Index
A
Acrylic fiber plant
emergency power generators,
11
emergency response plans,
11
hazardous-materials releases
accident sequence and emergency response,
9–10
release,
emergency response,
environmental effects,
10
groundwater contamination,
10
soil contamination problems,
10
vaporization prevention,
10
Alaska
Drift River valley
view west of oil terminal,
49
Redoubt Volcano eruption
crude-oil terminal flooding,
48
American Petroleum Institute standard API 650,
96
Anchored steel storage tank
Annual exceedance probability,
81
End-point scenarios
QRA of internal release events,
184
Natech scenarios by
outputs societal risk,
149
quantitative risk analysis,
185
vulnerability models,
147
As low as reasonably practicable (ALARP),
115
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
97
Automatic shutdown systems,
221
Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APELL) program,
63
B
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE),
113
C
Cabinet Office of Japan,
California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) program,
54
CalARP Program regulations,
207
Chemical-accident prevention,
Chemical industry
Natech risk management,
Chemical process industry
quantitative risk analysis for,
106
China
Wenchuan earthquake
fertilizer factory, dryer and pipe severing, collapse,
37
Civil-protection measures,
Classification, labeling, and packaging (CLP),
92
Colombia
National System for Disaster Risk Management (SNGRD),
56
National Unit for Risk Management of Disasters (UNGRD),
56
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), alliance with,
56
Policy for Disaster Risk Reduction,
56
Consequence-analysis models,
113
Continuous pipelines (CP),
98
Conventional scenarios
individual and societal risk,
183
societal risk, internal failures,
187
vulnerability model and input parameters for horizontal cylindrical tanks,
151
Crude distillation unit (CDU),
26
Crude-oil processing plant,
Cryogenic liquids,
95,
99
D
Dedicated assessment methodologies and tools,
Detailed analysis techniques (QRA),
96
Digital elevation model (DEM),
77
Disaster risk reduction,
Discrete damage states,
111
E
Early-warning systems,
233
Natech-specific, effectiveness of,
233
effective and reliable predictors for,
71
occurrence probability of, intensity,
71
prevention measures for,
206
probabilistic seismic hazard analysis,
72–75
definition of, input seismic action,
74
European seismic hazard map,
75
ground motion intensity,
72
seismic zones, definition,
75
structural analysis of equipment,
71
Emergency-response planning,
231
consequence mitigation,
231
Emergency Response Planning Guideline 2 (ERPG-2),
123
Empirical equipment damage models,
109
Equipment vulnerability models,
96,
149
atmospheric equipment,
96
hazard classification, based on structural features,
99–101
pressurized equipment,
97
EU Offshore Directive,
54
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),
86
European Macroseismic Intensity Scale,
162
European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC),
121
European Seismic Hazard Map (ESHM),
75
EU Water Framework Directive,
54
integrated river basin management,
54
Evacuation,
F
FEMA Flood Map Service Center (MSC),
80
Fire-fighting teams,
Flammability, liquid substances,
100
Floating-roof systems,
categories of water impact,
78
conceptual framework for,
83
estimation of, maximum water depth and velocity,
79
flood hazard classification,
78
Flood Risk Management Plans,
86
flood-triggered accidents
individual-risk contours,
186
forecasting and EU floods directive,
84
hazard classification based on
number of floods observed,
79
water depth and velocity,
79
hazard map for, hypothetical 10-20-year,
81
identification of flood-prone areas,
78
preliminary Flood Risk Assessment,
86
prevention measures for,
206
FloodList project reports,
85
types based on hypothetical case,
84
Fluidized catalytic cracking unit (FCCU),
26,
27
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant
Fukushima Natech accident,
66
G
Geographical Information System (GIS),
145
Global Flood Monitoring System (GFMS),
85
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission,
85
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Project (GSHAP),
72
homogeneous seismic hazard map,
72
Great East Japan earthquake 2011,
208
Guidance for Offsite Consequence Analysis methodology,
123
H
Hazard and operability study (HAZOP),
29
Hazard curve
peak ground acceleration (PGA)
mean annual frequency of exceedance,
196
Hazardous-materials (hazmat),
releases,
cause, liquid sloshing,
Hazardous plants
Hazardous substances
representative substance,
198
Hazmat release likelihood (HRL),
126
prevention measures for,
206
Hurricane
Katrina,
Rita,
Sandy,
Hydrocarbon spills,
Hydro-meteorological hazards,
237
I
Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) toxic concentrations,
123
Individual-risk contours,
106,
185
Individual-risk maps,
149
Industrial-accident databases,
33
Accident Database of UK Institution of Chemical Engineers,
33
European Commission’s Major Accident Reporting System (MARS),
33
US Coast Guard National Response Center (NRC) database,
33
Industrial accidents
standard scenarios and associated frequencies,
195
Industrial establishment’s safety report,
54
Industrial facilities
accidental hazardous-materials release,
54
process-safety analysis,
54
process-safety information,
54
standard operating procedures,
54
training and maintenance programs,
54
Industrial plants and units module,
121
Industrial risk assessment,
106
International Building Code (IBC),
207
Istanbul earthquake scenario,
162
Italy
J
