NOTES

Epigraph

1. Sren Kierkegaard (as Johannes Climacus), Philosophical Fragments (1844). See also online: http://www.religion-online.org/showbook.asp?title=2512.

Preface

1. Admittedly, there is only one answer that can be called “rational,” but few people act on reason alone.

Introduction

1. John Steinbeck, The Log from the Sea of Cortez (New York: Viking, 1951).

2. This quote is attributed to Einstein, although not verified. A similar quote by Einstein, in scientific terms, is as follows: “It can scarcely be denied that the supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience.” For a discussion of the simpler quote's source, originally from the New York Times, see http://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/05/13/einstein-simple/#more-2363.

Chapter 1

1. Definition per http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paradox.

2. Other management authors divide problems into four or five categories. For more on this subject, see David J. Snowden and Mary E. Boone, “A Leader's Framework for Decision Making,” Harvard Business Review (November 2007). See also online: http://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making/.

3. Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 155-169. See also online: http://www.uctc.net/mwebber/Rittel+Webber+Dilemmas+General_Theory_of_Planning.pdf.

4. For another take on this issue, note that psychologists distinguish between “well-defined” and “ill-defined” problems, and in turn suggest different ways to handle them. For example, see Gregory Schraw, Michael E. Dunkle, and Lisa D. Bendixen, “Cognitive Processes in Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problem Solving,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 9, no. 6 (December 1995): 523-538. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.2350090605/ abstract.

5. Rittel and Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” 169.

6. Rittel and Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” 169.

7. Russell A. Eisenstat, Michael Beer, Nathaniel Foote, Tobias Fredberg, and Flemming Norrgren, “The Uncompromising Leader,” Harvard Business Review (July-August 2008): 51-57. See also online: http://hbr.org/2008/07/the-uncompromising-leader/ar/1.

8. Tobias Fredberg, Michael Beer, Russell Eisenstat, Nathaniel Foote, and Flemming Norrgren, “Embracing Commitment and Performance: CEOs and Practices Used to Manage Paradox.” Working Paper 08-052: 13. See also online: http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/08-052_18284f5a-c48b-45e9-acfd-8b3d3242514e.pdf.

9. Chris Dolmetsch, “Large-Size Soda Limits Should Be Reinstated, N.Y. Says,” Bloomberg Business Week, June 11, 2013. See also online: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-11/large-sized-soda-limits-should-be-reinstated-n-y-says.html.

10. Dave Luvison and Mike Bendixen, “The Behavioral Consequences of Outsourcing: Looking Through the Lens of Paradox,” Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship 15, no. 4 (December 2010): 28-52. (See page 41 in particular.) See also online: http://www.questia.com/library/1P3-2253565871/the-behavioral-consequences-of-outsourcing-looking.

11. Eisenstat, Beer, Foote, Fredberg, and Norrgren, “The Uncompromising Leader,” 57.

Chapter 2

1. Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Professor at the Breakfast Table, 1859 (a collection of essays first published in Atlantic Monthly). See also online: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2665/2665-h/2665-h.htm.

2. Alison Mackey, “The Effect of CEOs on Firm Performance,” Strategic Management Journal 29, no. 12 (December 2008): 1364. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.708/abstract.

3. Daniel Kahneman makes this same point. See Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 2011), 205.

4. Ellen J. Langer, “The Illusion of Control,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32, no. 2 (1975): 311-328.

5. Lauren A. Leotti, Sheena S. Iyengar, and Kevin N. Ochsner, “Born to Choose: The Origins and Value of the Need for Control,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 10 (September 2010): 457-463; see p. 457. http://dept.psych.columbia.edu/~kochsner/pdf/Leotti_Born_to_choose_2010.pdf.

6. Leotti, Iyengar, Ochsner, “Born to Choose,” 459.

7. Quotes in this section from Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay “Self-Reliance,” published in 1841. See also online: http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essays:_First_Series/Self-Reliance.

8. J. Edward Russo, Kurt A. Carlson, Margaret G. Meloy, and Kevyn Yong, “The Goal of Consistency as a Cause of Information Distortion,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137, no. 3 (2008): 456-470. See also online: http://forum.johnson.cornell.edu/faculty/russo/The%20Goal%20of%20Consistency%20as%20a%20Cause%20of%20Information%20Distortion.pdf.

9. A. W. Kruglanski and D. M. Webster, “Motivated Closing of the Mind: ‘Seizing’ and ‘Freezing,’” Psychological Review 103 (1996): 263-283.

