Index

A

abduction, 58

abuse, 23

accidents, 40

active listening, 21

acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 79

adduction, 58

ADEs (adverse drug effects), 55

ADLs (activities of daily living), 16

bathing, 47–49

partial bedbaths, 107–08

perineal care, 108

dressing, 110

grooming, 50–51

hygiene, 47

nutrition, 51–53, 124

for paralyzed residents, 81

for vision-impaired residents, 74

oral hygiene, 49–50, 109–110

rest/sleep, 54–56

toileting, 53–54, 125

advance directive, 92

adverse drug effects (ADEs), 55

aggression, 88–89

aging, effect on body systems, 31–33

aiding and abetting, 23

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), 37, 76, 87

airborne transmission, 34

Alzheimer’s disease, 75–76, 89–90

AM care, 47

ambulation, 56

ambulation assistance with gait-transfer belt, 122–123

AMI (acute myocardial infarction), 79

analgesia, 55, 92–93

angina, 79

anorexia, 89

answering questions on written examination, 6–8

antisepsis, 34

aphasia, 80–81

apical pulse, 60, 105

apnea. See respiratory arrest

arteriosclerotic, 79

aspiration, 50

assault, 23

atrophy, 57

autonomy, 47–48

axilla, 48

axillary temperature, 103

B

bacteria, 33

bathing, 47–49

partial bedbaths, 107–108

perineal care, 108

battery, 23

bedpans, 125

beds

making, 111–112

with mechanical lifts, 120–121

bedsores, 48

beneficence, 26

biohazardous waste, 38

blood clots, 79–80

blood pressure, 60, 106–107

blood pressure cuffs, 60

blood sugar level signs/symptoms, 85

blood-borne pathogens, 37

body alignment, 58

body mechanics, 59

body systems, effect of aging on, 31–33

body temperature, 50

measuring, 101–104

axillary temperature, 103

oral temperature, 101–102

rectal temperature, 102–103

tympanic membrane temperature, 103–104

Braden scale, 48

breathing problems, 76–78

C

calories, 51–52

cancers of digestive and urinary tract, 83

carbohydrates, 84–85

cardiac arrest, 79

cardiovascular problems, 79–80

caring characteristics, 18

cataracts, 73

catheter care, 128–129

cerebral vascular accident (CVA), 75–76

chair, transferring resident to, 119

Cheyne-Stokes respirations, 93

CHF (congestive heart failure), 79

choking, 76, 132

cholecystitis, 82

chronic illness

of digestive organs, 83–84

risk factors, 33

circulatory conditions, 79–80

cirrhosis, 83

clean catch urine specimen, 130

cleansing enema, 126

clinical skills test (CST)

ambulation assistance with gait-transfer belt, 122–123

bathing

partial bedbaths, 107–108

perineal care, 108

blood pressure, measuring, 106–107

body temperature, measuring, 101–104

condom catheter, applying, 129

handwashing, 101

intake and output (I&O), recording, 127

isolation procedures, 131–133

making occupied bed, 111–112

monitoring resident in restraints, 124

passive range of motion (PROM) exercises, 123–124

personal care skills

bedpans, 125

cleansing enema, 126

direct care, 100

dressing, 110

feeding, 124

indirect care, 99–100

indwelling catheter care, 128–129

nail care, 108–109

oral hygiene, 109–110

ostomy care, 125

urinary drainage bag, 127

positioning resident

Fowler’s position, 113–114

lateral position, 114–115

logroll, 117–118

orthopneic position, 116

prone position, 115–116

on side of bed, 112–113

Sim’s position, 115

supine position, 113

post-mortem care, 133–134

pulse, measuring, 104–105

respirations, measuring, 105–106

specimen collection

stool, 131

urine, 130

test-taking strategies, 8–9

tips for taking, 3–4

transferring resident

to chair/wheelchair, 119

with mechanical lift, 120–121

sitting on side of bed, 118–119

to stretcher, 121–122

CNAs. See nurse assistants/aides (CNAs)

