Appendix
Database

A.1. Introduction

This appendix presents the first set of physical data collected as encountered in the different chapters of this volume. It sows the seeds upon which will be constructed a global database, which will assemble information that is most commonly needed in calculations related to energy and mass transfers; namely viscosity, heat conductivity, diffusion coefficients, heat transfer coefficients and properties of molten salts, etc.

It should nevertheless be noted that this database is built up progressively; each volume in the series contributing to its development by feeding into it the parameters encountered.

As such, this volume includes the basic parameters involved in thermal and mass exchanges: collision diameters and interaction energies, viscosities, densities, heat capacities and thermal conductivities.

This appendix also includes unit conversion tables, which are extremely useful when dealing with different unit systems.

It should be specified that, for all of the data presented in this appendix, if the information given here is not sufficient, the user is advised to refer to the physical data sources presented in the bibliography section of this book.

Moreover, where the sought data involves materials or components that are not sufficiently commonplace, in such a way that the corresponding data are not in the sources indicated, the values of the physical properties may be estimated from the methods and correlations presented in Volume 5 of this series.

A.2. Collision diameters and interaction energies

The collision diameters and interaction energy values to be used in the Lennard-Jones potential (see subsection 3.3.4 of this volume) are presented in Table A.1. These parameters will also be useful in the calculations of mass diffusion coefficients by the Chapman-Enskog and Bird equations (see Volume 5):

Table A.1. Collision diameters and interaction energies

Formula Name σA (in Angström)image
AArgon 3.542 93.3
HeHelium 2.551 10.22
KrKrypton 3.655 178.9
NeNeon 2.820 32.8
XeXenon 4.047 1.0
AirAir 3.711 78.6
BCl3Boron Chloride 5.127 337.7
BFBoron Monofluoride 4.198 186.3
B(OCH3)3Trimethyl Borate 5.503 396.7
Br2Bromine 4.296 507.9
CCl4Carbon Tetrachloride 5.947 322.7
CF4Carbon Tetrafluoride 4.662 134.0
CHCL3Chloroform 5.389 340.2
CH2Cl2Methylene Chloride 4.898 356.3
CH3BrMethyl Boride 4.118 449.2
CH3ClMethyl Chloride 4.182 350
CH3OHMethanol 3.626 481.8
CH4Methane 3.758 148.6
COCarbon Monoxide 3.690 91.7
CO2Carbon Dioxide 3.941 195.2
CS2Carbon Disulfide 4.483 467
C2H2Acetylene 4.033 231.8
C2H4Ethylene 4.163 224.7
C2H6Ethane 4.443 215.7
C2H5ClEthyl chloride 4.898 300
C2H5CHEthanol 4.530 362.6
CH3OCH3Dimethyl Ether 4.307 395.0
CH2CHCH3Propylene 4.678 298.9
CH3CCHMethylacetylene 4.761 251.8
C3H6Cyclopropane 4.807 248.9
C3H8Propane 5.118 237.1
n-C3H7OH n-Propyl Alcohol 4.549 576.7
CH3COCH3Acetone 4.600 560.2
CH3COOCH3Methyl Acetate 4.936 469.8
n-C4H10n-Butane 4.687 531.4
i-C4H10Isobutane 5.278 330.1
C2H5OC2H5Ethyl Ether 5.678 313.8
CH3COOC2H5Ethyl Acetate 5.205 521.3
n-C5H12n-Pentane 5.784 341.1
C(CH3)42,2-Dimethylpropane 6.464 193.4
C6H6Benzene 5.349 412.3
C6H12Cyclohexane 6.182 297.1
n-C6H14n-Hexane 5.949 399.3
Cl2Chlorine 4.217 316.0
F2Fluorine 3.357 112.6
HBrHydrogen Bromide 3.353 449
HClHydrogen Chloride 3.339 344.7
HFHydrogen Fluoride 3.148 330
HlHydrogen Iodide 4.211 288.7
H2Hydrogen 2.827 59.7
H2O Water 2.641 809.1
H2O2Hydrogen Peroxide 4.196 289.3
H2SHydrogen Sulfide 3.623 301.1
HgMercury 2.969 750
HgBr2Mercuric Bromide 5.080 686.2
HgCl2Mercuric Chloride 4.550 750
Hgl2Mercuric Iodide 5.625 695.6
I2Iodine 5.160 474.2
NH3Ammoniac 2.900 558.3
NONitric Oxide 3.492 116.7
N2Nitrogen 3.798 71.4
N2ONitrogen Oxide 3.828 232.4
O2Oxygen 3.467 106.7
PH3Phosphine 3.981 251.5
SF6Sulfur Hexafluoride 5.128 222.1
SO2Sulfur Dioxide 4.112 335.4
SiF4Silicon Tetrafluoride 4.880 171.9
UF6Uranium Hexafluoride 5.967 236.8

