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Part 2: Using SAS for Business Analytics
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Part 2: Using SAS for Business Analytics
by Shailendra Kadre, Venkat Reddy Konasani
Practical Business Analytics Using SAS: A Hands-on Guide
Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents at a Glance
Contents
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Preface
Part 1: Basics of SAS Programming for Analytics
Chapter 1: Introduction to Business Analytics and Data Analysis Tools
Business Analytics, the Science of Data-Driven Decision Making
Business Analytics Defined
Is Advanced Analytics the Solution for You?
Simulation, Modeling, and Optimization
Data Warehousing and Data Mining
What Can Be Discovered Using Data Mining?
Business Intelligence, Reporting, and Business Analytics
Analytics Techniques Used in the Industry
Regression Modeling and Analysis
Time Series Forecasting
Conjoint Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Segmentation
Principal Components and Factor Analysis
Correspondence Analysis
Survival Analytics
Some Practical Applications of Business Analytics
Customer Analytics
Operational Analytics
Social Media Analytics
Data Used in Analytics
Big Data vs. Conventional Business Analytics
Introduction to Big Data
Introduction to Data Analysis Tools
Main Parts of SAS, SPSS, and R
Selection of Analytics Tools
The Background Required for a Successful Career in Business Analytics
Skills Required for a Business Analytics Professional
Conclusion
Chapter 2: SAS Introduction
Starting SAS in Windows
The SAS Opening Screen
The Five Main Windows
Editor Window
Log Window
Output Window
Explorer Window
Results Window
Important Menu Options and Icons
View Options
Run Menu
Solutions Menu
Shortcut Icons
Writing and Executing a SAS Program
Comments in the Code
Your First SAS Program
Debugging SAS Code Using a Log File
Example for Warnings in Log File
Tips for Writing, Reading the Log File, and Debugging
Saving SAS Files
Exercise
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Data Handling Using SAS
SAS Data Sets
Descriptive Portion of SAS Data Sets
Data Portion of Data Set
SAS Libraries
Creating the Library Using the GUI
Rules of Assigning a Library
Creating a New Library Using SAS Code
Permanent and Temporary Libraries
Two Main Types of SAS Statements
Importing Data into SAS
Data Set Creation Using the SAS Program
Using the Import Wizard
Import Using the Code
Data Manipulations
Making a Copy of a SAS Data Set
Creating New Variables
Updating the Same Data Set
Drop and Keep Variables
Subsetting the Data
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Important SAS Functions and Procs
SAS Functions
Numeric Functions
Character Functions
Date Functions
Important SAS PROCs
The Proc Step
PROC CONTENTS
PROC SORT
Graphs Using SAS
PROC gplot and Gchart
PROC SQL
Data Merging
Appending the Data
From SET to MERGE
Blending with Condition
Matched Merging
Conclusion
Part 2: Using SAS for Business Analytics
Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistical Analysis
What Is Statistics?
Basic Statistical Concepts in Business Analytics
Population
Sample
Variable
Variable Types in Predictive Modeling Context
Parameter
Statistic
Example Exercise
Statistical Analysis Methods
Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Predictive Statistics
Solving a Problem Using Statistical Analysis
Setting Up Business Objective and Planning
The Data Preparation
Descriptive Analysis and Visualization
Predictive Modeling
Model Validation
Model Implementation
An Example from the Real World: Credit Risk Life Cycle
Business Objective and Planning
Data Preparation
Descriptive Analysis and Visualization
Predictive Modeling
Model Validation
Model Implementation
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Basic Descriptive Statistics and Reporting in SAS
Rudimentary Forms of Data Analysis
Simply Print the Data
Print and Various Options of Print in SAS
Summary Statistics
Central Tendencies
Calculating Central Tendencies in SAS
What Is Dispersion?
Calculating Dispersion Using SAS
Quantiles
Calculating Quantiles Using SAS
Box Plots
Creating Boxplots Using SAS
Bivariate Analysis
Conclusion
Chapter 7: Data Exploration, Validation, and Data Sanitization
Data Exploration Steps in a Statistical Data Analysis Life Cycle
Example: Contact Center Call Volumes
Need for Data Exploration and Validation
Issues with the Real-World Data and How to Solve Them
Missing Values
The Outliers
Manual Inspection of the Dataset Is Not a Practical Solution
Removing Records Is Not Always the Right Way
Understanding and Preparing the Data
Data Exploration
Data Validation
Data Cleaning
Data Exploration, Validation, and Sanitization Case Study: Credit Risk Data
Importing the Data
Step 1: Data Exploration and Validation Using the PROC CONTENTS
Step 2: Data Exploration and Validation Using Data Snapshot
Step 3: Data Exploration and Validation Using Univariate Analysis
Step 4: Data Exploration and Validation Using Frequencies
Step 5: The Missing Value and Outlier Treatment
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Testing of Hypothesis
Testing: An Analogy from Everyday Life
What Is the Process of Testing a Hypothesis?
