absorption
due to metals, 27, 39, 85, 103, 116–120, 126, 131, 175, 185, 189
extrinsic, 86
accretion disk, 38, 65, 139–141, 149, 153, 221
afterglows
bumps and wiggles, 103
discovery of, 26
dust absorption of, 85–86, 103
flares in, 76–78, 84, 103, 163
inverse Compton (IC)
scattering, 102
neutrinos, 194
plateau phase, 76–78, 83–84, 103
reverse shock origin of, 101–102
synchrotron blastwave theory of, 91–92, 98, 100, 103
theory of, 91
Amati, Lorenzo, 199
American Astronomical Society, 7
Amsterdam University, 26
angular momentum, 149–150
anomalous X-ray pulsars, 16, 136
ASCA, 75
Astrophysical Journal, 6
asymptotic giant branch (AGB), 174, 175
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 213
Atteia, Jean-Luc, 228
Band, David, 207
BATSE, 18, 20–24, 41–44, 46, 48, 49, 81, 164, 206, 207
BeppoSAX, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 72, 74, 75, 80, 211
Big Bang, 30, 37, 128–130, 181, 183–184
black hole (BH), 22, 34, 38, 40, 57, 64, 66, 105, 106, 122, 135, 139–141, 149–151, 153–155, 157, 163, 165, 166, 185, 192, 210, 222
blastwave, 58, 63, 71, 73, 88, 90–96, 99–103, 107, 108, 111, 114, 214, 215
California Institute of
Technology (Caltech), 27, 30, 40
Cambridge University, England, 73, 206
celestial sphere, 5, 6, 18, 21, 204
central engine, 38, 58, 62–67, 103, 135, 139, 140, 151–154
circumburst medium (CBM), 61, 62, 80, 95–97, 99, 104, 108, 114, 116, 138, 222
classification, 50–51, 165–168
long-soft bursts (LSBs), 35, 50
short-Hard bursts (SHBs), 50
XRFs, 48
XRRs, 48
Colgate, Sterling, 204
collapsar, 34–36, 137, 141, 143, 149, 154–156, 158, 163, 165–167, 221
collimation.See jetting collisionless shocks, 61, 68, 69, 91
Compton Gamma-Ray
Observatory (CGRO), 20, 44, 45
Copenhagen University, 33
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), 181, 183
cosmological constant, 148, 196
Costa, Enrico, 228
Curtis, Herber, 22
degeneracy pressure, 13, 138, 151, 219
neutron, 151
Doppler shift, 28, 56, 119, 141–142
Duration
T90, 43
dust, 73, 85, 86, 103, 173–178, 180, 189, 213, 215, 216, 223
gray, 216
E = mc2, 30
Elba, Italy, 29
expanded VLA (eVLA), 213
external-shock scenario, 58, 61, 62, 70, 91, 95, 106, 156, 222
Fenimore, Edward E., xi
fireball, 58–62, 68, 73, 139, 194, 209
matter-dominated phase of, 59
radiation-dominated phase of, 59
fluorescence, 80
forward shock, 91
Fox, Derek B., 228
Frontera, Filippo, 228
Galama, Titus, 31
Gehrels, Neil, 228
General Relativity, 28, 128, 153, 170, 193, 195–198, 200
gravitational waves, 37, 153, 154, 157, 158, 165, 167, 168, 191, 192, 195, 196, 201, 223, 224
as smoking gun of a progenitor, 36, 158, 192
GRB, individual
041219b, 83
050509b, 36, 125, 127, 160, 217
060904b, 84
011211, 76
020813, 216
030329, 33, 90, 126, 127, 144, 145, 220
030418, 216
050801, 84
050906, 222
051103, 164
060418, 216
060505, 121, 146, 147, 149, 167
060729, 84
061126, 216
070125, 99
070610, 167
071003, 98
080320, 224
090510, 197
100316D, 31
920723, 81
970228, 29, 74, 75, 81, 91, 143, 206
980425, 31, 33, 42, 121, 128, 141–142, 145, 147, 164
980923, 81
GRBs
central engine of, 38, 58, 62–67, 103, 135, 139, 140, 151–154
classical, 16, 24, 27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 43, 48
cosmological origin of, 28, 29, 31–33, 55, 57, 142, 206
Galactic origin of, 15, 17, 22, 23, 27, 57, 72, 167
hard-to-soft evolution, 44, 47
isotropy of, 19–22
NS–BH mergers, 38, 153, 155, 161, 163, 192
NS–NS mergers, 32, 38, 127, 150–155, 159–163
supernova connection to, 32, 33, 137
gray dust, 216
Grindlay, Josh, xi
hard-to-soft evolution, 44, 47
Harvard University, 33, 83, 144
HETE, 24
Hjorth, Jens, 228
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 26, 80, 122, 125, 217
Hughes, Scott, 192
Hurley, Kevin, 203
hypernova, 142
IceCube, 195
inflation (early universe), 196
Institute for Advanced Study, 193
internal-shock scenario, 57, 58, 62, 75, 91, 93, 106, 141, 222
interstellar scintillation, 88–90
inverse Compton (IC) scattering, 70, 102
IPN, 10, 12, 24, 25, 73, 164, 206
Jakobsson, Páll, 179
JEM-EUSO, 195
jetting, 31, 57, 77, 105, 107–109, 131, 140, 141, 149