10. Arie Kruglanski and T. Freund, “The Freezing and Unfreezing of Lay-Inferences: Effects on Impressional Primacy, Ethnic Stereotyping, and Numerical Anchoring,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19 (1983): 448-468. See also online: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022103183900227.

11. A. W. Kruglanski, D. M. Webster, and A. Klem, “Motivated Resistance and Openness to Persuasion in the Presence or Absence of Prior Information,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 861-876. See also online: http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/motivated_resistance_and_openess_to_persuasion_in_the_presence_or_absence_of_prior_information.pdf.

12. Donna M. Webster and Arie W. Kruglanski, “Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, no. 6(Dec. 1994): 1049-1062. See also online: http://www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/individual_differences_in_need_for_cognitive_closure.pdf.

13. Charles D. Bailey, Cynthia M. Daily, and Thomas J. Phillips Jr., “Auditors' Levels of Dispositional Need for Closure and Effects on Hypothesis Generation and Confidence,” Behavioral Research in Accounting 23, no. 2 (Fall 2011): 27-50. See also online: http://aaapubs.org/doi/abs/10.2308/bria-50021?journalCode=bria.

14. Webster and Kruglanski, “Individual Differences in Need for Cognitive Closure.”

15. Robert B. Cialdini, Melanie R. Trost, and Jason T. Newsom, “Preference for Consistency: The Development of a Valid Measure and the Discovery of Surprising Behavioral Implications,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69, no. 2 (1995): 318-328. See also online: http://osil.psy.ua.edu/~Rosanna/Soc_Inf/week9/PFC.pdf.

16. “Leading Through Connections: Insights from the Global Chief Executive Officer Study,” IBM Institute for Business Value, May 2012. See also online: http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/en/c-suite/ceostudy2012/.

17. Author interview with Jan Singer, Nike Inc.

18. Bailey, Daily, and Phillips, “Auditors' Levels of Dispositional Need for Closure and Effects on Hypothesis Generation and Confidence,” 43.

19. Julia Q. Zhu, “Four Mistakes Behind Groupon's Failure in China,” TechinAsia, November 4, 2011. Available online: http://www.techinasia.com/4-mistakes-behind-groupon%E2%80%99s-failure-in-china.

20. Tony Hsieh, Delivering Happiness: A Path to Profits, Passion, and Purpose (New York: Business Plus, 2010).

Chapter 3

1. Tony Schwartz, “Turning 60: The Twelve Most Important Lessons I've Learned So Far,” Harvard Business Review Blog Network, May 1, 2012. See online: http://blogs.hbr.org/2012/05/turning-60-the-twelve-most/.

2. Thomas Sy and Laura Sue D'Annunzio, “Challenges and Strategies of Matrix Organizations: Top-Level and Mid-Level Manager's Perspectives,” Human Resource Planning 28, no. 1 (2005): 39-48. See also online: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/17034559/challenges-strategies-matrix-organizations-top-level-mid-level-managers-perspectives.

3. Sy and D'Annunzio, “Challenges and Strategies of Matrix Organizations,” 46.

4. Horst W. J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber, “Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning,” Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 155-169; see p. 158. See also online: http://www.uctc.net/mwebber/Rittel+Webber+Dilemmas+General_Theory_of_Planning.pdf.

5. Dwight D. Eisenhower, quoted online at http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower.

6. For a summary of biases that relate to planning, see James H. Barnes Jr., “Cognitive Biases and Their Impact on Strategic Planning,” Strategic Management Journal 5 (1984): 129-137. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.4250050204/abstract. A more recent discussion of the consequences of biases in strategic planning includes T. K. Das and Bing-Sheng Teng, “Cognitive Biases and Strategic Processes: An Integrative Perspective,” Journal of Management Studies 36 (6): 757-778. See also online: http://aux.zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/tkdas/publications/das-teng_jms99_cognitivebias_757-778.pdf.

7. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), 204-205.

8. This passage is based on “Pop Quiz: Can Indra Nooyi Revive PepsiCo?” Knowledge@Wharton, March 28, 2012. See online: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/pop-quiz-can-indra-nooyi-revive-pepsico/.

9. Adrian Furnham and Tracy Ribchester, “Tolerance of Ambiguity: A Review of the Concept, Its Measurement and Applications,” Current Psychology 14, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 179. See also online: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02686907.

Chapter 4

1. Quote appears in Thoreau's letter to his friend Harrison G. O. Blake, dated November 16, 1857. Contained in Letters to Various Persons by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, a classic now in print by various publishers.

