NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1 Jorn Bettin, “Social—The Big Misunderstanding,” Autistic Collaboration, September 30, 2017, https://autcollab.org/2017/09/30/social/.

2 See, for example, Gwendolyn Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (New York: Routledge, 1994); Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, trans. Kirsi Stjedna (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998).

3 “What Is Linguistic Anthropology, and How Can It Help?” Worthwhile Research & Consulting, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.worthwhileconsulting.com/what-is-linguistic-anthropology.

CHAPTER 1

1 This summary is drawn from definitions found at Merriam-Webster (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/professional), Dictionary.com (https://www.dictionary.com/browse/professional), Cambridge dictionary (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/professional), and Collins dictionary (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/professional).

2 Here’s a nice introduction to Simard’s work: Ferris Jabr, “The Social Life of Forests,” New York Times, December 2, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/02/magazine/tree-communication-mycorrhiza.html.

3 The “finding” photo is attributed to AFP/Getty Images/Chris Raythen. The caption reads, “Two residents wade through chest-deep water after finding bread and soda from a local grocery store after Hurricane Katrina came through the area in New Orleans, Louisiana.” The “looting” photo is attributed to AP Photo/Dave Martin. The caption reads, “A young man walks through chest-deep flood water after looting a grocery store in New Orleans on Tuesday, Aug 30, 2005.” I am grateful to a 2020 presentation by the African American Policy Forum that pointed me to these two photos and their problematic captions.

4 See, for example: Gina Denny, “‘Go Easy on Yourself, Mama,’ Is White Privilege at Its Peak,” April 28, 2022, https://ginadenny.medium.com/go-easy-on-yourself-mama-is-white-privilege-at-its-finest-fa47518c76d8.

5 US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, “Civil Rights Data Collection. Data Snapshot: School Discipline,” Issue Brief No. 1, March 2014.

6 Libby Nelson and Dara Lind, “The School-to-Prison Pipeline, Explained,” Vox, February 24, 2015, https://www.vox.com/2015/2/24/8101289/school-discipline-race.

7 Kieran Snyder, “The Abrasiveness Trap: High-Achieving Men and Women Are Described Differently in Reviews,” Fortune, August 26, 2014, https://fortune.com/2014/08/26/performance-review-gender-bias/.

8 FrameNet, accessed February 2, 2023, https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/.

9 M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1981).

10 Ilion7am, “Same. Not commonly used words in sentences are triggers or when I hear a word that feels out of context in the story being told. Last time this happened at work . . .,” Reddit comment, October 2022, https://www.reddit.com/r/autism/comments/xuxm22/comment/iqy1i2o/.

CHAPTER 2

1 See, for example, Gregory D. Smithers, “Cherokee ‘Two Spirits’: Gender, Rituality, and Spirituality in the Native South,” Early American Studies 12, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 626–651; Kira Hall, “Intertextual Sexuality: Parodies of Class, Identity and Desire in Liminal Delhi,” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15, no. 1 (2005): 125–144; Niko Besnier, “Transgenderism, Locality, and the Miss Galaxy Beauty Pageant in Tonga,” American Ethnologist 29, no. 3 (August 2002): 534–566; Khalia Strong, “Western Gender Labels Don’t Work for Pasifika,” Pacific Media Network, August 9, 2022, https://pacificmedianetwork.com/articles/western-gender-labels-dont-work-for-pasifika-1.

2 Angela Sterritt, “Indigenous Languages Recognize Gender States Not Even Named in English,” The Globe and Mail, March 10, 2016, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/indigenous-languages-recognize-gender-states-not-even-named-in-english/article29130778/; Tiffanysong, “Transnational Sexualities: Sekrata,” Introduction to Queer Studies in the Humanities, February 12, 2015, https://introtoqueerstudies.wordpress.com/2015/02/12/sekrata/; Besnier, “Transgenderism,” 524–566; Strong, “Western Gender Labels.”

3 “Intersex Population Figures,” Intersex Human Rights Australia, September 28, 2013, https://ihra.org.au/16601/intersex-numbers/.

4 A. C. Fowlkes, “I Did Everything Right . . .,” LinkedIn post, July 2022, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/a-c-fowlkes-phd-he-him-21193a107_transgender-transman-followmyjourney-activity-6956699886092177408-7igc?utm_source=share?_medium=member_desktop.

5 Elizabeth Yuko, “Beyond They/Them: What are Neopronouns?,” Rolling Stone, June 29, 2021, https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/neopronouns-they-them-pronoun-alternative-1190069/.

