NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. Gay Bryant wrote an Adweek article containing the first documented use of the term glass ceiling in 1984. The term became a permanent part of the American lexicon with a subsequent article by Carol Hymowitz and Timothy Schellhardt, which appeared in the Wall Street Journal on March 24, 1986.

2. Us Weekly magazine, 566, December 18, 2005, p. 87.

STRATEGY 1: ESTABLISH A STRONG IDENTITY AND PURPOSE

1. Excerpted from Riesman, Freedman, Workman, and Cooley, New Work for the Head, Heart and Hand.

STRATEGY 3: DEMONSTRATE EXCELLENCE

1. New York Times, Sept. 9, 2009. “In Lawmaker’s Outburst, a Rare Breach of Protocol,” by Carl Hulse, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/10/us/politics/10wilson.html?_r=1

2. New York Times, Nov. 30, 2009. “In Job Hunt, College Degree Can’t Close Racial Gap,” by Michael Luo, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/us/01race.html

3. From 7 Kinds of Smart, revised and updated edition, by Thomas Armstrong, copyright © 1993, 1999 by Thomas Armstrong. Used by persmission of Plume, an imprint of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

STRATEGY 6: FIND STRENGTH IN NUMBERS

1. At the time of the April 4, 2007, Imus incident, CBS Radio managed Westwood One, which syndicated Imus in the Morning nationwide. A private equity firm, which began investing in the company in 2008, bought the remaining shares of Westwood One in early 2009.

2. Liberal watchdog organization Media Matters for America posted a video and this transcript of the incident on its website.

3. The November 20, 2001, Newsday quote was reported by Media Matters (http://mediamatters.org/mmtv/200703280001) and also appeared in the Jet Magazine article “Fired White Sportscaster Apologizes for Remarks About Venus and Serena Williams; Gets Rehired”, July 9, 2001, p. 32.

STRATEGY 7: THINK AND ACT INTRAPRENEURIALLY

1. Finding is from a 2008 study of the 119-school NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision: The Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport, “2008 Racial and Gender Report Card for College Sport,” news release, Feb. 19, 2009, www.tidesport.org/RGRC/2008/2008CollegRGRC.pdf.

STRATEGY 8: THINK AND ACT ENTREPRENEURIALLY

1. Tom Lewis, “The Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor,” The Socialist Worker, Aug. 1, 2003, http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/inequal/income/2003/0801gap.htm.

2. From Melvin Oliver and Thomas Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth (New York: Routledge), 1995.

3. The collective buying power of African Americans, Asian Americans, Latinos, and American Indians is according to the U.S. Department of Labor and the U.S. Census Bureau.

4. United for a Fair Economy, “The State of the Dream 2004: Enduring Disparities in Black and White,” http://www.racialwealthdivide.org/documents/StateoftheDream2004.pdf.

5. Associated Press, “Study Says White Families’ Wealth Advantage Has Grown,” Oct. 18, 2004, http://www.uwm.edu/~gjay/Whiteness/whitewealthgrows.html.

6. 1997 Economic Census data, cited in Boston Consulting Group, The New Agenda for Minority Business Development, June 2005.

7. Dennis Kimbro, http://knowledge.emory.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1086.<< must contact Kimbro to get full reference>>

8. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Black-Owned Firms, 2002 Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners,” issued Aug. 2006 …

9. Reynold et al, 2002 “The Entrepreneur Next Door” Kauffman Foundation http://www.kauffman.org/uploadedFiles/psed_brochure.pdf

10. Robinson, J., Mair, J., and Hockert, K. 2009 International Perspectives on Social Entrepreneurship. London: Palgrave.

STRATEGY 10

1. “African American Giving Comes of Age,” Business Week, Nov. 29, 2004, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_48/b3910417.htm.