coccyx, 48

code of ethics, 26

colon, 83

colostomy, 83

comatose residents

oral hygiene, 50

on ventilators, 78

commode, 54

common cold, 34

communicable diseases

preventing. See infection control

terminology, 33–34

communication skills of nurse assistants/aides, 21–22

condom catheter, 129

confidentiality, 26

confusion, 88

congestive heart failure (CHF), 79

contact isolation, 36

contagion, 33–34

content outline for written examination, 1–2

continuing education, 17

contracture, 57

coronary arteries, 79

CST. See clinical skills test (CST)

cultural diversity, 21–22, 62–63

CVA (cerebral vascular accident), 75–76

cyanosis, 76

D

data collection and reporting, 65–67

death

post-mortem care, 133–134

of terminally ill residents, 93

debilitated, 76

decubitus ulcer, 48

defecate, 53–54

dehydration, 51–52

delirium, 54

delusion, 89

dementia, 89–90

dentition, 51–52

dentures, 49–50, 109–110

depression, 90–91

diabetes, 84–86

blood sugar level signs/symptoms, 85

nail care, 51

diabetic retinopathy, 73

diarrhea, 54

dieticians (RDs), 20

digestive problems, 82–86

direct care, 100

disoriented, 88

diversion, 83

DNR (do not resuscitate), 92

D.O.N. (Director of Nursing), 19

dorsiflexion, 58

dressing, 110

droplet transmission, 34

dysphagia, 80–81

dysphasia, 75–76

dyspnea, 55, 76

dysuria, 97

E

edema, 52, 79

elimination, 53–54

elimination problems, 82–86

emesis, 84

emotional needs, 61–62

empathy, 18

end of life issues, 92–93

enema, cleansing, 126

environment, infection control in, 38

ethics, 26

euthanasia, 92

extension, 58

eye protection, 36

F

face shields, 36

falls, protection against, 39, 47–48

false imprisonment, 23

fecal impaction, 54

feeding. See nutrition

fever, 59

fire safety, 39

flaccid, 80–81

flexion, 58

fluid intake, 51–53

food intake, 51–53

Fowler’s position, 58, 113–114

fungi, 33

G

G tube (gastrostomy tube), 83

gait-transfer belt, 59, 74, 122–123

glaucoma, 73

gloves, 36

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

goggles

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

gowns, 36

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

grief process, 90–91

grooming, 50–51

gurney, transferring resident to, 121–122

H

hair care, 51

hallucination, 89

hand sanitizers, 35–36

handwashing, 35–36, 101

hazardous wastes, 38

HBV (hepatitis B virus), 37

health, 31

health maintenance and restoration, 59–60

hearing, aging and, 33

hearing impairment, 74–75

heart attack, 79

heart disease, 79

hemiplegia, 80–81, 82

hemorrhage, 83

hepatitis, 82

hepatitis B virus (HBV), 37

high blood pressure. See hypertension

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 37, 87

holistic health care, 92

hospice, 92

HS care, 47

hydration, 51–52

hygiene, 47

hyperglycemia, 85

hypertension, 55, 80

hypoglycemia, 85

hypotension, 76

hypoxia, 76

I

I&O (intake and output), 53, 127

identification required for examination, 2

immobility, 57–59, 80–81

immunity, 32

incident reports, 40

incontinence, 80–81

independence, 56–57

indirect care, 99–100. See also standard precautions

individualism, 62–63

indwelling catheter care, 128–129

infection, symptoms of, 34

infection control, 34

in environment, 38

linens, 38

medical asepsis, 35–36

personal protective equipment (PPE), 36

resident equipment, 37–38

role of CNAs, 34–35

sharps, 37

surgical asepsis, 38

infections

of digestive organs, 82–83

HIV and AIDS, 87

infectious diseases. See communicable diseases