6 For example: Kirby Conrod, “Ask a Linguist about . . . Pronouns!,” January 20, 2021, https://kconrod.medium.com/ask-a-linguist-about-pronouns-8add318fbd67; Kirby Conrod, “Intermediate Pronoun Studies: Multiple Pronouns,” January 29, 2021, https://kconrod.medium.com/intermediate-pronoun-studies-multiple-pronouns-71e34cd28c54; Kirby Conrod, “Intermediate Pronoun Studies: Themselves and Themself,” March 26, 2022, https://kconrod.medium.com/intermediate-pronoun-studies-themselves-and-themself-d900e49c8990.

7 See, for example, Molly Adrian et al., “Parental Validation and Invalidation Predict Adolescent Self-Harm,” Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 49, no. 4 (August 2018): 274–281.

CHAPTER 3

1 Susan Davis, “Before He Was President, Mistaken for a Waiter: A 2003 Obama Meeting,” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2008, https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-WB-6757.

2 Cameron Bailey, “What’s been your fave #unconsciousdemotion? Mine: parking valet, security guard – solid jobs but not mine.” Twitter post, June 1, 2016, https://twitter.com/cameron_tiff/status/737979169804406786?s=46ɛ=PyoeNvKOkRlkLKBioFm_6g.

3 Mellody Hobson, “Color Blind or Color Brave?,” TED, May 5, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKtALHe3Y9Q.

4 Latinovations staff, “The Latina Who Is Fixing Silicon Valley’s Diversity Problem,” Latinovations, April 13, 2016, https://www.latinovations.com/2016/04/13/the-latina-who-is-fixing-silicon-valleys-diversity-problem/.

5 Robin Pogrebin, “I Am Not the Decorator: Female Architects Speak Out,” New York Times, April 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/arts/design/female-architects-speak-out-on-sexism-unequal-pay-and-more.html.

6 Tressie McMillan Cottom, “There was a textbook rep at my door. She told me she was ‘waiting for the professor.’ I said, ‘okay!’ And let her wait. At my office door.” Twitter thread, November 11, 2015, https://twitter.com/tressiemcphd/status/664529116390162432.

7 Rich Barlow, “BU Research: A Riddle Reveals Depth of Gender Bias,” BU Today, January 16, 2014, https://www.bu.edu/articles/2014/bu-research-riddle-reveals-the-depth-of-gender-bias.

8 Jennifer Adaeze Okwerekwu, “I’m a Young Black Woman. Why Do So Many People Assume I’m Not a Doctor?” STAT, October 15, 2016, https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/15/black-woman-doctor-racism/.

9 Sam Levin, “‘They Don’t Belong’: Police Called on Native American Teens on College Tour,” The Guardian, May 4, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/may/04/native-american-students-colorado-state-college-tour-police.

10 Jordan Moreau, “Eric André Alleges He Was Racially Profiled, Drug Searched by Police in Airport,” Variety, April 21, 2021, https://variety.com/2021/film/news/eric-andre-racial-profiling-police-airport-1234957271/.

11 “Fatal Police Shootings of Unarmed Black People in US More Than 3 Times as High as in Whites,” BMJ, October 27, 2020, https://www.bmj.com/company/newsroom/fatal-police-shootings-of-unarmed-black-people-in-us-more-than-3-times-as-high-as-in-whites/; “1,110 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past 12 Months,” Washington Post, updated January 25, 2023, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/; “Fatal Encounters: A Step Towards Creating an Impartial, Comprehensive, and Searchable National Database of People Killed during Interactions with Police,” accessed February 2, 2023, https://fatalencounters.org/.

12 Scott Aukerman, Bobby Moynihan, and Paul F. Tompkins, “Episode 150: Time Bobby,” Comedy Bang! Bang! podcast, March 26, 2012, https://www.earwolf.com/episode/time-bobby/.

13 Damneet Kaur, “Good Morning, LinkedIn! My name is Damneet Kaur [Duhm-neet Core], not Damn-neet,” LinkedIn post, January 2022, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/damneet-kaur_dei-names-community-activity-6887103475923189760-m9SE?utm_source=shareɛ_medium=member_desktop.

14 Alison Booth, Andrew Leigh, and Elena Varganova, “Does Ethnic Discrimination Vary across Minority Groups? Evidence from a Field Experiment,” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 74, no. 4 (August 2012): 547–573.

15 Arvind Narayanan, “Today I want to take a break from sharing research to share a personal story instead. It’s a story about my name, why I once decided to quit academia, why I came back, what I learnt from it . . .,” Twitter thread, November 26, 2019, https://twitter.com/random_walker/status/1199301468941160450.

16 The Florida Bar, Results of the YLD Survey on Women in the Legal Profession, 2015.

17 Zoe Scaman, “Mad Men. Furious Women,” Musings of a Wandering Mind, July 4, 2021, https://zoescaman.substack.com/p/mad-men-furious-women.

18 Jonathan Soroff, “The Eyes Have It,” The Improper Bostonian, May 23, 2014, https://www.improper.com/arts-culture/the-eyes-have-it/.