Katz, Jonathan, 227
Keck Observatory, 27
Kirshner, Robert, 230
Klebesadel, Ray, 3, 6, 7, 11, 33, 72, 204
Konus-Wind, 41
Kouveliotou, Chryssa, 48
Kulkarni, Shrinivas R., xi, 30
La Palma Observatory, 26
Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 193
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), 13, 14, 18, 124
Lorentz Factor, 56–60, 62, 67–69, 71, 93–96, 103, 140, 214
dynamics of, 58
terminal, 59
Lorentz Invariance Violation
(LIV), 197
Los Alamos National
M81, 164
Mészáros, Peter, 73, 90, 91, 229
March 5th Event, 12–16, 18, 23, 26, 31, 163, 164
Marshall Space Flight Center, 20
Massachusetts Institute of
Matheson, Tom, 144
metallicity, 120, 134, 171, 173, 180–182, 184, 188, 189
Milky Way, 15–18, 21, 23, 27, 51, 79, 89, 96, 117, 118, 123–125, 134, 138, 150, 153, 154, 167, 174, 205, 221
neutrinos, 65, 67, 139, 167, 168, 194, 195, 209, 224
neutron star (NS), x, 13–17, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 64, 66, 67, 135, 136, 138, 139, 151–153, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 191–193, 211, 220
Newton, Isaac, 152
NFI, 26
NRAO, 213
Observatories
BATSE, 18, 20–24, 41–44, 46, 48, 49, 81, 164, 207
BeppoSAX, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 72, 74, 75, 80, 211
Compton Gamma-Ray
Observatory (CGRO), 20, 44, 45
Konus-Wind, 41
Suzaku, 41
Ulysses, 41
Occam’s Razor, 57
Pacini, Franco, 29
Paczyski, Bohdan, 22, 23, 73, 157, 228
parallax, 9
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), 1
Pennsylvania State University, 73
photoelectric absorption, 75, 79, 86, 98, 103
Piran, Tsvi, 229
polarization, 47
Population II stars, 225
Population III stars, 190, 225
prompt emission, 37, 52, 78, 91, 163, 222
Ptolemaic model, 214
pulsar, 205
pulse
lag, 47
quasar, 22, 37, 39, 89, 105, 168, 170, 172, 174, 184, 185, 223
isotropy of, 22
Quataert, Eliot, 157
Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico, 228
cosmological, 27–29, 34, 38, 39, 47, 51, 85, 87, 127–132, 134, 143–144, 147–148, 160–162, 175, 177, 180–190, 197–200, 217–219
due to Doppler motion, 28, 56, 107, 119
gravitational, 28
Rees, Martin J., xi, 72, 73, 90, 91, 210
Relativistic Doppler beaming, 131
relativistic expansion, 29, 55, 90
Relativity, theory of, 28, 30, 107, 128, 153, 170, 193, 195–198, 200
Rhoads, James E., 73
Robotic Optical Transient
Search Experiment (ROTSE), 82–83
Ruderman, Mal, 29
Schilling, Govert, 227
serendipity, 1
SGR 0525–66, 163
shocks, 178
shockwave, 138
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
(SDSS), 172
Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 124, 174, 176, 177
1987A, 195
1998bw, 31–33, 121, 141–147, 157
2006gy, 172
Soft Gamma-ray Repeater
(SGR), 16–18, 35, 136, 163, 164, 205
March 5th Event, 12–16, 31, 163
Space Sciences Laboratory, 203
Stanek, Krzysztof, 144
supernova (SN), 8, 14, 31, 32–37, 60, 69, 96, 104, 115, 134, 138, 141, 148, 152, 178
“failed” Ib, 31, 139, 141, 148
broad-lined type Ic (Ic-BL), 142, 144, 147
collapsars, 138
naming convention, 31
Type Ia, 219
Type Ic, 33, 138, 142, 144, 147
supernova remnant, 13, 14, 73, 111, 136, 165, 193, 205
Suzaku, 41
Swift, 35, 36, 41, 50, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 110, 123, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 144, 147, 151, 164, 179, 182, 185, 207
Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), 35
synchrotron blastwave theory, 71, 91, 92, 100, 102, 103, 107
τ, optical depth, 52–56, 79, 99
time dilation
cosmological, 47, 83, 145, 218
Twitter, 119
Ulysses, 41
Università di Roma, 194
University of California, 24, 36, 139, 157, 218
University of Chicago, 22
van Paradijs, Jan, 26
Vedrenne, Gilbert, 228
Very Large Array (VLA), 24, 213
Vietri, Mario, 194
Waxman, Eli, 193
weak equivalence principle, 195
Weiler, Kurt Walter, 229
Weinberg, Steven, 229
Wheeler, J. Craig, 229
white dwarf (WD), 8, 13, 64, 66, 138, 151, 222
Wijers, Ralph A. M. J., xi, 91
Woosley, Stan, 34, 139, 140, 142, 143, 148, 229
X-ray Flashes, 48
X-ray Rich GRBs (XRRs), 48
XMM-Newton, 75
Zodiacal light, 213