2. Text excerpted from GlaxoSmithKline video, no longer available online. Accessed June 2013.

3. Commitments excerpted from GlaxoSmithKline website, accessed June 2013. See online http://www.gsk.com/responsibility/health-for-all/our-commitments.html and http://www.gsk.com/explore-gsk/health-for-all/the-fight-against-malaria.html.

4. Data from GlaxoSmithKline website, accessed June 2013. See online: http://www.gsk.com/responsibility/health-for-all/access-to-healthcare.html.

5. John G. Taft, “How to Fix Financial Capitalism? Focus on Ethics,” Harvard Business Review Blog Network, July 5, 2012. See online: http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2012/07/how_to_fix_financial_capitalis.html.

6. Richard L. Leider, “The Purposeful Leader: A Purpose Checkup,” in Coaching for Leadership: Writings on Leadership from the World's Greatest Coaches, 3rd ed., edited by Marshall Goldsmith, Laurence S. Lyons, and Sarah McArthur (San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2012), 96.

7. Richard L. Leider, The Power of Purpose: Find Meaning, Live Longer, Better, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2010).

8. Credo is published on the Johnson & Johnson website. See online: https://www.jnj.com/sites/default/files/pdf/jnj_ourcredo_english_us_8.5x11_cmyk.pdf.

9. Reason.com, “Rethinking the Social Responsibility of Business: A Reason Debate Featuring Milton Friedman, Whole Foods' John Mackey, and Cypress Semiconductor's T.J. Rodgers,” October 2005. See also online: http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/pdf/WholeFoodsJohnMackeySR.pdf.

10. Information from Whole Foods Market website, accessed June 2013. See online: http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/careers/our-mission-and-culture.

11. An updated version of the oath is here: http://mbaoath.org/about/the-mba-oath/ See also: http://mbaoath.org/mba-oath-legacy-version/.

12. Michael Porter and Mark R. Kramer, “Creating Shared Value: How to Reinvent Capitalism . . . and Unleash a Wave of Innovation and Growth,” Harvard Business Review (Feb-Mar 2011): 62-67.

13. Jillian Goodman, J. J. McCorvey, Margaret Rhodes, and Linda Tischler, “From Facebook to Pixar: 10 Conversations That Changed Our World.” Fast Company online, January 15, 2013. See online: http://www.fastcompany.com/3004348/facebook-pixar-10-conversations-changed-our-world.

14. Mark Gunther, “Unilever's CEO has a Green Thumb,” Fortune 23 (May 23, 2013): 66. See also online: http://money.cnn.com/2013/05/23/leadership/unilever-paul-polman.pr.fortune/index.html.

Chapter 5

1. William Shakespeare, Macbeth, Act 4, Scene 3, lines 138-139. See online: http://www.shakespeare-navigators.com/macbeth/T43.html#136.

2. Johnson & Johnson News, “Johnson & Johnson Medical Companies Opens Innovation Center In China To Serve Emerging Markets,” June 22, 2011. See online: http://www.jnj.com/news/all/johnson-johnson-medical-companies-opens-innovation-center-in-china.

3. See online video interview with Alex Gorsky, June 7, 2013: http://www.bloomberg.com/video/johnson-johnson-ceo-gorsky-on-strategy-for-china-Zr114bffTeqBdotyAlAEVw.html.

4. Bob Tita, “Illinois Tool Resists Pressure to Split,” Wall Street Journal, August 31, 2012. See also online: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444772804577621432056243146.html.

5. Charles G. Lord, Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper, “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37, no. 11 (1979): 20982109. See also online: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1981-05421-001.

6. David J. Malenka, John A. Baron, Sarah Johansen, Jon W. Wahrenberger, and Jonathan M. Ross, “The Framing Effect of Relative and Absolute Risk,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 1993): 543-548. See also online: http://www.cuclasses.com/stat1001/lectures/classnotes/RR_FramingEffect.pdf.

7. Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci, and Richard M. Ryan, “Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-Being in Two Work Settings,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34, no. 10 (2004): 2061. See also online: http://www.choixdecarriere.com/pdf/6573/Baard_Deci_Ryan(2004).pdf.

8. Sara L. Rynes, Barry Gerhart, and Kathleen A. Minette, “The Importance of Pay in Employee Motivation: Discrepancies Between What People Say and What They Do,” Human Resource Management 43, no. 4 (Winter 2004): 381394. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hrm.20031/ abstract.

Chapter 6

1. Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols (New York: Penguin Classics, 1990), 54.