19 “Gender Neutral Titles and Why They Matter,” Equality Institute, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.theequalityinstitute.com/equality-insights-blog/non-traditional-honorifics-and-why-they-matter.

CHAPTER 4

1 Crystal Hana Kim, “On Monolids and the Language of Beauty,” Nylon, July 24, 2018, https://www.nylon.com/articles/monolids-beauty-language.

2 Emily Ladau, Demystifying Disability: What to Know, What to Say, and How to Be an Ally (Emeryville, CA: Ten Speed Press, 2021).

3 “CDC: 1 in 4 US Adults Live with a Disability,” CDC Press Release, August 16, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0816-disability.html.

4 L. Kraus, E. Lauer, R. Coleman, and A. Houtenville, 2017 Disability Statistics Annual Report (Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire, 2018).

5 Frances Stead Sellers, “How Long Covid Could Change the Way We Think about Disability,” Washington Post, Updated July 23, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/06/06/long-covid-disability-advocacy/.

6 Livia Gershon, “The Rise of Disability Stigma,” JSTOR Daily, October 9, 2020, https://daily.jstor.org/the-rise-of-disability-stigma/; NCALL Staff, “Destigmatizing Disability,” NCALL, July 19, 2021, https://www.ncall.us/2021/07/19/destigmatizing-disability/; K. Wang and L. Ashburn-Nardo, “Disability Stigma: Causes, Consequences, and Strategies for Change,” in Understanding the Experience of Disability: Perspectives from Social and Rehabilitation Psychology, ed. D. S. Dunn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 11–23.

7 Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 3.

8 Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).

9 “Spasticity,” NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/spasticity.

10 “On 32nd Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act, Governor Hochul Signs Legislative Package to Uphold and Strengthen Rights of People with Disabilities,” New York State website, July 26, 2022, https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/32nd-anniversary-americans-disabilities-act-governor-hochul-signs-legislative-package-uphold.

11 “Remarks by the President at the Signing of the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010,” The White House Office of the Press Secretary, October 8, 2010, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/10/08/remarks-president-signing-21st-century-communications-and-video-accessib.

12 Ladau, Demystifying Disability, 12.

13 Sassy Wyatt, “Micro aggressions against blind/visually impaired people: A thread,” Twitter thread, April 5, 2021, https://twitter.com/sassywyatt/status/1379141397681410055.

14 Elena Hung, “She can’t get inside the building because of her wheelchair,” Twitter post, October 4, 2022, https://twitter.com/ElenaHung202/status/1577400344329719809.

15 Tatiana Prowell, MD, “I would take it one step further. The building didn’t cause this. People did. Planners who did not think about access for people who use wheelchairs . . .,” Twitter post, October 5, 2022, https://twitter.com/tmprowell/status/1577682752119492616.

16 Aaron Randle, “When an Architectural Gem Is Not Accessible to All,” New York Times, November 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/07/nyregion/long-island-city-library.html.

17 Lesa Bradshaw, “Disability vs. the Workplace,” TEDx Lyttleton Women, March 10, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3_RjJtd6Eo.

CHAPTER 5

1 BisFitty, “I am BisFitty, the ‘period appropriate’ corporate costume party slave . . . AMAA,” Reddit post, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.reddit.com/r/AMA/comments/3r7oeh/i_am_bisfitty_the_period_appropriate_corporate/.

2 Photos of his outfit, picking cotton, and the staircase incident can be seen at: BisFitty, “As requested, The complete saga of BisFitty, the ‘period appropriate’ corporate Halloween party slave,” Reddit post, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/3r4h8d/as_requested_the_complete_saga_of_bisfitty_the/.

3 “What Does Your Last Name Say About You?,” Ancestry.com, July 1, 2014, https://blogs.ancestry.com/cm/there-are-7-types-of-english-surnames-which-one-is-yours/.

4 Lindsey Bever, “The Swedish Stanford Students Who Rescued an Unconscious Sexual Assault Victim Speak Out,” June 8, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/06/07/the-swedish-stanford-students-who-rescued-an-unconscious-sexual-assault-victim-speak-out/.

5 Alfred Charles, “Mary Kay Letourneau, Who Made Headlines for Her Relationships with Underage Student, Dies,” ABC 33/40 News, July 7, 2020, https://abc3340.com/news/nation-world/mary-kay-letourneau-who-made-headlines-for-an-affair-with-her-underage-student-dies.

6 Lauren @laurchastain22, “I remember when a youth pastor was fired for ‘inappropriate texting’ with a teen . . . ” Twitter post, August 28, 2022, https://twitter.com/laurchastain22/status/1564042655578968065.

7 Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” in Film Manifestos and Global Cinema Cultures, ed. Scott MacKenzie (Berkeley: University of California Press, [1975] 2014), 359–370.

