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by Erchin Serpedin, Khalid A. Qaraqe, Muhammad Zeeshan Shakir, Muhammad Ismail
Green Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Dedication
Part One: Introduction to Green Networks
Chapter 1: Green Network Fundamentals
1.1 Introduction: Need for Green Networks
1.2 Traffic Models
1.3 Energy Efficiency and Consumption Models in Wireless Networks
1.4 Performance Trade-Offs
1.5 Summary
Chapter 2: Green Network Solutions
2.1 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at Low and/or Bursty Call Traffic Loads
2.2 Green Solutions and Analytical Models at High and/or Continuous Call Traffic Loads
2.3 Green Projects and Standards
2.4 Road Ahead
2.5 Summary
Part Two: Multi-homing Resource Allocation
Chapter 3: Green Multi-homing Approach
3.1 Heterogeneous Wireless Medium
3.2 Green Multi-homing Resource Allocation
3.3 Challenging Issues
3.4 Summary
Chapter 4: Multi-homing for a Green Downlink
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Win–Win Cooperative Green Resource Allocation
4.3 IDC Interference-Aware Green Resource Allocation
4.4 Summary
Chapter 5: Multi-homing for a Green Uplink
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Data Calls
5.3 Green Multi-homing Uplink Resource Allocation for Video Calls
5.4 Summary
Chapter 6: Radio Frequency and Visible Light Communication Internetworking
6.1 Introduction
6.2 VLC Fundamentals
6.3 Green RF–VLC Internetworking
6.4 Summary
Part Three: Network Management Solutions
Chapter 7: Dynamic Planning in Green Networks
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dynamic Planning with Dense Small-Cell Deployment
7.3 Dynamic Planning with Cooperative Networking
7.4 Balanced Dynamic Planning Approach
7.5 Summary
Chapter 8: Greening the Cell Edges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Two-Tier Small-Cell-on-Edge Deployment
8.3 Energy-Aware Transmission Design
8.4 Area Spectral Efficiency of HetNets
8.5 Analytical Bounds on ASE of HetNets
8.6 Analytical Bounds on ASE over Generalized- Fading Channel
8.7 Energy Analysis of HetNets
8.8 Ecology and Economics of HetNets
8.9 Summary
APPENDIX A - Simulation Parameters
APPENDIX B - Proof of (8.38)
Chapter 9: D2D Communications in Hierarchical HetNets
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Modelling Hierarchical Heterogeneous Networks
9.3 Spectral Efficiency Analysis
9.4 Average User Transmission Power Analysis
9.5 Backhaul Energy Analysis
9.6 Summary
Appendix A
Appendix B - Simulation Parameters
Chapter 10: Emerging Device-Centric Communications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Emerging Device-Centric Paradigms
10.3 Devices-to-Device Communications
10.4 Optimal Selection of Source Devices and Radio Interfaces
10.5 Optimal Packet Split among Devices
10.6 Green Analysis of Mobile Devices
10.7 Some Challenges and Future Directions
10.8 Summary
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Index
3GPP
access points (AP)
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
ambient light noise variance
amplifier efficiency
antenna isolation
AP
see
access points
area power consumption (APC)
area spectral efficiency (ASE)
analytical bounds on ASE of HetNets
analytical bounds on ASE over generalized-
mathcalK
fading channel
analytical bounds on capacity of macro-cell network
analytical bounds on capacity of small-cell networks
assumptions to derive upper and lower bounds
cell-on-edge
device-to-device communications
green networks
mean achievable capacity based on MGF approach
ascending proxy auctions
audio streaming
vskip12pt
backhaul capacity
backhaul energy efficiency (BEE)
backhaul power consumption
bandwidth
cell-on-edge
device-centric systems
device-to-device communications
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
base stations (BS)
BS blossoming and BS wilting
cell-on-edge
device-centric systems
device-to-device communications
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
energy efficiency and consumption models
high and/or continuous call traffic loads
low and/or bursty call traffic loads
multi-homing access
multi-homing resource allocation
multiple energy sources
need for green networks
performance trade-offs
power consumption models
radio interface sleep scheduling
relaying and device-to-device communications
scheduling with small cells
single-network access
throughput models
traffic models
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
battery capacity
device-centric systems
dynamic planning
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
BEE
see
backhaul energy efficiency
binary programming (BP)
BS
see
base stations
call-blocking probability
capital expenditure (CAPEX)
CDF
see
cumulative distribution function
cell-on-edge (COE)
analytical bounds on ASE of HetNets
analytical bounds on ASE over generalized-
mathcalK
fading channel
analytical bounds on capacity of macro-cell network
analytical bounds on capacity of small-cell networks
area spectral efficiency
assumptions to derive upper and lower bounds
background work
bandwidth partition and channel allocation
carbon dioxide emissions
composite fading channel for strong LoS conditions
concepts and definitions
ecology and economics of HetNets