influenza, 34

infusion-IV therapy, 82

intake and output (I&O), 53, 127

intellectual abilities, aging and, 32

interpersonal skills of nurse assistants/aides, 21–22

intravenous access device (IV), 82

intubation. See mechanical ventilator

intuition, 65

invasion of privacy, 23

involuntary seclusion, 23

isolation, 34

isolation procedures, 131–133

IV (intravenous access device), 82

J

jaundice, 82

job limitations of nurse assistants/aides, 17

job responsibilities of nurse assistants/aides, 16–17

K

ketones, 84–85

L

larynx, 75–76

lateral position, 114–115

legal-ethical practice

ethics, 26

liable acts, list of, 22–23

resident rights, 23–26

liable acts, list of, 22–23

Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs), 19

limitations of nurse assistants/aides, 17

linens, 38

listening, active, 21

LMHPs (social workers), 20

logroll, 58, 117–118

long-term care residents, rights of, 23–26

lotions, 35, 48

LPNs (Licensed Practical Nurses), 19

LSWs (social workers), 20

M

macular degeneration, 73

malnutrition, 51–52, 82

masks, 36

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

measuring

blood pressure, 106–107

body temperature, 101–104

axillary temperature, 103

oral temperature, 101–102

rectal temperature, 102–103

tympanic membrane temperature, 103–104

pulse, 104–105

respirations, 105–106

mechanical lift, 58, 120–121

mechanical ventilator, 78

medical asepsis, 34, 35–36

medical liability, list of liable acts, 22–23

mental health needs, 61–62

metastasis, 83

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 33

microorganisms, 33

mobility

aging and, 32

paralysis, 80–81

restorative care, 57–59

monitoring resident in restraints, 124

mouth care. See oral hygiene

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus), 33

N

nail care, 51, 108–109

nares, 77

nasogastric tube, 83

neglect, 23

negligence, 23

nephritis, 82

NNAAP (National Nurse Aide Assessment Program)

clinical skills test (CST)

test-taking strategies, 8–9

tips for taking, 3–4

written examination

content outline, 1–2

identification required, 2

preparation for, 4–6

self-assessment, 9–13

test-taking strategies, 6–8

tips for taking, 3

noncompliance, 51–52

non-malfeasance, 26

NPO, 82, 83

nurse assistants/aides (CNAs)

communication/interpersonal skills, 21–22

defined, 19

personal qualities, 17–18

role of, 16

in infection control, 34–35

job limitations, 17

job responsibilities, 16–17

other tasks/duties, 17

resident safety, 39

as team members, 19–21

nurse practice act, 19

nutrients, 51–52

nutrition, 51–53, 124

for paralyzed residents, 81

for vision-impaired residents, 74

O

OBRA (Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act) of 1987, 56

occupied bed, making, 111–112

opportunistic disease, 87

oral (PO) temperature, 59, 101–102

oral hygiene, 49–50, 109–110

orthopneic position, 116

ostomy care, 83, 125

oxygen, 76–78

P

pain

aging and, 33

signs of, 55

sleep interference, 55

palliative care, 92

pancreatitis, 82

paralysis, 80–82

paranoid, 89

paraplegia, 80–81

parasites, 33

Parkinson’s disease, 75–76

partial bedbaths, 107–108

passive range of motion (PROM), 57–58, 123–124

pathogens, 33, 34

Patient Self Determination Act (PSDA), 92

PCAs/PCTs (patient care assistants/technicians). See nurse assistants/aides (CNAs)

PCP (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), 76

perineal care, 47, 108

personal care skills. See ADLs (activities of daily living); clinical skills test (CST)