8 Edward Said. Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).

CHAPTER 6

1 Joseph W. Schneider and Sally L. Hacker, “Sex Role Imagery and Use of the Generic ‘Man’ in Introductory Texts: A Case in the Sociology of Sociology,” The American Sociologist 8 (February 1973): 12–18.

2 “Pullman Porters,” History.com, February 11, 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/pullman-porters.

3 “Mr. T: ‘Tough and Tender’ in Barbara Walters TV Interview,” Jet Magazine, March 5, 1984, 56–60.

4 Serena Williams, “No matter how far we come, we get reminded that it’s not enough. This is why I raised $111M for @serenaventures . . . ” Twitter post, March 2, 2022, https://twitter.com/serenawilliams/status/1499058086165639169.

5 A good source on gender dysphoria, and transgender people in general, is: “Frequently Asked Questions about Transgender People,” National Center for Transgender Equality, July 9, 2016, https://transequality.org/issues/resources/frequently-asked-questions-about-transgender-people.

6 A. Austin, S. Craig, S. D’Souza, and L. McInroy. “Suicidality among Transgender Youth: Elucidating the Role of Interpersonal Risk Factors,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37, no. 5–6 (March 2022).

7 Dominique Apollon, “It’s taken me 45 trips around the sun, but for the first time in my life I know what it feels like to have a ‘band-aid’ in my own skin tone . . . ’ Twitter post, April 19, 2019, https://twitter.com/apollontweets/status/1119276463016951808?lang=en.

8 Climate Research and Development Program, “The Discovery of Ancient Human Footprints in White Sands National Park and Their Link to Abrupt Climate Change,” USGS, November 30, 2021, https://www.usgs.gov/programs/climate-research-and-development-program/news/discovery-ancient-human-footprints-white.

9 For more on just how massive Africa is, see: Mark Fischetti, “Africa Is Way Bigger Than You Think,” Scientific American, June 16, 2015, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/africa-is-way-bigger-than-you-think/.

10 See C. Criado-Perez, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (London: Chatto and Windus, 2019).

11 Anna Furman, “Not Your Average Pride Event,” New York Times, June 17, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/style/dyke-day-los-angeles-pride.html.

12 Pod Save America, “Regina Hall on When People Confuse Her with Regina King,” YouTube video, June 12, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7u9UPfMU_Uw.

CHAPTER 7

1 Keise Izuma, Daisuke N. Saito, and Norihiro Sadato, “Processing of Social and Monetary Rewards in the Human Striatum,” Neuron 58, no. 2 (April 2008): 284–294.

2 Duane Rudy and Joan Grusec. “Praise and Prosocial Behavior,” in Psychological Perspectives on Praise, ed. E. Brummelman (London: Rout-ledge, 2020).

3 E. B. Raposa, H. B. Laws, and E. B. Ansel, “Prosocial Behavior Mitigates the Negative Effects of Stress in Everyday Life,” Clinical Psychological Science 4, no. 4 (July 2016): 691–698; O. S. Curry, L. A. Rowland, C. J. Van Lissa, S. Zlotowitz, J. McAlaney, and H. Whitehouse, “Happy to Help? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Performing Acts of Kindness on the Well-Being of the Actor,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 76 (May 2018): 320–329.

4 See eds. H. Samy Alim, John Rickford, and Arnetha Ball, Raciolinguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). See also work by Jonathan Rosa and Nelson Flores, for example: Jonathan Rosa, Looking Like a Language, Sounding Like a Race (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), and Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa, “Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Language Diversity in Education.” Harvard Educational Review 85, no 2. (2015): 149–171.

5 Stella Young, “I’m Not Your Inspiration, Thank You Very Much,” TEDx-Sydney video, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.ted.com/talks/stella_young_i_m_not_your_inspiration_thank_you_very_much/transcript?language=en.

6 David Mikkelson, “Fact Check: Master/Slave,” Snopes, November 24, 2003, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/masterslave.

7 Sheri Byrne-Haber’s Blog, accessed February 2, 2023, https://sheribyrnehaber.com/; Disability Visibility Project, accessed February 2, 2023, https://disabilityvisibilityproject.com/; Crutches and Spice, accessed February 2, 2023, https://crutchesandspice.com/.

8 For example, “Alphabetical List of Mental Disorders,” Mental Health Center of America, accessed February 2, 2023, https://mentalhealthcenter.com/alphabetical-list-of-mental-disorders/.

CHAPTER 8

1 “Spasticity,” Johns Hopkins Health, accessed February 2, 2023, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/spasticity.

2 @lizzobeeating, “It’s been brought to my attention that there is a harmful word in my new song ‘GRRRLS,’” Instagram post, June 13, 2022, https://www.instagram.com/p/Cew0HrlPhEq/?utm_source=ig_embedɛ_rid=976386e7-cd5f-4321-bd2e-560a3855a265.