energy-aware transmission design
energy consumption
green networks
interference reduction
internetworking RF and VLC
mean achievable capacity based on MGF approach
mobile user distribution
network layout
path-loss model for strong LoS conditions
reasons for COE deployment
simulation parameters
two-tier small-cell-on-edge deployment
cell-zooming
centralized implementation
channel allocation
channel power gain
channel state information (CSI)
green networks
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
colour shift keying (CSK)
combined transmission
communication dead zone
composite fading channel
concave–convex fractional program
convex optimization problem
cooperative networking
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
green networks
optimal resource on–off switching framework
performance evaluation
system parameters
CSI
see
channel state information
CSK
see
colour shift keying
cumulative distribution function (CDF)
D2D
see
device-to-device
daily carbon dioxide emissions profile
data calls
data offloading
data packets
DCF
see
distributed coordination function
DCS
see
device-centric systems
decentralized implementation
device-centric systems
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
multi-homing resource allocation
delay bound
delay deadline
delay tolerance
dense small cell deployment
dynamic planning
energy-efficient and QoS-aware cell zooming
performance evaluation
system parameters
dependence
device-centric systems (DCS)
ascending proxy auction for device selection
average energy efficiency
battery life of mobile devices
centralized Ds2D set-up
challenges and future directions
concepts and definitions
D2D communication architecture
D2D communication challenges
D2D communication management
decentralized Ds2D set-up
device selection criteria
Ds2D communications
electricity cost for mobile charging
emerging paradigms
energy consumption performance
file transfer latency
green analysis of mobile devices
optimal packet split among devices
optimal selection of source devices and radio interfaces
system model
devices-to-device (Ds2D) communications
device-to-device (D2D) communications
area spectral efficiency
average user transmission power analysis
backhaul energy analysis
concepts and definitions
device-centric systems
green networks
hierarchical HetNets
macro-cell network
modelling hierarchical heterogeneous networks
multi-homing resource allocation
network architecture
network densification
power control over D2D links
simulation parameters
small-cell network
spectral efficiency of hierarchical HetNet
spectral efficiency of traditional HetNet
spectrum partitioning in hierarchical HetNets
user density in hierarchical HetNets
Dinkelbach-type algorithm
distortion impact
distributed coordination function (DCF)
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
bandwidth allocation at each network
concepts and definitions
cooperative green resource allocation
design for IDC interference-aware resource allocation
green multi-homing resource allocation
in-device coexistence interference
joint optimal bandwidth and power allocation
LTE radio resource allocation
network coverage areas
non-cooperative single-network solution
performance evaluation
power allocation at each network
simulation parameters
sum minimization solution
win–win cooperative solution
WLAN radio resource allocation
Ds2D
see
devices-to-device
dual-slope path-loss model
dynamic planning
balanced dynamic planning approach
BS blossoming and BS wilting
concepts and definitions
cooperative networking
dense small cell deployment
energy-efficient and QoS-aware cell zooming
future traffic demands
network coverage areas
optimal resource on–off switching framework
performance evaluation
queueing models
system parameters
two-timescale approach
unbalanced energy saving
wake-up instants
EARTH project
ECG
see
energy consumption gain
ECI
see
energy consumption index
ECR
see
energy consumption rating
EEF
see
equal-energy framework
EEI
see
energy efficiency index
electricity market liberalization model
embodied energy
energy consumption gain (ECG)
energy consumption index (ECI)
classification
mobile terminal side
network side
performance comparison
energy consumption rating (ECR)
energy efficiency index (EEI)
classification
mobile terminal side
network side
performance comparison
energy management sub-system
equal-energy framework (EEF)
fairness
FDD
see
frequency division duplex
femto-cell base stations
device-to-device communications
green networks
field effect transistor (FET)
file transfer latency (FTL)
finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) model
frame size
frequency division duplex (FDD) mode
FSMC
see
finite-state Markov chain
FTL
see
file transfer latency
future traffic demands
GA
see
genetic algorithm
generalized-
mathcalK
fading channel
genetic algorithm (GA)
GoP
see
group-of-picture
gradient descent method
green networks
BS blossoming and BS wilting
carbon footprint of telecommunications industry
concepts and definitions
dynamic planning
energy efficiency and consumption models
fundamentals
future directions
future traffic demands
green projects and standards
high and/or continuous call traffic loads
hybrid energy system