Japan
Great East Japan earthquake,
55
High Pressure Gas Safety Law,
55
Land Resilience Basic Law,
55
Law on the Prevention of Disasters in Petroleum Industrial Complexes,
55
Petroleum Complex Disaster Prevention Law,
55
Tohoku earthquake and tsunami,
11–19
Fukushima
Sendai port area, fires at refinery,
16–19
accident sequence and emergency response,
16–18
Tokyo Bay, fires and explosions at LPG storage tank farm,
12–16
accident sequence and emergency response,
12–14
tsunami
heavy oil tank destruction,
39
Japanese Fire and Disaster Management Agency,
11
Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency,
11
Japanese nuclear power plant,
Japan twin disasters,
K
chemical facility, damage caused,
159
L
Land-use-planning (LUP),
230
prevention measures for,
206
Lightning-related hazards,
234
Liquefied natural gas (LNG),
95
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),
95
Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC),
140
Local specific individual risk (LSIR),
179
Locational risk (LR),
192
Loss intensities (LIs),
100
Loss of containment (LOC), ,
105
expected severity of,
111
M
Major Accidents Ordinance,
137
Manning’s empirical formula,
79
Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP),
96
Meteorological lightning location systems,
234
Modified mercalli intensity (MMI),
N
Natech, See also specific headings starting with Natech
assessment and management,
social, environmental, and economic impacts,
automated emergency shutoff valves,
220
walls/dikes around storage tanks,
220
prevention measures for,
206
Natech events
data sources and quality,
33–34
earthquake-triggered,
36–37
direct shaking impact,
36
elephant-foot buckling,
36
hazmat release mechanism,
36
direct shaking impact,
36
liquefaction-induced ground deformation,
36
intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) toppling,
37
overturning of storage racks,
37
exposed petroleum pipeline,
41
hazmat release mode
flood-induced erosion,
40
impact of floating debris,
40
post-accident analyses,
43
toxic or flammable substance dispersion,
42
general lessons learned,
34–35
Natech risk-reduction measures implementation,
35
Natech-specific additional safety measures,
35
natural-hazard specific design,
35
hot weather-triggered,
47
decomposition of substance,
47
direct exposure to solar radiation,
47
polymerization of substance,
47
lightning-triggered,
45–47
direct structural damage,
45
equipment damage and failure mechanisms,
45
fire in gasoline storage tank,
46
indirect structural damage,
45
low temperatures-triggered,
47
mechanisms
freezing water expansion,
47
safety-relevant function,
47
extreme temperatures-triggered,
47
volcanic eruptions-triggered,
48
affect on chemical-process industry,
43
chemical releases,
43,
44
hurricane Katrina
wind-induced roof destruction,
43,
45
via flooding from storm surge,
43
hazmat release mechanism,
39
tank overturning and collapse,
39
volcanic eruptions-triggered
Natech probabilities,
171
international activities,
61–66
Awareness and preparedness for emergencies at local level (APELL) program
by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
63–65
chemical accident prevention, preparedness and response
OECD guiding principles,
61–63
OECD guiding principles, natech addendum,
61–63
OECD guiding principles, OECD natech project,
61
Sendai framework
for disaster risk reduction 2015-30,
65–66
Natech risk analysis,
99,
162
methodologies and tools,
191
risk curves and effects,
191
single unit containing a flammable substance,
166
single unit containing a toxic substance,
168
Natech risk-analysis module,
123
criteria for, damage classification,
123
Natech risk assessment,
91,
92,
108
empirical equipment damage models,
109
hazard identification and consequence analysis,
110
characterization of natural hazard,
110
discrete damage states,
111
quantitative risk analysis,
108
risk integration and evaluation,
115–117
seismic risk analysis,
109
Natech risk index (NRI
i),
126
graphic representation for,
127
Natech risk reduction,
227,
238
emergency-response planning,
231
risk-reduction strategies,
57
Commission for process safety,
60
German Environment Agency,
59
German Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG),
58
German Major Accident Ordinance,
58
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change,
60
obligations of operators,
58
Technical Rules on Installation Safety (TRAS),
60
organizational measures,
227
Natech risks management
regulatory frameworks,
53–56
European Union (EU),
53–54
United States of America,
54
Natech scenarios,
95,
101
conventional consequence-analysis models,
178
local specific individual risk (LSIR),
179
probit functions for human vulnerability,
177,
178
quantitative risk assessment,
179
societal risk levels,
179
density of, resident population,
183
expected frequency of,
183
layout and vessel features,
179,
182
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP),
158
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP),
80
National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program,
212
Natural-gas transmission system,
97
in safety management
criteria for selected sources,
131
technological secondary effects,
North Anatolian Fault (NAF),
157
strike-slip fault system,
157
Nuclear contamination,
O
Observational fragility curves,
148
OECD guiding principles
chemical-accident prevention,
61
Natech risk management,
61
working group on chemical accidents (WGCA),
61
second Natech project,
63
Offshore platforms and pipelines release
Hurricanes Katrina
vs. Rita,
22
Oxyacetylene welding (OAW),
98
P
Peak ground acceleration (PGA),
