financial Benefits for Government and Identification of Tax Evasion
Challenges
Mismatch Between Expectations and Reality
Data Quality: Transcription and Reporting Errors
Definitional Challenges
Shifting Government Priorities
Looking Forward
Improving the Usability of the Data
IT Support for Nonprofits
Nonprofit Data Collaboratives
III. Case Studies: Empowering Citizens
8. Open Education Information in Tanzania: A Tale of Two Dashboards
Context and Background
Product Description and Inception
Impact
Engagement and use
Data Quality and Diversity
Impact on Other Data Projects
Challenges
Lack of Internet Penetration and Use
Fragmentation
Looking Forward
Improving User Engagement through Expanded Functionality
Education of Infomediaries
9. Kenya’s Open Duka: Open Data for Transactional Transparency
Context and Background
Corruption in Kenya
Open Data and Technology in Kenya
Project Description and Inception
Data Sources
Impact
Seeding the Notion of Openness
Challenges
Government Devolution
Data Quality and Availability
Public Trust and Expectations
Looking Forward
Open County Program
Tracking Metrics of Success
Making the Platform More Accessible
Expansion to Other Countries
10. Mexico’s Mejora Tu Escuela: Empowering Citizens to Make Data-Driven
Context and Background
Education in Mexico
Information and Open Data in Mexico
Product Description and Inception
Project Description
Get to Know Your School and Compare Your School
School Grades
Impact
Impact on Beneficiaries
Increased Accountability
Corruption Report
Challenges
Standardized Test Cancellation
Data Accessibility
Data Quality
Looking Forward
Connecting Needs with Actions
Publishing a School Budget
Developing a Report Pipeline
Translating Information into Action
11. Uruguay’s A Tu Servicio: Empowering Citizens to Make Data-Driven
Context and Background
Product Description and Inception
Impact
Intended Beneficiaries
Use and Awareness:
Data Quality:
Impact on Other Open Data Projects:
Challenges
Timing constraints
Outreach and communication
Looking Forward
IV. Case Studies: Creating Opportunity
12. Great Britain’s Ordnance Survey: A Clash of Business Models
Context and Background
OS Background
Importance of Geospatial Data
Open Data in the United Kingdom
Project Description and Inception
OS Today
OS OpenData
Impact
Economic Impact
OS Minecraft
GeoVation Program
Other Impacts
Challenges
Cost
Addressing Open Data Principles
Private Sector Competition
Measuring Impact and User Demands
Looking Forward
Evolving GeoVation Hub
OS OpenData Additions
Looking Beyond the U.K.
Supporting Smart Cities
13. United States’ New York City Business Atlas: Leveling the Playing Field
Context and Background
Project Description and Inception
User-Centered Design and Partnering with Department of Small Business Services
Impact
Leveling the Playing Field for Market Research
Enabling Business Improvement District (BID) Analysis
Influencing Data Analytics Innovation in New York and Abroad
Challenges
Communicating Opportunity
Addressing Technical Challenges
Improving Granularity of Data
Looking Forward
Business Atlas 2.0: New Tools and Features
Partnerships and Collaborations
14. United States’ NOAA: Opening Up Global Weather Data in Collaboration with Businesses: Creating a New Industry Through Access to Weather Data
Context and Background
Project Description and Inception
NOAA Partnerships31,32,33,34
Impact
Economic Benefits
Challenges
Scaling
Data Security
Understanding User Needs
Data Navigation and User Experience
Data Awareness
Looking Forward
15. United States Opening GPS for Civilian Use: Creating a Global Public Utility
Context and Background
GPS in Our Lives Today
Early History of Satellite Navigation: Sputnik
Early History of Satellite Navigation: Transit
Project Description and Inception
The Arrival of GPS
Who Deserves the Credit?
GPS Today
The Nature of GPS Data
How GPS Became Open
Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)
Impact
Economic Impact
Precise Timing
Smartphones / Mobile Navigation
Public Safety and Emergencies
CORS Impacts
Challenges
Governance Challenges
Funding and U.S. Policymaking
Privacy Concerns
GPS “Jamming” / Hacking / Security
CORS Challenges
Looking Forward
Precision Farming
Indoor Navigation
Intelligent Transportation Systems and Driverless Cars
Terrestrial Backups
Evolving the CORS System
V. Case Studies: Solving Public Problems
16. Battling Ebola in Sierra Leone: Data Sharing to Improve Crisis Response
Context and Background
Open Data in Sierra Leone
The 2014 Ebola Outbreak
Project Description and Inception
Using Data in Combating Ebola
National Ebola Response Centre (NERC)
Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX)
The Ebola GeoNode
Impact
Providing Evidence to Decision-makers
The Impact of Maps
Spurring Wider Use of Open Data in International Organizations
Internal Capacity Building and Identifying Best Practices
Challenges
Data Management
Collaborating with Government
Lack of Existing Structures and Best Practice
Looking Forward
HDX: Enabling New Insights into the Spread of Ebola
Next Steps for GeoNode
The Closure of NERC
17. New Zealand’s Christchurch Earthquake Clusters: Open Data for Improving Emergency Response
Context and Background
Open Data in New Zealand
Project Description and Inception
Canterbury Recovery Map (Eq.org.nz)
GIS and trusted data sharing
Landcheck and MyProperty
Forward Works Viewer
Building Our Footprints
Impact
Higher-Quality Geospatial Data
Facilitating Collaboration
Impact on Other Data Projects
Challenges
Data Infrastructure Challenges
Lack of a Property Framework
Collaborations and Sharing Challenges
Looking Forward
Advancing Data-Driven Innovation in New Zealand
18. Singapore’s Dengue Cluster Map: Open Data for Public Health
Context and Background
Dengue Fever
Dengue Fever in Singapore
Open Data in Singapore
Project Description and Inception
Impact
Average Citizens
Media
Developer Community
Challenges
Looking Forward
19. United States’ Eightmaps: The Unintended Negative Consequences
Context and Background
Legal Foundation of Campaign Finance Data Disclosure Laws in California
Electronic Filing
Privacy Concerns of Electronic Filing
California’s Proposition 8
Project Description and Inception
Impact
Harassment of Proposition 8 Donors
Threats to Free Speech
Activism Around Gay Rights
Transparency vs Privacy
Challenges
Looking Forward
Raising the Itemized Disclosure Threshold
Placing New Safeguards on Downloads of Donor Information
Better Transparency About How Data Is Used by Political Campaigns and Other Actors
20. Kennedy v. City of Zanesville, United States: Open Data as Evidence
Context and Background
Case Description and Inception
Impact
Challenges
Security Concerns
Awareness and Usability
Data—the Human Factor
Looking Forward
A. Appendix
Open Data Definitions—What’s in a Name?
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1. Understanding the Impact of Open Data
Part I.
Open Data’s Impact—Lessons Learned
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