low and/or bursty call traffic loads
mobile user trade-offs
multi-homing access
multiple energy sources
need for green networks
network side trade-offs
performance trade-offs
power consumption in cellular networks
power consumption models
queueing models
radio interface sleep scheduling
relaying and device-to-device communications
renewable energy
scheduling with small cells
single-network access
solutions and analytical models
throughput models
traffic models
wake-up instants
GreenTouch consortium
group-of-picture (GoP) structure
heterogeneous wireless medium
mobile terminals
multi-homing resource allocation
radio resources and propagation attenuation
wireless networks
hub nodes
hybrid energy system
ICI
see
inter-cell interference
IDC
see
in-device coexistence
illumination dead zone
in-device coexistence (IDC) interference
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
multi-homing resource allocation
initial agreement point
inter-cell interference (ICI)
Internet protocol (IP)-based networks
internetworking RF and VLC
challenging issues in green RF–VLC internetworking
combined transmission
concepts and definitions
Dinkelbach-type algorithm
energy efficiency maximization
energy-efficient communications
green RF–VLC internetworking
interference issues
line of sight model
load balancing
MT spatial distribution and AP placement
non-line of sight model
performance evaluation
throughput maximization
uplink support
VLC channel
VLC transceivers
IP
see
Internet protocol
Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions
Lagrangian multipliers
LCEI
see
low-carbon economy index
LED
see
light-emitting diodes
light-emitting diodes (LED)
linear programming (LP)
line of sight (LoS) model
long-term traffic fluctuations
LoS
see
line of sight
low-carbon economy index (LCEI)
LP
see
linear programming
LTE networks
device-centric systems
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
green networks
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
margin-adaptive strategy
Markov decision process (MDP)
M
-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK)
M
-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM)
max–min fractional program
MCS
see
modulation and coding schemes
MDP
see
Markov decision process
MFSK
see
M
-ary frequency shift keying
MGF
see
moment-generating function
MIMO
see
multiple-input multiple-output
MINLP
see
mixed-integer nonlinear program
MIP
see
mixed integer program
mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP)
mixed integer program (MIP)
mobile terminals (MT)
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
energy efficiency and consumption models
high and/or continuous call traffic loads
internetworking RF and VLC
low and/or bursty call traffic loads
multi-homing access
multi-homing resource allocation
multiple energy sources
need for green networks
performance trade-offs
power consumption models
radio interface sleep scheduling
relaying and device-to-device communications
scheduling with small cells
single-network access
throughput models
traffic models
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
mobile user distribution
mobile VCE
modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
moment-generating function (MGF)-based approach
MQAM
see
M
-ary quadrature amplitude modulation
MT
see
mobile terminals
multicell processing
multi-homing resource allocation
base stations/access points
centralized versus decentralized implementation
challenging issues
computational complexity
device-centric systems
downlink multi-homing
fairness
green multi-homing approach
green multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
heterogeneous wireless medium
in-device coexistence interference
internetworking RF and VLC
mobile terminals
number of MT radio interfaces versus number of available networks
radio resources and propagation attenuation
single-network access
single-operator versus multioperator system
single-user versus multiuser system
uplink multi-homing
wireless networks
multioperator system
multiple energy sources
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques
multiuser system
Nash bargain games
network coverage
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
network densification
network management solutions
cell-on-edge
D2D communications in hierarchical HetNets
dynamic planning in green networks
emerging device-centric communications
non-line of sight (NLoS) model
non-unity frequency reuse
OFDMA
see
orthogonal frequency division multiple access
OLT
see
optical line terminal
ONU
see
optical network unit
on–off keying (OOK)
OOB
see
out-of-band
OOFDM
see
optical orthogonal frequency division modulation
OOK
see
on–off keying
OPERA-NET project
operational expenditure (OPEX)
optical line terminal (OLT)
optical network unit (ONU)
optical orthogonal frequency division modulation (OOFDM)
orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) networks
out-of-band (OOB) radiations
Pareto optimality
passive optical network (PON)
path-loss model
PC
see
power control
PCC
see
primary carrier component
PC-MKP
see
precedence-constrained multiple knapsack problem
PDF
see
probability density function
performance trade-offs
mobile user trade-offs
network coverage
network side trade-offs