2. Clint Korver, Framing, unpublished monograph, 2004.

3. As quoted in John Berry, Herman Miller: The Purpose of Design, 2nd ed. (New York: Rizzoli International, 2004), 5.

4. Fast Company Staff, “‘I No Longer Want to Work for Money.’” Fast Company online, February 1, 2007. See online: http://www.fastcompany.com/58514/i-no-longer-want-work-money.

5. Ap Dijksterhuis and Loran F. Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 1 (2006): 95-109; see p. 107. See also online: http://www.alice.id.tue.nl/references/dijksterhuis-nordgren-2006.pdf.

6. Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought,” 96, 102.

7. Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, “A Theory of Unconscious Thought,” 96.

8. David Kiron, Doug Palmer, Anh Nguyen Phillips, and Robert Berkman, “Social Business: Shifting Out of First Gear,” Report by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Business and Deloitte LLP (Westlake, TX: Deloitte University Press: 2013), 5. See online at http://sloanreview.mit.edu/reports/shifting-social-business/?utm_source=WhatCounts+Publicaster+Edition&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Soc+Enews+—+July+16%2c+2013&utm_content=Get+the+report.

9. Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: HarperPerennial, 1996).

10. Paddy Miller, Koen Klokgieters, Azra Brankovic, and Freek Duppen, Innovation Leadership Study (London: Capgemini Consulting, 2012), 20. See also online: http://www.capgemini-consulting.com/innovation-leadership-study.

11. Michael A. West and Neil R. Anderson, “Innovation in Top Management Teams,” Journal of Applied Psychology 81, no. 6 (1996): 690. See also online: http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1996-06918-005.

Chapter 7

1. Sir Francis Bacon, The Essays and Counsels Civil and Moral of Francis Bacon, 1597, newly written 1625. See full text online: http://www.luminarium.org/renascence-editions/bacon.html.

2. Based on observations by Jake Birchard working in Kakamega, Kenya, posted September 22, 2010. See blog post: http://jakebirchard.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/stoves-to-improve-lives/.

3. Bradley J. Olson, Satyanarayana Parayitam, and Yongjian Bao, “Strategic Decision Making: The Effects of Cognitive Diversity, Conflict, and Trust on Decision Outcomes,” Journal of Management 33, no. 2 (April 2007): 218. See also online: http://www.buec.udel.edu/beckert/BUAD%20870%2012F/Presentation%202.pdf.

4. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), 186.

5. Bill Millar, “The Rise of the Digital C-Suite: How Executives Locate and Filter Business Information,” Forbes/Insight, June 2009. See online: http://www.forbes.com/forbesinsights/digital_csuite/.

6. Michael Abebe, Arifin Angriawan, and Huy Tran, “Chief Executive External Network Ties and Environmental Scanning Activities: An Empirical Examination,” Strategic Management Review 4, no. 1 (2010): 38. See also online: http://www.strategicmanagementreview.com/doi/pdf/10.4128/1930-4560-4.1.30.

7. William W. Maddux and Adam D. Galinsky, “Cultural Borders and Mental Barriers: The Relationship Between Living Abroad and Creativity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 5 (2009): 1047-1061. See also online: http://www.esf.edu/international/documents/CulturalBordersandMentalBarriers_livingabroadandcreativity.pdf.

8. For a lengthy discussion of worldviews, see table 2, page 29, of Mark E. Koltko-Rivera, “The Psychology of Worldviews,” Review of General Psychology 8, no. 1 (2004): 3-58. See also online: http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/gpr-813.pdf.

Chapter 8

1. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (translated by John Oxenford), Conversations of Goethe (London: George Bell & Sons, 1882), 223.

2. Margaret B. Glick, Thomas J. Chermack, Henry Luckel, and Brian Q. Gauck, “Effects of Scenario Planning on Participant Mental Models,” European Journal of Training and Development 36, no. 5 (2012): 488-507. See also online: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=17036255.

3. René Rohrbeck and Jan O. Schwarz, “The Value Contribution of Strategic Foresight: Insights from an Empirical Study on Large European Companies,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80, no. 8 (October 2013): 1593—1606. See also online: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016251300005X.

4. Based on PricewaterhouseCoopers, “Managing Tomorrow's People: The Future of Work to 2020,” 2007. See also online: http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/managing-tomorrows-people/future-of-work/pdf/mtp-future-of-work.pdf.

5. PricewaterhouseCoopers, “Managing Tomorrow's People,” Appendix A3, 30-31.

6. Pierre Wack, “Scenarios: Shooting the Rapids,” Harvard Business Review (November 1985): 139-150. See also online: http://hbr.org/1985/11/scenarios-shooting-the-rapids/ar/1.

