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Part I: Cyber-Physical System Application Domains
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Part I: Cyber-Physical System Application Domains
by Mark Klein, Dionisio de Niz, Raj Rajkumar
Cyber-Physical Systems
About This E-Book
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Introduction
Emergence of CPS
CPS Drivers
Applications
Theoretical Foundations
Target Audience
Part I: Cyber-Physical System Application Domains
Chapter 1. Medical Cyber-Physical Systems
1.1 Introduction and Motivation
1.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios
1.2.1 Virtual Medical Devices
1.2.2 Clinical Scenarios
1.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes
1.3.1 Trends
1.3.2 Quality Attributes and Challenges of the MCPS Domain
1.3.3 High-Confidence Development of MCPS
1.3.4 On-Demand Medical Devices and Assured Safety
1.3.5 Smart Alarms and Clinical Decision Support Systems
1.3.6 Closed-Loop System
1.3.7 Assurance Cases
1.4 Practitioners’ Implications
1.4.1 MCPS Developer Perspective
1.4.2 MCPS Administrator Perspective
1.4.3 MCPS User Perspective
1.4.4 Patient Perspective
1.4.5 MCPS Regulatory Perspective
1.5 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 2. Energy Cyber-Physical Systems
2.1 Introduction and Motivation
2.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios
2.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes
2.3.1 Key Systems Principles
2.3.2 Architecture 1 Performance Objectives
2.3.3 A Possible Way Forward
2.4 Cyber Paradigm for Sustainable SEES
2.4.1 Physics-Based Composition of CPS for an SEES
2.4.2 DyMonDS-Based Standards for CPS of an SEES
2.4.3 Interaction Variable–Based Automated Modeling and Control
2.5 Practitioners’ Implications
2.5.1 IT-Enabled Evolution of Performance Objectives
2.5.2 Distributed Optimization
2.6 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 3. Cyber-Physical Systems Built on Wireless Sensor Networks
3.1 Introduction and Motivation
3.2 System Description and Operational Scenarios
3.2.1 Medium Access Control
3.2.2 Routing
3.2.3 Node Localization
3.2.4 Clock Synchronization
3.2.5 Power Management
3.3 Key Design Drivers and Quality Attributes
3.3.1 Physically Aware
3.3.2 Real-Time Aware
3.3.3 Runtime Validation Aware
3.3.4 Security Aware
3.4 Practitioners’ Implications
3.5 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Part II: Foundations
Chapter 4. Symbolic Synthesis for Cyber-Physical Systems
4.1 Introduction and Motivation
4.2 Basic Techniques
4.2.1 Preliminaries
4.2.2 Problem Definition
4.2.2.2 Linear Temporal Logic
4.2.3 Solving the Synthesis Problem
4.2.4 Construction of Symbolic Models
4.2.4.1 Stability Assumptions
4.3 Advanced Techniques
4.3.1 Construction of Symbolic Models
4.3.2 Continuous-Time Controllers
4.3.3 Software Tools
4.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 5. Software and Platform Issues in Feedback Control Systems
5.1 Introduction and Motivation
5.2 Basic Techniques
5.2.1 Controller Timing
5.2.2 Control Design for Resource Efficiency
5.3 Advanced Techniques
5.3.1 Reducing the Computation Time
5.3.2 Less Frequent Sampling
5.3.3 Event-Based Control
5.3.4 Controller Software Structures
5.3.5 Sharing of Computing Resources
5.3.6 Analysis and Simulation of Feedback Control Systems
5.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 6. Logical Correctness for Hybrid Systems
6.1 Introduction and Motivation
6.2 Basic Techniques
6.2.1 Discrete Verification
6.3 Advanced Techniques
6.3.1 Real-Time Verification
6.3.2 Hybrid Verification
6.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 7. Security of Cyber-Physical Systems
7.1 Introduction and Motivation
7.2 Basic Techniques
7.2.1 Cyber Security Requirements
7.2.2 Attack Model
7.2.3 Countermeasures
7.3 Advanced Techniques
7.3.1 System Theoretic Approaches
7.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 8. Synchronization in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems
8.1 Introduction and Motivation
8.1.1 Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems
8.1.2 A Complexity-Reducing Technique for Synchronization
8.2 Basic Techniques
8.2.1 Formal Software Engineering
8.2.2 Distributed Consensus Algorithms
8.2.3 Synchronous Lockstep Executions
8.2.4 Time-Triggered Architecture
8.2.5 Related Technology
8.3 Advanced Techniques
8.3.1 Physically Asynchronous, Logically Synchronous Systems
8.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 9. Real-Time Scheduling for Cyber-Physical Systems
9.1 Introduction and Motivation
9.2 Basic Techniques
9.2.1 Scheduling with Fixed Timing Parameters
9.2.2 Memory Effects
9.3 Advanced Techniques
9.3.1 Multiprocessor/Multicore Scheduling
9.3.2 Accommodating Variability and Uncertainty
9.3.3 Managing Other Resources
9.3.4 Rhythmic Tasks Scheduling
9.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
Chapter 10. Model Integration in Cyber-Physical Systems
10.1 Introduction and Motivation
10.2 Basic Techniques
10.2.1 Causality
10.2.2 Semantic Domains for Time
10.2.3 Interaction Models for Computational Processes
10.2.4 Semantics of CPS DSMLs
10.3 Advanced Techniques
10.3.1 ForSpec
10.3.2 The Syntax of CyPhyML
10.3.3 Formalization of Semantics
10.3.4 Formalization of Language Integration
10.4 Summary and Open Challenges
References
About the Authors
About the Contributing Authors
Index
Code Snippets
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Chapter 1. Medical Cyber-Physical Systems
Part I: Cyber-Physical System Application Domains
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