A.3. Densities

A.3.1. Densities for certain metals and alloys

Table A.2. Densities for metals and alloys (in kg/m3)

Metals and alloys ρ (kg m-3)
Carbon steel 7,833
Stainless steel 15%Cr, 10%Ni 7,864
Stainless steel 18%Cr, 8%Ni 7,816
Stainless steel 25%Cr, 20%Ni 7,864
Aluminum 2,707
Silver 10,525
Bronze 75%Cu, 25%Sn 8,800
Bronze 92%Cu, 8%Al 7,900
Carbon graphite 2,250
Chrome 2,118
Constantan 60%Cu, 40%Ni 8,922
Copper 8,954
Cupronickel 70%Cu, 30%Ni 8,900
Duralumin 2,787
Tin 7,304
Iron 7,870
Cast iron 7,849
Brass 70%Cu, 30%Zn 8,522
Magnesium 1,740
Gold 19,300
Platinum 21,400
Lead 11,373
Liquid sodium 930
Titanium 4,500
Tungsten 19,350
Zinc 7,144

A.3.2. Densities for certain construction materials

Table A.3. Densities for construction materials (in kg/m3)

Construction materials ρ (kg m-3)
Asbestos1 575
Slate 2,400
Asphalt 2,115
Basalt 2,850
Cavernous concrete 1,900
Solid concrete 2,300
Bitumen (cardboard) 1,050
Low-density hardwood 525
Medium-density hardwood 675
Very-low-density hardwood 375
Low density softwood 375
Medium-density softwood 500
Very-low-density softwood 375
Clay brick 1,800
Hard limestone 2,450
Soft limestone 1,650
Rubber (natural) 1,150
Rubber (vulcanized) 1,100
Tile 2,400
Cardboard 650
Okoume plywood 400
Pine plywood 500
Leather 998
Ice 920
Granite 2,600
Gravel (loose) 1,800
Sandstone 2,500
Lava 2,350
Marble 2,700
Plaster 1,440
Plexiglass 1,190

Table A.4. Densities for construction materials (kg/m3)

Construction materials ρ (kg m-3)
Porcelain 2,400
Polyethylene 929
PVC 1,459
Sand 1,515
Shale 2,400
Teflon 2,170
Wet earth 1,900
Dry earth 1,500
Glass 2,300
Pyrex glass 2,220

A.3.3. Densities for certain thermal insulation materials

Table A.5. Densities according to manufacture (in kg/m3)

Thermal insulation materials Density ρ (kg m-3)
Balsa High 140
Cotton High 80
Kapok Average 50
Rock wool Low 20
Average 55
High 135
Glass wool Low 8
Average 10
Average 15
High 40
Expanded cork High 120
Carpet High 200
Polyurethane (foam) Low 32
Average 50
High 85
PVC (rigid foam) Average 30
Average 40
Expanded polystyrene Low 12
Average 14
Average 18
Styrofoam Average 30

A.4. Heat capacities

A.4.1. Sensible heats for certain metals and alloys

Table A.6. Sensible heats for metals and alloys (in J kg-1°C)

Material Cp (J kg-1 °C-1)
Carbon steel 465
Stainless steel 15%Cr, 10%Ni 460
Stainless steel 18%Cr, 8%Ni 460
Stainless steel 25%Cr, 20%Ni 460
Aluminum 896
Silver 234
Bronze 75%Cu, 25%Sn 377
Bronze 92%Cu, 8%Al 377
Carbon graphite 707
Chrome 7,160
Constantan 60%Cu, 40%Ni 410
Copper 383
Cupronickel 70%Cu, 30%Ni 377
Duralumin 883
Tin 226
Iron 452
Cast iron 460
Brass 70%Cu, 30%Zn 385
Magnesium 1,004
Gold 128
Platinum 140
Lead 130
Liquid sodium 1,381
Titanium 523
Tungsten 134
Zinc 384

A.4.2. Sensible heats of certain construction materials

Table A.7. Sensible heats for certain construction materials (in J kg-1°C)

Construction materials Cp (J kg-1 °C-1)
Asbestos2 1,046
Slate 879
Asphalt 920
Basalt 881
Cavernous concrete 879
Solid concrete 878
Bitumen (cardboard) 1,305
Low-density hardwood 3,143
Medium-density hardwood 3,156
Very-low-density hardwood 3,147
Low-density softwood 3,147
Medium-density softwood 3,160
Very-low-density softwood 3,147
Clay brick 878
Hard limestone 882
Soft limestone 879
Rubber (natural) 65
Rubber (vulcanized) 2,010
Tile 875
Cardboard 86
Okoume plywood 3,000
Pine plywood 3,000
Leather 120
Ice 2,040
Granite 881
Gravel (loose) 889
Sandstone 880
Lava 881
Marble 881
Plaster 840
Plexiglass 1,465
Porcelain 1,088
Polyethylene 1,830
PVC 930
Sand 800
Shale 879
Teflon 1,004
Wet earth 2,000
Dry earth 1,900
Glass 837
Pyrex glass 728