spectral efficiency
pico-cell base stations
device-to-device communications
dynamic planning
green networks
pilot symbols
PMF
see
probability mass function
Poisson point process (PPP)
PON
see
passive optical network
power allocation
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
power consumption models
classification
mobile terminal side
network side
streaming technologies
power control (PC) mechanism
PPP
see
Poisson point process
precedence-constrained multiple knapsack problem (PC-MKP)
primary carrier component (PCC)
probability density function (PDF)
probability mass function (PMF)
quality of service (QoS)
cell-on-edge
downlink
dynamic planning
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
queueing models
radio frequency (RF) communications
challenging issues in green RF–VLC internetworking
concepts and definitions
device-centric systems
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
energy efficiency maximization
energy-efficient communications
green RF–VLC internetworking
interference issues
internetworking RF and VLC
load balancing
MT spatial distribution and AP placement
multi-homing resource allocation
performance evaluation
throughput maximization
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
uplink support
radio interface sleep scheduling
bidirectional communications
downlink communications
green networks
uplink communications
Rayleigh fading channel model
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
relaying
renewable energy
RF
see
radio frequency
satisfaction index
SCC
see
supplementary carrier component
score-based scheduler
semi-Markov decision process (SMDP)
SGF
see
statistical guarantee framework
Shannon's formula
short-term traffic fluctuations
shot noise variance
signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)
cell-on-edge
device-centric systems
dynamic planning
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
single-network access
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
multi-homing resource allocation
single-operator system
single-user system
SINR
see
signal-to-interference plus noise ratio
SIR
see
signal-to-interference ratio
SMDP
see
semi-Markov decision process
SMS
see
sum minimization solution
SNR
see
signal-to-noise ratio
spatial fluctuation modelling
spectrum partitioning
Stackelberg game
statistical guarantee framework (SGF)
sum minimization solution (SMS)
supplementary carrier component (SCC)
TCP
see
transmission control protocol
TEF
see
total energy framework
temporal fluctuation modelling
thermal noise variance
throughput maximization
throughput models
time division multiple access (TDMA)-based networks
total energy framework (TEF)
traffic models
balanced dynamic planning approach
classification
concepts and definitions
cooperative networking
dense small cell deployment
dynamic planning
green networks
high and/or continuous call traffic loads
low and/or bursty call traffic loads
spatial fluctuation modelling
temporal fluctuation modelling
two-timescale approach
transmission control protocol (TCP)
transmission power
cell-on-edge
device-to-device communications
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
dynamic planning
green networks
internetworking RF and VLC
multi-homing resource allocation
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
two-tier small-cell-on-edge deployment
two-timescale approach
dynamic planning
fast timescale
optimal decisions
slow timescale
uniformly distributed small cells (UDC)
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
computational complexity,,reak 106
concepts and definitions
convex optimization problem
cumulative distribution function
data calls
Dinkelbach-type algorithm
energy-efficient QoS provision for wireless multi-homing video transmission
energy management sub-system design
framework illustration
green multi-homing resource allocation
internetworking RF and VLC
network coverage areas
optimal green resource allocation with QoS guarantee
optimal QoS-aware joint power and bandwidth allocation
performance evaluation
simulation parameters
statistical guarantee framework
suboptimal energy-efficient resource allocation
total energy and equal-energy frameworks
video calls
vector transmission
video streaming
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
uplink multi-homing resource allocation
visible light communication (VLC)
challenging issues in green RF–VLC internetworking
combined transmission
concepts and definitions
energy efficiency maximization
energy-efficient communications
green RF–VLC internetworking
interference issues
internetworking RF and VLC
line of sight model
load balancing
MT spatial distribution and AP placement
multi-homing resource allocation
noise contribution
non-line of sight model
non-unity frequency reuse
performance evaluation
throughput maximization
uplink support
VLC channel
VLC transceivers
wake-up instants
WiFi networks
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
multi-homing resource allocation
WiMAX services
wireless local area networks (WLAN)
downlink multi-homing resource allocation
green networks
multi-homing resource allocation
wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN)
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