personal protective equipment (PPE), 36

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

personal qualities of nurse assistants/aides, 17–18

physical problems

cardiovascular problems, 79–80

digestive and elimination problems, 82–86

hearing impairment, 74–75

HIV and AIDS, 87

paralysis, 80–82

respiratory problems, 76–78

speech impairment, 75–76

vision impairment, 73–74

physical therapists (RPTs), 20

plaque, 79

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 76

pneumonia, 34, 76

PO (oral) temperature, 59, 101–102

podiatry, 51

polyuria, 85

positioning resident

Fowler’s position, 113–114

lateral position, 114–115

logroll, 117–118

orthopneic position, 116

prone position, 115–116

on side of bed, 112–113

Sim’s position, 115

supine position, 113

post-mortem care, 133–134

PPE (personal protective equipment), 36

putting on, 132

removing, 132–133

preparation for written examination, 4–6

pressure ulcer, 48

prevention skills. See restorative care

privacy in bathing, 47–48

PROM (passive range of motion), 57–58, 123–124

prone position, 58, 115–116

prosthesis, 74

PSDA (Patient Self Determination Act), 92

psychological problems

aggression, 88–89

confusion, 88

dementia, 89–90

depression, 90–91

psychosocial care skills, 61

cultural needs, 62–63

emotional and mental health, 61–62

sexual needs, 64–65

spiritual needs, 63–64

pulse, measuring, 104–105

Q

quadriplegia, 80–81

quality assurance, 17

questions, answering on written examination, 6–8

R

radial pulse, 60, 104–105

range of motion (ROM), 57–58

rapport, 63–64

RDs (dieticians), 20

reality orientation, 88

rectal temperature, 102–103

registered nurses (RNs), 19

rehabilitation, 56

religion. See spiritual needs

reporting data, 65–67

rescue breathing, 76

resident equipment, infection control, 37–38

resident safety, 39

Resident’s Bill of Rights, 23–26

respirations, 60

measuring, 105–106

of terminally ill residents, 93

respiratory arrest, 76, 78

respiratory problems, 76–78

respiratory therapists (RTs), 20

respite care, 92

responsibilities of nurse assistants/aides, 16

job limitations, 17

job responsibilities, 16–17

other tasks/duties, 17

restorative care, 56

health maintenance and restoration, 59–60

mobility, 57–59

self-care, 56–57

restraints, 88–89, 124

rest/sleep, 54–56

risk factors for chronic illness, 33

risk management for blood-borne pathogens, 37

RNs (registered nurses), 19

role of nurse assistants/aides, 16

job limitations, 17

job responsibilities, 16–17

other tasks/duties, 17

role reversal, 91

ROM (range of motion), 57–58

RPTs (physical therapists), 20

RTs (respiratory therapists), 20

S

safety of residents, 39

scabies, 34

self-actualization, 63

self-assessment for written examination, 9–13

self-care, 56–57

sensory overload, 75

sensory stimulation, 75

sepsis, 34

sexual harassment, 25

sexual needs, 64–65

sharps, 37

shaving, 50–51

shingles, 34

shortness of breath. See dyspnea

Sim’s position, 58, 115

sitting on side of bed, 118–119

skin care in bathing, 47–49

skin conditions, 34

sleep, 54–56

social workers (LMHPs/LSWs), 20

specialized care

physical problems

cardiovascular problems, 79–80

digestive and elimination problems, 82–86

hearing impairment, 74–75

HIV and AIDS, 87

paralysis, 80–82

respiratory problems, 76–78

speech impairment, 75–76

vision impairment, 73–74

psychological problems

aggression, 88–89

confusion, 88

dementia, 89–90

depression, 90–91

terminal illness, 92–93

specimen collection

stool, 131

urine, 130

speech impairment, 75–76

sphygmomanometer, 60

spiritual needs, 63–64

sputum, 77

standard precautions, 35. See also indirect care

sterile, 38

stethoscope, 60

stoma, 83

stool, 53–54, 131

stretcher, transferring resident to, 121–122

stroke, 75–76, 80–81

suicidal ideation, 91

Sundowner’s Syndrome, 88

supine position, 58, 113

support hose, 110

surgical asepsis, 38

syncope, 49

T

tachycardia, 55, 76

tachypnea, 55

TB (tuberculosis), 34, 77

team members

list of, 19–20

nurse assistants/aides as, 19–21

temperature. See body temperature

terminal illness, 92–93

test-taking strategies

for critical skills test, 8–9

for written examination, 6–8

theft, 23

thrombosis, 79

thrombus, 79–80

TIA (transient ischemic attack), 79

toileting, 53–54, 125

TPN (total parenteral nutrition), 83

tracheostomy, 78

transferring resident

to chair/wheelchair, 119

with mechanical lift, 120–121

sitting on side of bed, 118–119

to stretcher, 121–122

transient ischemic attack (TIA), 79

tuberculosis (TB), 34, 77

tympanic membrane temperature, 103–104

tympanic thermometers, 60

U

urinary drainage bag, 127

urinate, 53–54

urine specimen collection, 130

UTI (urinary tract infection), 82

V

values, 26

ventilator. See mechanical ventilator

viruses, 33

vision, aging and, 32

vision impairment, 73–74

vital signs, 59–60

void, 53–54

W

wellness, 31

wheelchair, transferring resident to, 119

written examination (WE)

content outline, 1–2

identification required, 2

preparation for, 4–6

self-assessment, 9–13

test-taking strategies, 6–8

tips for taking, 3