A.4.3. Sensible heats of certain thermal insulation materials

Table A.8. Sensible heats of certain thermal insulation materials

Thermal insulation materials Cp as a function of ρ
ρ (kg m-3) Cp (J kg-1 °C-1)
Balsa wood 140 1,420
Cotton 80 1,300
Kapok 50 950
Rock wool 20 880
55 880
135 880
Glass wool 8 875
10 880
15 880
40 880
Expanded cork 120 2,100
Carpet 200 1,300
Polyurethane (foam) 32 1,300
50 1,360
85 1,300
PVC (rigid foam) 30 1,300
40 1,300
Expanded polystyrene 12 1,300
14 1,300
18 1,300
Styrofoam 30 1,250

A.5. Heat conductivities

A.5.1. Heat conductivities of certain metals and alloys

Table A.9. Heat conductivities of certain metals and alloys

Metals and alloys λ (W m-1°C-1)
Carbon steel 54
Stainless steel 15%Cr, 10%Ni 20
Stainless steel 18%Cr, 8%Ni 16.3
Stainless steel 25%Cr, 20%Ni 13
Aluminum 204
Silver 407
Bronze 75%Cu, 25%Sn 188
Bronze 92%Cu, 8%Al 71
Carbon graphite 147
Chrome 449
Constantan 60%Cu, 40%Ni 22.7
Copper 386
Cupronickel 70%Cu, 30%Ni 29.3
Duralumin 164
Tin 64
Iron 73
Cast iron 59
Brass 70%Cu, 30%Zn 111
Magnesium 151
Gold 312
Platinum 69
Lead 35
Liquid sodium 84.5
Titanium 20.9
Tungsten 163
Zinc 112

A.5.2. Heat conductivities of certain construction materials

Table A.10. Heat conductivities of certain construction materials

Construction materials λ (W m-1°C-1)
Asbestos3 0.15
Slate 2.2
Asphalt 0.062
Basalt 1.6
Cavernous concrete 1.4
Solid concrete 1.75
Bitumen (cardboard) 0.23
Low-density hardwood 0.15
Medium-density hardwood 0.23
Very-low-density hardwood 0.12
Low-density softwood 0.12
Medium-density softwood 0.15
Very-low-density softwood 0.12
Clay brick 1.15
Hard limestone 2.4
Soft limestone 1
Rubber (natural) 0.28
Rubber (vulcanized) 0.13
Tile 2.4
Cardboard 0.09
Okoume plywood 0.12
Pine plywood 0.15
Leather 0.159
Ice 1.88
Granite 3
Gravel (loose) 0.7
Sandstone 2.6
Lava 1.1
Marble 2.5
Plaster 0.48
Plexiglass 0.19
Porcelain 1.035
Polyethylene 0.46
PVC 0.21
Sand 0.6
Shale 2.2
Teflon 0.25
Wet earth 2
Dry earth 1
Glass 1.05
Pyrex glass 1.13

A.5.3. Conductivities of certain thermal insulation materials

Table A.11. Conductivities of certain thermal insulation materials

Thermal insulation materials λ as a function of ρ
ρ (kg m-3) λ (W m-1°C-1)
Balsa wood 140 0.054
Cotton 80 0.06
Kapok 50 0.035
Rock wool 20 0.047
55 0.038
135 0.041
Glass wool 8 0.051
10 0.045
15 0.041
40 0.035
Expanded cork 120 0.044
Carpet 200 0.06
Polyurethane (foam) 32 0.03
50 0.035
85 0.045
PVC (rigid foam) 30 0.031
40 0.041
Expanded polystyrene 12 0.047
14 0.043
18 0.041
Styrofoam 30 0.032

A.6. Unit conversion tables

The different units are arranged in alphabetical order.