State the Null Hypothesis on the Population: Null Hypothesis (H0)
Alternate Hypothesis (H1)
Sampling Distribution
Central Limit Theorem
Test Statistic
Inference
Critical Values and Critical Region
Confidence Interval
Tests
T-test for Mean
Case Study: Testing for the Mean in SAS
Other Test Examples
Two-Tailed and Single-Tailed Tests
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Correlation and Linear Regression
What Is Correlation?
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r)
Variance and Covariance
Correlation Matrix
Calculating Correlation Coefficient Using SAS
Correlation Limits and Strength of Association
Properties and Limitations of Correlation Coefficient (r)
Some Examples on Limitations of Correlation
Correlation vs. Causation
Correlation Example
Correlation Summary
Linear Regression
Correlation to Regression
Estimation Example
Simple Linear Regression
Regression Line Fitting Using Least Squares
The Beta Coefficients: Example 1
How Good Is My Model?
Regression Assumptions
When Linear Regression Can’t Be Applied
Simple Regression: Example
Conclusion
Chapter 10: Multiple Regression Analysis
Multiple Linear Regression
Multiple Regression Line
Multiple Regression Line Fitting Using Least Squares
Multiple Linear Regression in SAS
Example: Smartphone Sales Estimation
Goodness of Fit
Three Main Measures from Regression Output
Multicollinearity Defined
How to Analyze the Output: Linear Regression Final Check List
Double-Check for the Assumptions of Linear Regression
F-test
R-squared
Adjusted R-Squared
VIF
T-test for Each Variable
Analyzing the Regression Output: Final Check List Example
Conclusion
Chapter 11: Logistic Regression
Predicting Ice-Cream Sales: Example
Nonlinear Regression
Logistic Regression
Logistic Regression Using SAS
SAS Logistic Regression Output Explanation
Output Part 1: Response Variable Summary
Output Part 2: Model Fit Summary
Output Part 3: Test for Regression Coefficients
Output Part 4: The Beta Coefficients and Odds Ratio
Output Part 5: Validation Statistics
Individual Impact of Independent Variables
Goodness of Fit for Logistic Regression
Chi-square Test
Concordance
Prediction Using Logistic Regression
Multicollinearity in Logistic Regression
No VIF Option in PROC LOGISTIC
Logistic Regression Final Check List
Loan Default Prediction Case Study
Background and Problem Statement
Objective
Data Set
Model Building
Final Model Equation and Prediction Using the Model
Conclusion
Chapter 12: Time-Series Analysis and Forecasting
What Is a Time-Series Process?
Main Phases of Time-Series Analysis
Modeling Methodologies
Box–Jenkins Approach
What Is ARIMA?
The AR Process
The MA Process
ARMA Process
Understanding ARIMA Using an Eyesight Measurement Analogy
Steps in the Box–Jenkins Approach
Step 1: Testing Whether the Time Series Is Stationary
Step 2: Identifying the Model
Step 3: Estimating the Parameters
Step 4: Forecasting Using the Model
Case Study: Time-Series Forecasting Using the SAS Example
Checking the Model Accuracy
Conclusion
Chapter 13: Introducing Big Data Analytics
Traditional Data-Handling Tools
Walmart Customer Data
Facebook Data
Examples of the Growing Size of Data
What Is Big Data?
The Three Main Components of Big Data
Applications of Big Data Analytics
The Solution for Big Data Problems
Distributed Computing
What Is MapReduce?
Map Function
Reduce Function
What Is Apache Hadoop?
Hadoop Distributed File System
MapReduce
Apache Hive
Apache Pig
Other Tools in the Hadoop Ecosystem
CompaniesThat Use Hadoop
Big Data Analytics Example
Examining the Business Problem
Getting the Data Set
Starting Hadoop
Looking at the Hadoop Components
Moving Data from the Local System to Hadoop
Viewing the Data on HDFS
Starting Hive
Creating a Table Using Hive
Executing a Program Using Hive
Viewing the MapReduce Status
The Final Result
Conclusion
Index
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Chapter 4: Important SAS Functions and Procs
Next
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Statistical Analysis
PART 2
Using SAS for Business Analytics
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