Chapter 9

1. Plato, The Republic, 354c (Book I). See also online: http://www.aprendendoingles.com.br/ebooks/republic.pdf.

2. Donal Crilly and Pamela Sloan, “Enterprise Logic: Explaining Corporate Attention to Stakeholders from the ‘Inside-Out,’” Strategic Management Journal 33 (February 27, 2012): 1174-1193. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.1964/abstract.

3. Author interview with Ed Freeman, Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, August 14, 2013.

4. John Mackey, interview posted online January 12, 2011. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z88g1DfXmu8.

5. Carrie Brownstein, “Quality Standards and the Multi-Stakeholder Process,” Whole Story Blog, January 27, 2012. See blog online: http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/blog/whole-story/quality-standards-and-multi-stakeholder-process.

6. We appreciate the pioneering thinking in this field by Ed Freeman and his coauthors. These thoughts are fully developed in: Edward Freeman, Jeffrey S. Harrison, and Andrew C. Wicks, Managing for Stakeholders (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), chapter 5.

7. Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks, Managing for Stakeholders, 117.

8. Freeman, Harrison, and Wicks, Managing for Stakeholders, 120.

9. “Company Network.” See online http://www.ceres.org/company-network.

10. We take inspiration from Charles Green's “Trust Equation,” another form but a similar concept. See online: http://trustedadvisor.com/articles/the-trust-equation-a-primer.

Chapter 10

1. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (New York: Signet Classic, 1962 [originally published 1890]), 55. See full text online: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=WilDori.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all.

2. Mickey Connolly and Richard Rianoshek, The Communication Catalyst (Chicago: Dearborn Trade, 2002).

3. As cited in Chip Heath and Dan Heath, “The Curse of Knowledge,” Harvard Business Review (December 2006). See also online: http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1.

Chapter 11

1. Gary Hamel, Leading the Revolution: How to Thrive in Turbulent Times by Making Innovation a Way of Life (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2000), 25-26.

2. Carsten K. W. De Dreu, “When Too Little or Too Much Hurts: Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Task Conflict and Innovation in Teams,” Journal of Management 32 (2006): 83. See also online: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/32/1/83.accessible-long.

3. Charlan J. Nemeth, Bernard Personnaz, Marie Personnaz, and Jack A. Goncalo, “The Liberating Role of Conflict in Group Creativity: A Study in Two Countries,” European Journal of Social Psychology 34 (2004): 365-374. See also online: https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/directory/ja26531/downloads/Liberating_role_of_conflict_in_group_creativity.pdf.

Chapter 12

1. Carl R. Rogers (Howard Kirschenbaum and Valeria Land Henderson, eds.), The Carl Rogers Reader (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 19.

2. Hugh McColl, Chairman and CEO, Bank of America, Presentation to Senior Executives, April 1999.

3. Amos Tversky and Eldar Shafir, “Choice Under Conflict: The Dynamics of Deferred Decision,” Psychological Science 3, no. 6 (November 1992): 358-361; see p. 361. (Italics in original.) See also online: http://kie.vse.cz/wp-content/uploads/Tversky-Shafir-1992.pdf.

4. Frank Huber, Soren Kocher, Johannes Vogel, and Frederik Meyer, “Dazing Diversity: Investigating the Determinants and Consequences of Decision Paralysis,” Psychology and Marketing 29, no. 6 (June 2012): 467-478. See also online: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mar.20535/abstract.

5. I. Ritov and J. Baron, “Status Quo and Omission Biases,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5 (1992): 49-61.

6. Research as summarized in Margaret E. Brooks, “Management Indecision,” Management Decision 49, no. 5 (2011): 683-693; see p. 686. See also online: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1923562.

7. W. Samuelson and R. Zeckhauser, “Status Quo Bias in Decision Making,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1 (1988): 7-59.

8. S. Eidelman and C. S. Crandall, “Bias in Favor of the Status Quo,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6 (2012): 270-281.

9. Brooks, “Management Indecision,” 686.

10. Dolores Albarracin, Justin Hepler, and Melanie Tannenbaum, “General Action and Inaction Goals: Their Behavioral, Cognitive, and Affective Origins and Influences,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20, no. 2 (2011): 119-123; see p. 120. See also online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766569.

11. As quoted in Ruth Moore, Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966), 196.

Conclusion

1. From Book II of Emile, or On Education, as quoted in Leo Damrosch, Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2005), 238. Other translations are online. For example, see the translation by Barbara Foxley at Project Gutenberg: “You cannot avoid paradox if you think for yourself, and whatever you may say I would rather fall into paradox than into prejudice.” http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/5427/pg5427.txt.