Table A.12. Unit conversion tables

Initial unit Final unit Multiply by:
Acres Ha 4.074E-01
m2 4.074E+03
Acre-feet m3 1.233E+03
Ah Cb 3.600E+03
Angström M 1.000E-10
Atmosphere Bar 1.013E+00
cm H2O 1.000E+02
g/m2 1.033E+03
lb/in2 (psi) 1.470E+01
mmHg 7.600E+02
N/m2 1.013E+05
Pa 1.013E+05
Bags (cement) kg (cement) 4.264E+01
Bar Atm 9.869E-01
cm H2O 9.869E+01
lb/in2 (psi) 1.450E+01
mm Hg 7.500E+02
N/m2 1.000E+05
Pa 1.000E+05
Barrel (cement) kg (cement) 1.705E+02
Barrel (oil) liters 1.590E+02
Btu cal 2.520E+02
Joules 1.055E+03
kWh 2.930E-04
Btu/hr W 2.931E+00
Btu/hr-ft-°F W/m-°C 1.731E+00
Btu/hr-ft2-°F kcal/hr-m2-°C 4.880E+00
cal/sec-cm2-°C 1.355E-04
W/cm2-°C 5.680E-06
W/m2-°C 5.678E+00
Btu/lb J/kg 2.326E+03
Btu/lb°F cal/g°C 1.000E+00
Btu/sec W 1.054E+03
Bushels (US dry) m3 3.524E-02
cal Btu 3.968E-03
kWh 1.163E-06
J 4.187E+00
liters-Atm 4.130E-02
Carat kg 2.000E-04
lb 4.409E-04
Centipoises (Cp) g/sec-cm or Poise 1.000E-02
kg/hr-m 3.600E+00
kg/sec-m 1.000E-03
lb/sec-ft 6.720E-04
lb/hr-ft 2.420E+00
N-sec/m2 i.e. Pa-s or Poiseuil 1.000E-03
Cm in 3.937E-01
ft 3.281E-02
yd 1.094E-02
cm H2O Atm 1.000E-02
Bar 1.013E-02
mm Hg 7.600E+00
N/m2 1.013E+03
Pa 1.013E+03
cm2 ft2 1.076E-03
Curie Disintegrations/min 2.200E+12
Dynes N 1.000E-05
Ergs J 1.000E-07
eV Btu 1.520E-22
Faradays (F) Coulomb (Cb) 9.650E+04
Ft M 3.048E-01
In 1.200E+01
ft/min cm/sec 5.080E-01
ft2 m2 9.290E-02
ft2/hr m2/sec 2.581E-05
ft3 m3 2.832E-02
Gallons Liters 3.785E+00
m3 3.785E+03
hectares (ha) Acres 2.471E+00
m2 1.00E+04
in cm 2.540E+00
m 2.540E-02
in2 cm2 6.452E+00
in3 m3 1.639E-05
Joule Btu 9.478E-04
cal 2.388E-01
Wh 2.778E-04
kWh 2.778E-07
kcal kWh 1.163E-03
kcal/hm°C W/m°C 1.161E+00
kg lb 2.205E+00
lb kg 4.536E-01
lb/ft2 Atm 4.725E-04
lb/ft2 kg/m2 4.882E+00
lb/ft3 kg/m3 1.602E+01
lb/in2 (psi) Atm 6.805E-02
kg/cm2 7.031E-02
N/m2 6.895E+03
lb/sec-ft N-sec/m2 1.448E+00
lbf N 4.448E+00
lbf/ft2 N/m2 4.788E+01
Lumens W 1.496E-03
m ft 3.281E+00
in 3.937E+01
yd 1.094E+00
mile 6.214E-04
rods 1.988E-01
mile m 1.609E+03
rods 3.200E+02
mile/hr m/sec 4.470E-01
km/hr 1.609E+00
mm Hg Atmosphere 1.316E-03
Bar 1.333E-03
cm H2O 1.316E-01
N/m2 1.333E+02
Pa 1.333E+02
Pa N/m2 1.000E+00
Atmosphere 9.869E-06
Bar 1.000E-05
cm H2O 9.869E-04
mm Hg 7.501E-03
Poise Centipoises (Cp) 1.000E+02
g/sec-cm 1.000E+00
lb/sec-ft 6.720E-02
lb/hr-ft 2.419E+02
kg/hr-m 3.600E+02
N-sec/m2 i.e. Pa sec 1.000E-01
Poiseuil Poise 1.000E+01
Centipoise 1.000E+03
N-sec/m2 1.000E+00
Quarts (US, liquid) Liters 9.464E-01
rod (rd) Ft 1.650E+01
Slugs Kg 1.459E+01
Stokes m2/sec 1.000E-04
toe Btu 3.981E+07
Calories 1.003E+10
kWh 1.167E+04
Joules 4.200E+10
Torr N/m2 1.333E+02
W Btu/hr 3.413E+00
Btu/sec 1.411E-04
Uranium nuclei fissions/sec 3.100E+10
W/m°C cal/hr-m-°C 8.612E+02
kcal/hr-m-°C 8.612E-01
Btu/hr-ft-°F 5.777E-01
W/m2°C cal/hr-m-°C 2.116E+06
kcal/hr-m-°C 2.116E+03
Btu/hr-ft-°F 1.761E+05
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