71,
158
Peak ground velocity (PGV),
71,
158
Performance-based seismic design (PBSD),
74
Pipelines, structural features of,
98
Plant unit information, example of,
122
Potential life loss (PLL),
187
Preliminary assessment of Natech risk (PANR),
126
hazard identification,
126
inventory development,
126
Natech risk index (NRI
i),
126
qualitative methodology for,
126
vulnerability analysis,
126
Pressurized equipment,
97
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA),
70
schematic of five basic steps in,
73
Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA),
77
Probability density functions (PDFs),
72
Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation,
54
Q
Quantitative area risk analysis techniques,
145
Quantitative risk analysis (QRA),
106
steps and relevant aspects,
192
Quantitative risk assessment (QRA),
143
equipment vulnerability models,
148
flowchart of procedures,
144
identification of credible combinations of events,
146
input data/calculation procedure,
147–148
simplified hazard-ranking criteria,
145
R
industrial plants and units module,
121
Natech risk-analysis module,
123
natural-hazards module,
121
RAPID-N earthquake Natech case study
Refinery’s naphtha tank farm, ,
Regional earthquake hazard,
157
Risk acceptance
Carrot diagram representing framework for,
116
RISKCURVES
case study, description of,
193–198
iso-risk contours for QRA,
153
Risk management plan (RMP) rule,
54
Risk management program (RMP),
165
S
Segmented pipelines (SP),
98
Seismic building codes,
229
Seismic intensity parameter,
154
Seismic Natech risk analysis
characterization of natural hazard,
110
flowchart of procedure,
110
Sendai framework
disaster risk management,
66
Sendai port area
fires at refinery
emergency responders, role of,
18
multiple pipeline breaks with hydrocarbon release,
17,
18
Natech preparedness level,
19
toxic gas cloud formation,
19
Seveso Directive
major-accident prevention policy (MAPP),
53
Seveso regulatory bodies
Simultaneous emergency-response efforts,
Stationary vessels
natural-hazard impacts
accident scenarios and frequencies,
197
Submerged arc welding (SAW),
98
released substance, physical state of,
94
liquefied gases under pressure,
94
Surface faulting,
T
Technical rules for installation safety (TRAS),
128
Technology hazard matrix,
99
Thai floods,
Tokyo Bay
fires and explosions at LPG storage tank farm
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) release,
14
polypropylene release,
14
boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE),
13
Toxic-effects models,
114
Toxicity, liquid substances,
100
Trans-Alaska oil pipeline,
210
engineered seismic protection measures,
211
Transport activities
Transportation network,
97
precautions and measures,
128
accident scenarios, determination of,
136
climate change, consideration of,
134–137
detailed hazard source analysis,
131–134
effects of major accidents,
137
inflows of water, at site,
133
methodological approach of,
129
planning for emergencies,
137
possible causes of, major accidents,
135
potential water runoff routes,
133
protection concepts for scenarios,
136
requirements for adaptation, climate change,
138
safety precautions and measures (flooding),
136
safety-relevant parts of establishments and installations,
134
scenarios and protection aims, specification of,
135
scope of application,
128
simplified hazard source analysis,
129–131
climate change factor,
139
precautions and measures,
138
equipment, effect on,
195
historical observations,
76
probabilistic tsunami hazard,
77
Tsunami and coastal storm surge,
211
prevention measures for,
206
Tsunami Risk and Strategies for the European Region (TRANSFER) project,
212
Tsunami-triggered Natech risk,
154
Turkey
acrylic fiber plant
hazardous-materials releases,
9–11
Izmit Bay refinery fires,
6–9
accident sequence and emergency response,
6–7
U
Unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE),
113
UNEP APELL Program
harmful effects of technological hazards and environmental emergencies, minimization of,
64
United Kingdom
Milford haven thunderstorm,
21–29
accident sequence and emergency response,
26
crude distillation unit (CDU),
26
explosion, causes and contributing factor,
29
fluidized catalytic cracking unit (FCCU),
26
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
63
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR),
91
United States
Department of Transport
research and special programs administration (RSPA),
21
emergency-response planning,
54
hazardous-materials risk management,
54
Hurricanes
accident sequence and emergency response,
22–24
communication and electrical power system damage,
24
crude oil and other oil releases,
22
hazardous-materials releases,
21
offshore infrastructure, impact on,
21
offshore platforms and pipelines release,
22
onshore installations, impact on,
21
pipeline deinventory practice effectiveness,
25
National Transportation Safety Board,
19
Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation,
54
Risk Management Plan (RMP) rule,
54
San Jacinto river flood,
19–21
accident sequence and emergency response,
19–20
pipeline damage and spills,
19
US Coast Guard offices
incident command post (ICP),
24
United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE),
215
United States Geological Survey (USGS),
121
US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),
78
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
85
US National Weather Service,
23
V
W
Weather-forecasting techniques,
84
Welding, high-quality,
98
Working group on chemical accidents (WGCA),
61
Worst-case risk-analysis approach,
109